ASTM E2217-02
(Practice)Standard Practice for Design and Construction of Aerospace Cleanrooms and Contamination Controlled Areas
Standard Practice for Design and Construction of Aerospace Cleanrooms and Contamination Controlled Areas
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this recommended practice is to provide design and construction guidelines for contamination controlled facilities used in the assembly and integration of aerospace hardware. The guidelines herein are intended to ensure that the facilities, when used properly, will meet the cleanliness requirements of aerospace hardware and processes. The objective is to limit contamination due to the deposition of particulate and molecular contaminants on flight hardware surfaces.
1.2 One cleanliness classification of a facility is the airborne particle concentrations in accordance with ISO 14644-1 and 14644-2. Airborne particle concentrations in accordance with FED-STD-209E are included for reference. This simple classification is inadequate to describe a facility that will support the assembly and integration of spacecraft. The extended duration of hardware exposure during fabrication and testing, the sensitivity of the hardware to hydrocarbons and other molecular contaminants, and the changing requirements during assembly and integration must be considered in addition to the airborne particle concentrations.
1.3 The guidelines specified herein are intended to provide facilities that will effectively restrict contaminants from entering the facility, limit contamination generated by and within the facility, and continuously remove airborne contaminants generated during normal operations. Some items of support hardware, such as lifting equipment, stands, and shoe cleaners, are addressed since these items are often purchased and installed with the facility and may require accommodation in the design of the facility.
1.4 Active filtration of molecular contaminants (such as hydrocarbons, silicones, and other chemicals) is discussed. Such active filtration of molecular contaminants may be required for the processing of highly sensitive optical devices, especially infrared and cryogenic sensors. Control of microbiological contamination is not included although HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filtration will provide some control of airborne bacteria, spores, and other viable contaminants that are typically carried on particles of sizes 0.3 m and larger. Control of radioactive contamination and accommodation of very hazardous materials such as propellants, strong acids or caustics, or carcinogens are not addressed.
1.5 No facility will compensate for excessive contamination generated inside the facility. In addition to an effective facility design, the user must also institute a routine maintenance program (see Practice E 2042) for the facility, and personnel and operational disciplines that limit the transfer of contaminants through entry doors and contaminant generation inside the facility.
1.6 This recommended practice only addresses guidelines for contamination control in facility design. It must be implemented in compliance with all mandatory government and regulatory building and safety codes. References to related cleanroom standards and U.S. building codes and standards may be found in IEST-RP-CC012.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E2217–02
Standard Practice for
Design and Construction of Aerospace Cleanrooms and
Contamination Controlled Areas
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Control of radioactive contamination and accommodation of
very hazardous materials such as propellants, strong acids or
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide design and
caustics, or carcinogens are not addressed.
construction guidelines for contamination controlled facilities
1.5 No facility will compensate for excessive contamination
used in the assembly and integration of aerospace hardware.
generated inside the facility. In addition to an effective facility
The guidelines herein are intended to ensure that the facilities,
design, the user must also institute a routine maintenance
when used properly, will meet the cleanliness requirements of
program (see Practice E 2042) for the facility, and personnel
aerospace hardware and processes. The objective is to limit
and operational disciplines that limit the transfer of contami-
contamination due to the deposition of particulate and molecu-
nants through entry doors and contaminant generation inside
lar contaminants on flight hardware surfaces.
the facility.
1.2 One cleanliness classification of a facility is the airborne
1.6 This practice only addresses guidelines for contamina-
particle concentrations in accordance with ISO 14644-1 and
tion control in facility design. It must be implemented in
14644-2. Airborne particle concentrations in accordance with
compliance with all mandatory government and regulatory
FED-STD-209E are included for reference. This simple clas-
building and safety codes. References to related cleanroom
sification is inadequate to describe a facility that will support
standards and U.S. building codes and standards may be found
the assembly and integration of spacecraft. The extended
in IEST-RP-CC012.
duration of hardware exposure during fabrication and testing,
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
the sensitivity of the hardware to hydrocarbons and other
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
molecular contaminants, and the changing requirements during
information only and are not considered standard.
assembly and integration must be considered in addition to the
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
airborne particle concentrations.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 The guidelines specified herein are intended to provide
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
facilities that will effectively restrict contaminants from enter-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ing the facility, limit contamination generated by and within
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the facility, and continuously remove airborne contaminants
generated during normal operations. Some items of support
2. Referenced Documents
hardware, such as lifting equipment, stands, and shoe cleaners,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
are addressed since these items are often purchased and
E 595 Test Method for Total Mass Loss and Collected
installed with the facility and may require accommodation in
Volatile Condensable Materials from Outgassing in a
the design of the facility.
Vacuum Environment
1.4 Active filtration of molecular contaminants (such as
E 1216 Practice for Sampling for Particulate Contamination
hydrocarbons, silicones, and other chemicals) is discussed.
by Tape Lift
Such active filtration of molecular contaminants may be
E 1234 Practice for Handling, Transporting, and Installing
required for the processing of highly sensitive optical devices,
Nonvolatile Residue (NVR) Sample Plates Used in Envi-
especially infrared and cryogenic sensors. Control of micro-
ronmentally Controlled Areas for Spacecraft
biological contamination is not included although HEPA(High
E 1235 Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Non-
Efficiency Particulate Air) filtration will provide some control
volatile Residue (NVR) in Environmentally Controlled
of airborne bacteria, spores, and other viable contaminants that
Areas for Spacecraft
are typically carried on particles of sizes 0.3 µm and larger.
E 1548 Practice for Preparation of Aerospace Contamina-
tion Control Plans
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on Space
Simulation andApplications of Space Technology and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E21.05 on Contamination.
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published July 2002. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2217–02
E 2042 PracticeforCleaningandMaintainingofControlled 3.1.2 airfilters:
Areas and Cleanrooms
3.1.2.1 HEPA (High Effıciency Particulate Air) filter, n—a
E 2088 Practice for Selecting, Preparing, Exposing, and
particulate air filter having a minimum particle collection
Analyzing Witness Surfaces for Measuring Particle Depo-
efficiency of 99.97 % of particles greater than 0.3 µm in
sition in Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Environ-
accordance with IEST-RP-CC001.
ments
3.1.2.2 ULPA (Ultra Low Penetration Air) filter, n—a par-
F24 Method for Measuring and Counting Particulate Con-
ticulate air filter having a minimum particle collection effi-
tamination on Surfaces
ciencyof99.999 %ofparticlesofsizesequaltoandlargerthan
F25 Test Method for Sizing and Counting Airborne Par-
0.12 µm.
ticulate Contamination in Cleanrooms and Other Dust-
3.1.2.3 prefilters, n—air filters that are installed upstream of
Controlled Areas Designed for Electronic and Similar
the HEPA or ULPA filters.
Applications
3.1.2.4 Discussion—These usually consist of rough filters
F50 Practice for Continuous Sizing and Counting of Air-
and medium efficiency filters that remove larger particles than
borne Particles in Dust-Controlled Areas and Cleanrooms
are removed by the HEPA and ULPA filters; They are used to
Using Instruments Capable of Detecting Single Sub-
reduce the number of particles trapped on the high efficiency
Micrometer and Larger Particles
filters, thereby extending the lifetimes of the HEPAand ULPA
2.2 ISO Standards:
filters.
ISO 14644-1 Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Envi-
3.1.3 airflow:
ronments Part 1: Classification of Air Cleanliness
3.1.3.1 unidirectional airflow, n—controlled airflow
ISO 14644-2 Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Envi-
through the entire cross-section of a cleanroom or clean zone
ronments Part 2: Specifications for Testing and Monitor-
with a steady velocity and approximately equal streamlines.
ing to Provide Continued Compliance with ISO 14644-1
3.1.3.2 Discussion—The airflow in a cleanroom may be
ISO 14644-3 Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Envi-
either vertical down-flow or horizontal with air leaving the
ronments Part 3: Metrology and Test Methods
room either through nearly continuous floor or wall vents.
ISO 14644-4 Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Envi-
Equipmentandpersonnelintheroomwillcauseairturbulence,
ronments Part 4: Design, Construction and Start-up
but the airflow is still considered unidirectional.
2.3 Institute of Environmental Science and Technology
3.1.3.3 nonunidirectional airflow, n—air distribution where
Standards:
the supply air entering the cleanroom or clean zone mixes with
IEST-RP-CC001 HEPA and ULPA Filters
the internal air by means of induction.
IEST-RP-CC006 Testing Cleanrooms
3.1.3.4 Discussion—Air typically enters through registers
IEST-RP-CC007 Testing ULPA Filters
distributed around the room above the working area and exits
IEST-RP-CC012 Considerations in Cleanroom Design
through registers at floor level.
IEST-RP-CC022 Electrostatic Charge in Cleanrooms and
Other Controlled Environments
3.1.3.5 mixed airflow, n—air distribution in a cleanroom or
IEST-RP-CC034 HEPA and ULPA Filter Leak Tests
clean zone in which the airflow is a mixture of both unidirec-
IEST-STD-CC1246 Product Cleanliness Levels and Con-
tional and nonunidirectional.
tamination Control Program
3.1.3.6 Discussion—Different locations in a cleanroom can
2.4 U.S Government Standards:
have different types of airflow. This is especially true in large
FED-STD-209E Airborne Particulate Classes for Clean-
cleanrooms. A cleanroom design may include mixed airflow.
rooms and Clean Zones
3.1.4 changing room, n—room where people using a clean-
2.5 Other Publications:
room change into, or out of, cleanroom apparel.
Procedural Standards for Certified Testing of Cleanrooms,
3.1.5 cleanroom, n—a specialized enclosed room employ-
National Environmental Balancing Bureau (NEBB)
ing control over the airborne particle concentrations, tempera-
ture, humidity, pressure, molecular contaminants, and opera-
3. Terminology
tions.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.5.1 cleanroom (alternate), n—a room in which the
3.1.1 aerosol, n—a gaseous suspension of fine solid or
concentration of airborne particles, temperature, humidity,
liquid particles.
pressure, molecular contaminants, and operations are con-
trolled, and which is constructed and used in a manner to
minimize the introduction, generation, and retention of con-
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de
taminants inside the room.
Varembé, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.
Available from the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, 940
3.1.6 cleanroom occupancy states:
East Northwest Highway, Mount Prospect, IL 60056.
3.1.6.1 as-built, adj—condition where the installation is
This replaces MIL-STD-1246C which is inactive.
complete with all services connected and functioning but with
This standard was cancelled 29 Nov. 2001 and is replaced by ISO 14644-1 and
ISO 14644-2. Copies of FED-STD-209E are available from the Institute of no equipment, flight hardware and materials, or personnel
Environmental Sciences and Technology, 940 East Northwest Highway, Mount
present.
Prospect, IL 60036, and from U.S. government sources.
3.1.6.2 Discussion—For contractual purposes, the parties
National Environmental Balancing Bureau, 8575 Grovemont Circle, Gaithers-
burg, MD 20877-4121. involved should have an agreement that defines this state.
E2217–02
3.1.6.3 at-rest, adj—condition where the installation is 3.1.17 monitoring, n—observations made by measurement
complete with equipment installed and operating in a manner in accordance with a defined method and plan to provide
agreed upon by the customer and supplier, but with no evidence of the performance of an installation.
personnel present. 3.1.18 nonvolatile residue (NVR), n—contaminant residue
without distinct dimensions. It typically consists of hydrocar-
3.1.6.4 operational, adj—condition where the installation is
bons, silicones, and other higher molecular weight species
functioning in the specified manner, with the specified number
deposited through condensation, direct contact transmission
of personnel present and working in the agreed upon manner.
(that is, fingerprints) or as residue remaining after evaporation
3.1.7 clean zone, n—dedicated space in which the concen-
of a liquid.
tration of airborne particles is controlled, which is constructed
3.1.19 outgassing, n—the evolution of gas from a material,
and used in a manner to minimize the introduction, generation,
usually in a vacuum. Outgassing also occurs in a higher
and retention of particles inside the zone, and in which other
pressure environment.
relevant parameters, for example, temperature, humidity, pres-
3.1.19.1 Discussion—While outgassing is typically consid-
sure, and molecular contaminants, are controlled as necessary.
ered a vacuum phenomenon, some materials, such as polyvinyl
3.1.8 contaminant, n—any particulate, molecular, non-
chloride, contain volatile components, such as plasticizers, that
particulate, and biological entity that can adversely affect the
will diffuse from bulk materials and evaporate under standard
product or process.
temperatures and pressures. These volatile components are
3.1.9 contaminant deposition, n—particulate and molecular
highly contaminating to sensitive aerospace hardware.
contaminants that form on surfaces resulting from processes
3.1.20 particle fallout, n—particulate matter that accumu-
such as fallout, condensation, electrostatic attraction, and other
lates on surfaces due to gravity settling. This matter is often of
mechanisms.
a particulate size larger than that measured by airborne particle
3.1.10 contamination controlled area, n—a specialized en-
counters.
closed facility employing control over the particulate matter in
3.1.21 radio-frequency interference (RFI), n—interference
air, temperature, and humidity that may not meet the require-
from sources of energy outside a system or systems, as
ments of ISO 14644-1 or FED-STD-209E because of no HEPA
contrasted from electromagnetic interference generated inside
or ULPA type filters.
systems.
3.1.10.1 Discussion—For example, without a final stage of
3.1.22 test aerosol, n—a gaseous suspension of solid or
HEPAorULPAfilters,theairborneparticleconcentrationsmay
liquid particles, or both, with known and controlled size
only meet ISO Class 8.5 (FS209E Class 300 000) for particles
distribution and concentration.
equal to and greater than 0.3 µm but may meet ISO Class 8
(FS209E Class 100 000) for particles equal to and greater than 4. Significance and Use
5 µm.
4.1 This practice describes and defines factors to be taken
3.1.11 electrostatic discharge (ESD), n—the rapid, sponta-
into consideration when designing and fabricating a cleanroom
neous transfer of electrostatic charge induced by a high
or controlled area that is used for aerospace operations and
electrostatic field.
fabrication. Following the suggestions herein should provide a
facility that is more capable of meeting performance require-
3.1.11.1 Discussion—Usually, the charge flows through a
spark between two bodies at different electrostatic potentials as ments and that will offer protection against contamination for
objects fabricated and processed in such a facility.
they approach one another.
3.1.12 electromagnetic interference (EMI), n—interference,
5. Planning and Development of Performance and Design
generally at radio frequencies, that is generated inside systems,
Requirements
as contrasted to radio-frequency interference coming from
5.1 Purpose of a Cleanro
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