ASTM E1116-98
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Emulsification Characteristics of Pesticide Emulsifiable Concentrates
Standard Test Method for Emulsification Characteristics of Pesticide Emulsifiable Concentrates
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a general procedure for the determination of emulsification spontaneity and the emulsion stability characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates when diluted with water.
1.2 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamination. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good laboratory practice.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: E 1116 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Emulsification Characteristics of Pesticide Emulsifiable
Concentrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope good, good, fair, and poor (nonhomogeneous) is assigned.
3.1.3 Discussion—Cream and oil separation may coexist.
1.1 This test method describes a general procedure for the
Normally, oil is located at either the extreme top or bottom of
determination of emulsification spontaneity and the emulsion
the liquid with cream between it and the rest of the emulsion.
stability characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates
On rare occasions, separation occurs at both top and bottom of
when diluted with water.
the liquid (because of partition and solubility properties) and
1.2 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken
care must be taken to so note and record.
when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or
3.1.4 Separation:
eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamina-
3.1.4.1 separation, cream—a discrete, opaque layer of con-
tion. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific
centrated emulsion occurring at either the top or the bottom of
formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good
the liquid.
laboratory practice.
3.1.4.2 separation, oil—a discrete layer of nonemulsified
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
liquid occurring at either the top or the bottom of the liquid.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 In this test method, emulsifiable pesticide concentrates
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
are added to water of a given hardness and at a specified
2. Referenced Documents temperature to form an oil-in-water emulsion. Performance of
the formulation is measured in terms of emulsion spontaneity,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
emulsion stability under static conditions, and re-
D1126 Test Methods for Hardness in Water
emulsification of the coalesced phase.
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
5. Significance and Use
3. Terminology
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating emul-
3.1 Definitions:
sification characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates.
3.1.1 emulsification spontaneity—the rapid formation of an
It defines the stability of emulsified particles in water. Although
emulsion in the test water from agitation provided only by the
not absolute, the test method is a measure of expected emulsion
gravity addition of the product. For products of density greater
stability in agricultural application equipment.
than the water used, an excellent spontaneity rating is assigned
when the emulsion bloom (billowing) extends downward to
6. Apparatus
near the bottom of the water, with no visible oil or cream
6.1 Analytical Balance, accurate to 0.01 g.
droplets reaching the bottom of the test cylinder. For products
6.2 Burets, 50 and 100-mL capacity.
of density less than the water used, a rating of excellent is
6.3 Graduated Cylinders, flat bottom, 100-mL capacity,
given if bloom occurs near the top of the water and no free oil
glass stoppered, volume divisions from 1 to 100 mL in 1-mL
is present. Spontaneity descriptions between excellent and nil
increments, having an overall length of 300 6 15 mm and a
(no emulsion formed, only free oil) are assigned very-good,
head space between 50 and 75 mm.
fair, and poor on a subjective basis.
6.4 Pipets, graduated serological, various delivery volumes.
3.1.2 emulsion quality—a subjective evaluation of the emul-
6.5 Pipet Filler, bulb-type or equivalent.
sion appearance. A rating of excellent (homogeneous), very
6.6 Thermometer, graduated in 1°C increments and having a
minimum range from 0 to 50°C.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-35 on
Pesticides and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E35.22 on Pesticide
Formulation and Application Systems.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1998. Published December 1998. Originally The glass cylinder available from Kontes Glass Co., Spruce St., Vineland, NJ
published as E 1116 – 86. Last previous edition E 1116 – 86. 08360, Model K-482500 has been found suitable. Equivalent cylinder from other
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. suppliers may be used.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 1116
6.7 Volumetric Flasks, 1000-mL capacity calibrated at synthetic hard water stock by buret to a 1000-mL volumetric
20°C. flask and dilute to volume with water at 20°C. Mix this solution
6.8 Constant Temperature (61°C) Device, of minimum thoroughly (Note 2).
vibration for housing graduated cylinders. This may be a 7.3.4 Other Test Waters—Other synthetic waters can be
controlled room, incubator, or a water bath of sufficient depth prepared by using the following calculation:
to allow immersion of graduated cylinders to above the
Desired Water Hardness 1 13.6805
100-mL mark.
@millilitres of synthetic hard water stock at 20°C to be diluted
7. Reagents
volumetrically to 1000 mL with water at 20°C.#
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
NOTE 3—Soft water, hard water, and extra-hard water may be prepared
used
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