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ASTM D1552-08(2014)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)

Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of monitoring the sulfur level of various petroleum products and additives. This knowledge can be used to predict performance, handling, or processing properties. In some cases the presence of sulfur compounds is beneficial to the product and monitoring the depletion of sulfur can provide useful information. In other cases the presence of sulfur compounds is detrimental to the processing or use of the product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers three procedures for the determination of total sulfur in petroleum products including lubricating oils containing additives, and in additive concentrates. This test method is applicable to samples boiling above 177°C (350°F) and containing not less than 0.06 mass % sulfur. Two of the three procedures use iodate detection; one employing an induction furnace for pyrolysis, the other a resistance furnace. The third procedure uses IR detection following pyrolysis in a resistance furnace.  
1.2 Petroleum coke containing up to 8 mass % sulfur can be analyzed.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jun-2014
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.03 - Elemental Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D1552 − 08(Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1552; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Footnotes were updated editorially in September 2014.
1. Scope Measurement System Performance
D6792 Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Products
1.1 This test method covers three procedures for the deter-
and Lubricants Testing Laboratories
mination of total sulfur in petroleum products including
lubricating oils containing additives, and in additive concen-
3. Summary of Test Method
trates. This test method is applicable to samples boiling above
3.1 Iodate Detection System—The sample is burned in a
177°C(350°F)andcontainingnotlessthan0.06mass %sulfur.
stream of oxygen at a sufficiently high temperature to convert
Two of the three procedures use iodate detection; one employ-
about 97 % of the sulfur to sulfur dioxide. A standardization
ing an induction furnace for pyrolysis, the other a resistance
factor is employed to obtain accurate results. The combustion
furnace. The third procedure uses IR detection following
products are passed into an absorber containing an acid
pyrolysis in a resistance furnace.
solution of potassium iodide and starch indicator. A faint blue
1.2 Petroleum coke containing up to 8 mass % sulfur can be
color is developed in the absorber solution by the addition of
analyzed.
standard potassium iodate solution. As combustion proceeds,
bleaching the blue color, more iodate is added. The amount of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard iodate consumed during the combustion is a measure
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
of the sulfur content of the sample.
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2 IR Detection System—The sample is weighed into a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the special ceramic boat which is then placed into a combustion
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- furnace at 1371°C (2500°F) in an oxygen atmosphere. Most
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
sulfur present is combusted to SO which is then measured
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. with an infrared detector after moisture and dust are removed
by traps. A microprocessor calculates the mass percent sulfur
2. Referenced Documents
from the sample weight, the integrated detector signal and a
predeterminedcalibrationfactor.Boththesampleidentification
2.1 ASTM Standards:
number and mass percent sulfur are then printed out. The
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
calibration factor is determined using standards approximating
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
the material to be analyzed.
Method)
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
4. Significance and Use
Petroleum Products
4.1 This test method provides a means of monitoring the
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
sulfur level of various petroleum products and additives. This
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
knowledge can be used to predict performance, handling, or
processing properties. In some cases the presence of sulfur
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
compounds is beneficial to the product and monitoring the
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
depletion of sulfur can provide useful information. In other
Subcommittee D02.03 on Elemental Analysis.
cases the presence of sulfur compounds is detrimental to the
Current edition approved June 15, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally
approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1552–08. DOI: processing or use of the product.
10.1520/D1552-08R14E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 5. Interferences
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1 For the iodate systems, chlorine in concentrations less
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. than 1 mass % does not interfere. The IR system can tolerate
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D1552 − 08 (2014)
somewhat higher concentrations. Nitrogen when present in
excessof0.1mass %mayinterferewiththeiodatesystems;the
extent of such interference may be dependent on the type of
nitrogen compound as well as the combustion conditions.
Nitrogen does not interfere with the IR system. The alkali and
alkaline earth metals, as well as zinc, phosphorus, and lead, do
not interfere with either system.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Combustion and Iodate Detection System:
6.1.1 Furnaces—Twomajortypesareavailable,theprimary
difference being the manner in which the necessary high
temperatures are obtained. These two types are as follows:
6.1.1.1 Induction Type, which depends upon the high-
frequency electrical induction method of heating. This assem-
bly shall be capable of attaining a temperature of at least
1482°C (2700°F) in the sample combustion zone, under the FIG. 1 Combustion Tube
conditions set forth in 9.1 and shall be equipped with an
additional induction coil located above the combustion zone,
substantially as shown in Fig. 1.
6.1.1.2 The furnace work coil should have a minimum all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
outputof500 W;theminimuminputratingofthefurnacemust
tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society,
be 1000 W. With the correct amount of iron chips, weighed to where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
60.05 g, the maximum plate current will be between 350 and
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
450 mA. (Warning—This type of furnace is capable of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the
inflicting high frequency burns and high-voltage shocks. In
accuracy of the determination.
addition to other precautions, maintain all guards properly.)
7.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
(Warning—Disconnect the furnace from the power line when-
to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined
ever electrical repairs or adjustments are made.)
by Type II or III of Specification D1193.
6.1.1.3 Resistance Type, capable of maintaining a tempera-
7.3 Alundum (Al O )or Magnesium Oxide (Com-Aid).
2 3
ture of at least 1371°C (2500°F).
6.1.2 Absorber, as described in Test Method D1266.
7.4 Anhydrone (Magnesium Perchlorate). (Warning—In
addition to other precautions, handle magnesium perchlorate
NOTE 1—Also suitable for use with either type of furnace is an
with care.Avoid contacting it with acid and organic materials.
automatic titrator, specifically designed for iodometry. This combines the
functions of absorption and titration to a predetermined end point. Reactions with fuel may be violent.)
6.1.3 Buret, standard 25-mL or automatic types available
7.5 Hydrochloric Acid (3 + 197)—Dilute 30 mL of concen-
from the manufacturers of the specific combustion units, are
tratedhydrochloricacid(HCl,relativedensity1.19)to2Lwith
suitable (Note 1).
water. (Warning—Poison. Corrosive. May be fatal if swal-
lowed. Liquid and vapor cause severe burns.)
6.2 Combustion and IR Detection System, comprised of
automatic balance, oxygen flow controls, drying tubes, com-
7.6 Oxygen (Extra Dry)—The oxygen shall be at least
bustion furnace, infrared detector and microprocessor. The
99.5 % pure and show no detectable sulfur by blank determi-
furnace shall be capable of maintaining a nominal operating
nation. (Warning—Oxygen vigorously accelerates combus-
temperature of 1350°C (2460°F).
tion.)
6.3 Miscellaneous Apparatus—Specific combustion assem-
7.7 Phosphorus Pentoxide—(P O ).
2 5
blies require additional equipment such as crucibles, combus-
7.8 Potassium Alum (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate).
tion boats, crucible lids, boat pushers, separator disks, com-
bustion tubes, sample inserters, oxygen flow indicator, and 7.9 Potassium Iodate, Standard Solution (0.06238 N), 1 mL
of this solution is equivalent to 1 mg S)—Dissolve 2.225 g of
oxygen drying trains. The additional equipment required is
potassium iodate (KIO ) that has been dried at about 180°C to
dependentonthetypeoffurnaceusedandisavailablefromthe
constantweight,inwateranddiluteto1L.Thoroughlymixthe
manufacturer of the specific combustion unit. To attain the
solution.
lower sulfur concentration given in Section 1, the ceramics
used with the induction furnace assembly shall be ignited in a
muffle furnace at 1371°C (2500°F) for at least 4 h before use.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
6.4 Sieve, 60-mesh (250-mm).
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for Laboratory
7. Reagents and Materials
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that MD.
´1
D1552 − 08 (2014)
7.10 Potassium Iodate, Standard Solution (0.006238 N),
1 mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.1 mg S)—Measure
exactly 100 mL of KIO solution (0.06238 N) into a 1–L
volumetric flask, and dilute to volume with water. Thoroughly
mix the solution.
7.11 Potassium Iodate, Standard Solution (0.01248 N),
1 mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.2 mg S)—Measure
exactly 200 mL of KIO solution (0.06238 N) into a 1-L
FIG. 2 Schematic Illustration of Induction-Type Furnace
volumetric flask and dilute to volume with water. Thoroughly
mix the solution.
TABLE 1 Sample Weight for Induction Furnace
7.12 Ascarite, 8 to 20 mesh.
Weight of Sample Normality of Standard
Sulfur Content, %
to be Taken, mg KIO solution for Titration
7.13 Special Materials for Induction-Type Furnaces:
A
7.13.1 Tin (20 to 30-mesh). 0to2 90 0.006238
2 to 4 50 to 90 0.006238
7.13.2 Iron-Chip Accelerator having a sulfur content of not
4 to 10 50 to 90 0.01248
more than 0.005 mass %.
Over 10 12.1.1 (Note 2)
A
7.14 Standard Sample—Potassium alum (AlK(SO ) · Approximate.
4 2
12H O).
7.15 Starch-Iodide Solution—Make a paste by adding9gof
9.2 Resistance–Type Furnace—Assemble the apparatus ac-
soluble starch to 15 mL of water. Add this mixture, with
cording to the instructions furnished by the manufacturer.
stirring,to500 mLofboilingwater.Coolthemixture,add15 g
Purify the oxygen by passing it through (1)H SO (relative
2 4
of potassium iodide (KI), and dilute to 1 L with water.
density 1.84), (2) Ascarite, and (3) Mg(ClO ) or P O
4 2 2 5
7.16 Sulfuric Acid (relative density 1.84)—Concentrated
(Warning—see 7.4). Connect a rotameter between the purify-
sulfuric acid (H SO ). (Warning—Poison. Corrosive. Strong
2 4
ing train and the furnace. Fig. 3 illustrates schematically the
oxidizer.)
assembled apparatus. Turn on the current and adjust the
7.17 Vanadium Pentoxide, anhydrous, powdered V O . furnace control to maintain a constant temperature of
2 5
1316 6 14°C (2400 6 25°F). Adjust the oxygen flow rate to
7.18 Quality Control (QC) Sample(s) , preferably are por-
2 6 0.1 L/min. Add 65 mL of HCl (3 6 197) and 2 mL of
tions of one or more petroleum products that are stable and
starch-iodide solution to the absorber. Add a few drops of the
representative of the samples of interest. These QC samples
appropriate standard KIO solution (Table 2) to produce a faint
can be used to check the validity of the testing process and
blue color. Adjust the buret to zero.
performance of the instrument as described in Section 12.
9.3 Resistance–Type Furnace–IR Detection—Assemble and
8. Sampling
adjust apparatus according to manufacturer’s instructions.
Initialize microprocessor, check power supplies, set oxygen
8.1 Take samples in accordance with the instructions in
Practice D4057. pressure and flows and set furnace temperature to 1371°C
(2500°F).
9. Preparation of Apparatus
9.3.1 Condition a fresh anhydrone scrubber with four coal
samples when analyzing petroleum coke samples, or with four
9.1 Induction-Type Furnace—Assemble the apparatus ac-
petroleum product samples that are representative or typical of
cording to the instructions furnished by the manufacturer.
the sample types to be analyzed.
Purify the oxygen by passing it through (1)H SO (relative
2 4
9.3.2 Calibrate the automatic balance according to manu-
density 1.84), ( 2) Ascarite, and (3) magnesium perchlorate
facturer’s instructions.
(Mg(ClO ) ) or phosphorus pentoxide (P O)(Warning—see
4 2 2 5
7.4). Connect a rotameter between the purifying train and the
10. Standardization
furnace. Insert a small glass-wool plug in the upper end of the
glass tubing connecting the furnace with the absorber to catch 10.1 For Iodate Methods:
oxides of tin. Connect the exit end of the combustion tube to 10.1.1 Determination of Alum Factor:
the absorber with glass tubing, using gum rubber tubing to 10.1.1.1 Because these rapid combustion methods involve
make connections. Position the absorber so as to make this the reversible reaction 2SO +O = 2SO , it is not possible to
2 2 3
delivery line as short as possible. Fig. 2 illustrates schemati- evolve all the sulfur as SO . The equilibrium of the reaction is
cally the assembled apparatus. Adjust the oxygen flow to 1 6 temperature dependent and, in an oxygen atmosphere above
0.05 L/min. Add 65 mL of HCl (3 + 197) and 2 mL of 1316°C, about 97 % of the sulfur is present as SO . To assure
starch-iodide solution to the absorber. Add a sufficient amount that the furnace is in proper adjustment and that its operation
of the appropriate standard KIO solution (Table 1) to produce produces acceptably high temperature, potassium alum is
a faint blue color. This color will serve as the end point for the employed for standardizing the apparatus. Depending on the
titration.Adjust the buret to zero. Turn on the furnace filament type of combustion equipment used, proceed as described in
switch and allow at least 1 min warm-up before running Sections 10 to 14 to determine the alum factor. Use 15 mg
samples (Warnin
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D1552 − 08 (Reapproved 2014) D1552 − 08 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1552; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Footnotes were updated editorially in September 2014.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers three procedures for the determination of total sulfur in petroleum products including lubricating
oils containing additives, and in additive concentrates. This test method is applicable to samples boiling above 177°C (350°F) and
containing not less than 0.06 mass % sulfur. Two of the three procedures use iodate detection; one employing an induction furnace
for pyrolysis, the other a resistance furnace. The third procedure uses IR detection following pyrolysis in a resistance furnace.
1.2 Petroleum coke containing up to 8 mass % sulfur can be analyzed.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-
ment System Performance
D6792 Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Products and Lubricants Testing Laboratories
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Iodate Detection System—The sample is burned in a stream of oxygen at a sufficiently high temperature to convert about
97 % of the sulfur to sulfur dioxide. A standardization factor is employed to obtain accurate results. The combustion products are
passed into an absorber containing an acid solution of potassium iodide and starch indicator. A faint blue color is developed in the
absorber solution by the addition of standard potassium iodate solution. As combustion proceeds, bleaching the blue color, more
iodate is added. The amount of standard iodate consumed during the combustion is a measure of the sulfur content of the sample.
3.2 IR Detection System—The sample is weighed into a special ceramic boat which is then placed into a combustion furnace
at 1371°C (2500°F) in an oxygen atmosphere. Most sulfur present is combusted to SO which is then measured with an infrared
detector after moisture and dust are removed by traps. A microprocessor calculates the mass percent sulfur from the sample weight,
the integrated detector signal and a predetermined calibration factor. Both the sample identification number and mass percent sulfur
are then printed out. The calibration factor is determined using standards approximating the material to be analyzed.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method provides a means of monitoring the sulfur level of various petroleum products and additives. This
knowledge can be used to predict performance, handling, or processing properties. In some cases the presence of sulfur compounds
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.03 on Elemental Analysis.
Current edition approved June 15, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1552–08. DOI:
10.1520/D1552-08R14.10.1520/D1552-08R14E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D1552 − 08 (2014)
is beneficial to the product and monitoring the depletion of sulfur can provide useful information. In other cases the presence of
sulfur compounds is detrimental to the processing or use of the product.
5. Interferences
5.1 For the iodate systems, chlorine in concentrations less than 1 mass % does not interfere. The IR system can tolerate
somewhat higher concentrations. Nitrogen when present in excess of 0.1 mass % may interfere with the iodate systems; the extent
of such interference may be dependent on the type of nitrogen compound as well as the combustion conditions. Nitrogen does not
interfere with the IR system. The alkali and alkaline earth metals, as well as zinc, phosphorus, and lead, do not interfere with either
system.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Combustion and Iodate Detection System:
6.1.1 Furnaces—Two major types are available, the primary difference being the manner in which the necessary high
temperatures are obtained. These two types are as follows:
6.1.1.1 Induction Type, which depends upon the high-frequency electrical induction method of heating. This assembly shall be
capable of attaining a temperature of at least 1482°C (2700°F) in the sample combustion zone, under the conditions set forth in
9.1 and shall be equipped with an additional induction coil located above the combustion zone, substantially as shown in Fig. 1.
6.1.1.2 The furnace work coil should have a minimum output of 500 W; the minimum input rating of the furnace must be 1000
W. With the correct amount of iron chips, weighed to 60.05 g, the maximum plate current will be between 350 and 450 mA.
(Warning—This type of furnace is capable of inflicting high frequency burns and high-voltage shocks. In addition to other
precautions, maintain all guards properly.) (Warning—Disconnect the furnace from the power line whenever electrical repairs or
adjustments are made.)
6.1.1.3 Resistance Type, capable of maintaining a temperature of at least 1371°C (2500°F).
6.1.2 Absorber, as described in Test Method D1266.
NOTE 1—Also suitable for use with either type of furnace is an automatic titrator, specifically designed for iodometry. This combines the functions of
absorption and titration to a predetermined end point.
6.1.3 Buret, standard 25-mL or automatic types available from the manufacturers of the specific combustion units, are suitable
(Note 1).
6.2 Combustion and IR Detection System, comprised of automatic balance, oxygen flow controls, drying tubes, combustion
furnace, infrared detector and microprocessor. The furnace shall be capable of maintaining a nominal operating temperature of
1350°C (2460°F).
FIG. 1 Combustion Tube
6.3 Miscellaneous Apparatus—Specific combustion assemblies require additional equipment such as crucibles, combustion
boats, crucible lids, boat pushers, separator disks, combustion tubes, sample inserters, oxygen flow indicator, and oxygen drying
trains. The additional equipment required is dependent on the type of furnace used and is available from the manufacturer of the
specific combustion unit. To attain the lower sulfur concentration given in Section 1, the ceramics used with the induction furnace
assembly shall be ignited in a muffle furnace at 1371°C (2500°F) for at least 4 h before use.
6.4 Sieve, 60-mesh (250-mm).
´1
D1552 − 08 (2014)
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all
reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high
purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
7.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined by
Type II or III of Specification D1193.
7.3 Alundum (Al O ) or Magnesium Oxide (Com-Aid).
2 3
7.4 Anhydrone (Magnesium Perchlorate). (Warning—In addition to other precautions, handle magnesium perchlorate with
care. Avoid contacting it with acid and organic materials. Reactions with fuel may be violent.)
7.5 Hydrochloric Acid (3 + 197)—Dilute 30 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl, relative density 1.19) to 2 L with water.
(Warning—Poison. Corrosive. May be fatal if swallowed. Liquid and vapor cause severe burns.)
7.6 Oxygen (Extra Dry)—The oxygen shall be at least 99.5 % pure and show no detectable sulfur by blank determination.
(Warning—Oxygen vigorously accelerates combustion.)
7.7 Phosphorus Pentoxide—(P O ).
2 5
7.8 Potassium Alum (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate).
7.9 Potassium Iodate, Standard Solution (0.06238 N), 1 mL of this solution is equivalent to 1 mg S)—Dissolve 2.225 g of
potassium iodate (KIO ) that has been dried at about 180°C to constant weight, in water and dilute to 1 L. Thoroughly mix the
solution.
7.10 Potassium Iodate, Standard Solution (0.006238 N), 1 mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.1 mg S)—Measure exactly 100
mL of KIO solution (0.06238 N) into a 1–L volumetric flask, and dilute to volume with water. Thoroughly mix the solution.
7.11 Potassium Iodate, Standard Solution (0.01248 N), 1 mL of this solution is equivalent to 0.2 mg S)—Measure exactly 200
mL of KIO solution (0.06238 N) into a 1-L volumetric flask and dilute to volume with water. Thoroughly mix the solution.
7.12 Ascarite, 8 to 20 mesh.
7.13 Special Materials for Induction-Type Furnaces:
7.13.1 Tin (20 to 30-mesh).
7.13.2 Iron-Chip Accelerator having a sulfur content of not more than 0.005 mass %.
7.14 Standard Sample—Potassium alum (AlK(SO ) · 12H O).
4 2 2
7.15 Starch-Iodide Solution—Make a paste by adding 9 g of soluble starch to 15 mL of water. Add this mixture, with stirring,
to 500 mL of boiling water. Cool the mixture, add 15 g of potassium iodide (KI), and dilute to 1 L with water.
7.16 Sulfuric Acid (relative density 1.84)—Concentrated sulfuric acid (H SO ). (Warning—Poison. Corrosive. Strong
2 4
oxidizer.)
7.17 Vanadium Pentoxide, anhydrous, powdered V O .
2 5
7.18 Quality Control (QC) Sample(s) , preferably are portions of one or more petroleum products that are stable and
representative of the samples of interest. These QC samples can be used to check the validity of the testing process and
performance of the instrument as described in Section 12.
8. Sampling
8.1 Take samples in accordance with the instructions in Practice D4057.
9. Preparation of Apparatus
9.1 Induction-Type Furnace—Assemble the apparatus according to the instructions furnished by the manufacturer. Purify the
oxygen by passing it through (1) H SO (relative density 1.84), ( 2) Ascarite, and (3) magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO ) ) or
2 4 4 2
phosphorus pentoxide (P O ) (Warning—see 7.4). Connect a rotameter between the purifying train and the furnace. Insert a small
2 5
glass-wool plug in the upper end of the glass tubing connecting the furnace with the absorber to catch oxides of tin. Connect the
exit end of the combustion tube to the absorber with glass tubing, using gum rubber tubing to make connections. Position the
absorber so as to make this delivery line as short as possible. Fig. 2 illustrates schematically the assembled apparatus. Adjust the
oxygen flow to 1 6 0.05 L/min. Add 65 mL of HCl (3 + 197) and 2 mL of starch-iodide solution to the absorber. Add a sufficient
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by
the American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National
Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.
´1
D1552 − 08 (2014)
FIG. 2 Schematic Illustration of Induction-Type Furnace
amount of the appropriate standard KIO solution (Table 1) to produce a faint blue color. This color will serve as the end point
for the titration. Adjust the buret to zero. Turn on the furnace filament switch and allow at least 1 min warm-up before running
samples (Warning—see 7.4).
9.2 Resistance–Type Furnace—Assemble the apparatus according to the instructions furnished by the manufacturer. Purify the
oxygen by passing it through (1) H SO (relative density 1.84), (2) Ascarite, and (3) Mg(ClO ) or P O (Warning—see 7.4).
2 4 4 2 2 5
Connect a rotameter between the purifying train and the furnace. Fig. 3 illustrates schematically the assembled apparatus. Turn on
the current and adjust the furnace control to maintain a constant temperature of 1316 6 14°C (2400 6 25°F). Adjust the oxygen
flow rate to 2 6 0.1 L/min. Add 65 mL of HCl (3 6 197) and 2 mL of starch-iodide solution to the absorber. Add a few drops of
the appropriate standard KIO solution (Table 2) to produce a faint blue color. Adjust the buret to zero.
9.3 Resistance–Type Furnace–IR Detection—Assemble and adjust apparatus according to manufacturer’s instructions. Initialize
microprocessor, check power supplies, set oxygen pressure and flows and set furnace temperature to 1371°C (2500°F).
9.3.1 Condition a fresh anhydrone scrubber with four coal samples when analyzing petroleum coke samples, or with four
petroleum product samples that are representative or typical of the sample types to be analyzed.
9.3.2 Calibrate the automatic balance according to manufacturer’s instructions.
10. Standardization
10.1 For Iodate Methods:
10.1.1 Determination of Alum Factor:
10.1.1.1 Because these rapid combustion methods involve the reversible reaction 2SO + O = 2SO , it is not possible to evolve
2 2 3
all the sulfur as SO . The equilibrium of the reaction is temperature dependent and, in an oxygen atmosphere above 1316°C, about
97 % of the sulfur is present as SO . To assure that the furnace is in proper adjustment and that its operation produces accept
...

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ASTM D189-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form deposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners. Similarly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present, provided the test is performed on the base fuel without additive) the carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approximately with combustion chamber deposits.  
5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits a motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to the presence of additives in many oils. For example, an ash-forming detergent additive may increase the carbon residue value of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to form deposits.  
5.3 The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guide in the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residue values of crude oil residuums, cylinder and bright stocks, are useful in the manufacture of lubricants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally applicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as determined by Test Method D482 or IP Method 4 will have an erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).  
Note 1: The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this test method. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
Note 2: Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D524. Approximate correlations have been derived (see Fig. X1.1), but need not apply to all materials which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a wide variety of petroleum products.
Note 3: The test results are equivalent to Test Method D4530, (see Fig. X1.2).
Note 4: In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value than observed in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in the fuel can be detected by Test Method D4046.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Prin...

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ASTM D445-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.  
Note 1: For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
Note 2: ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.  
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.  
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1500-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic, since color is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases, the color may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the color range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established range may indicate possible contamination with another product. However, color is not always a reliable guide to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the visual determination of the color of a wide variety of petroleum products, such as lubricating oils, heating oils, diesel fuel oils, and petroleum waxes.  
Note 1: Test Method D156 is applicable to refined products that have an ASTM color lighter than 0.5.
Note 2: The color of some dyed products may extend outside color range defined by the glass reference standards employed in the testing procedure. Furthermore, samples used to determine the precision and bias did not include dyed products.
Note 3: It is up to the user to determine the suitability of this test method for their dyed products.  
1.2 This test method reports results specific to the test method and recorded as “ASTM Color.”  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6300-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 ASTM test methods are frequently intended for use in the manufacture, selling, and buying of materials in accordance with specifications and therefore should provide such precision that when the test is properly performed by a competent operator, the results will be found satisfactory for judging the compliance of the material with the specification. Statements addressing precision and bias are required in ASTM test methods. These then give the user an idea of the precision of the resulting data and its relationship to an accepted reference material or source (if available). Statements addressing determinability are sometimes required as part of the test method procedure in order to provide early warning of a significant degradation of testing quality while processing any series of samples.  
5.2 Repeatability and reproducibility are defined in the precision section of every Committee D02 test method. Determinability is defined above in Section 3. The relationship among the three measures of precision can be tabulated in terms of their different sources of variation (see Table 1).  
5.2.1 When used, determinability is a mandatory part of the Procedure section. It will allow operators to check their technique for the sequence of operations specified. It also ensures that a result based on the set of determined values is not subject to excessive variability from that source.  
5.3 A bias statement furnishes guidelines on the relationship between a set of test results and a related set of accepted reference values. When the bias of a test method is known, a compensating adjustment can be incorporated in the test method.  
5.4 This practice is intended for use by D02 subcommittees in determining precision estimates and bias statements to be used in D02 test methods. Its procedures correspond with ISO 4259 and are the basis for the Committee D02 computer software, Calculation of Precision Data: Petroleum Test Methods. The use of this practice replaces that of Re...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the necessary preparations and planning for the conduct of interlaboratory programs for the development of estimates of precision (determinability, repeatability, and reproducibility) and of bias (absolute and relative), and further presents the standard phraseology for incorporating such information into standard test methods.  
1.2 This practice is generally limited to homogeneous petroleum products, liquid fuels, and lubricants with which serious sampling problems (such as heterogeneity or instability) do not normally arise.  
1.3 This practice may not be suitable for products with sampling problems as described in 1.2, solid or semisolid products such as petroleum coke, industrial pitches, paraffin waxes, greases, or solid lubricants when the heterogeneous properties of the substances create sampling problems. In such instances, consult a trained statistician.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6708-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice can be used to determine if a constant, proportional, or linear bias correction can improve the degree of agreement between two methods that purport to measure the same property of a material.  
5.2 The bias correction developed in this practice can be applied to a single result (X) obtained from one test method (method X) to obtain a predicted result ( Y^) for the other test method (method Y).
Note 5: Users are cautioned to ensure that  Y^ is within the scope of method Y before its use.  
5.3 The between methods reproducibility established by this practice can be used to construct an interval around  Y^ that would contain the result of test method Y, if it were conducted, with approximately 95 % probability.  
5.4 This practice can be used to guide commercial agreements and product disposition decisions involving test methods that have been evaluated relative to each other in accordance with this practice.  
5.5 The magnitude of a statistically detectable bias is directly related to the uncertainties of the statistics from the experimental study. These uncertainties are related to both the size of the data set and the precision of the processes being studied. A large data set, or, highly precise test method(s), or both, can reduce the uncertainties of experimental statistics to the point where the “statistically detectable” bias can become “trivially small,” or be considered of no practical consequence in the intended use of the test method under study. Therefore, users of this practice are advised to determine in advance as to the magnitude of bias correction below which they would consider it to be unnecessary, or, of no practical concern for the intended application prior to execution of this practice.
Note 6: It should be noted that the determination of this minimum bias of no practical concern is not a statistical decision, but rather, a subjective decision that is directly dependent on the application requirements of the users.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers statistical methodology for assessing the expected agreement between two different standard test methods that purport to measure the same property of a material, and for the purpose of deciding if a simple linear bias correction can further improve the expected agreement. It is intended for use with results obtained from interlaboratory studies meeting the requirement of Practice D6300 or equivalent (for example, ISO 4259). The interlaboratory studies shall be conducted on at least ten materials in common that among them span the intersecting scopes of the test methods, and results shall be obtained from at least six laboratories using each method. Requirements in this practice shall be met in order for the assessment to be considered suitable for publication in either method, if such publication includes claim to have been carried out in compliance with this practice. Any such publication shall include mandatory information regarding certain details of the assessment outcome as specified in the Report section of this practice.  
1.2 The statistical methodology is based on the premise that a bias correction will not be needed. In the absence of strong statistical evidence that a bias correction would result in better agreement between the two methods, a bias correction is not made. If a bias correction is required, then the parsimony principle is followed whereby a simple correction is to be favored over a more complex one.
Note 1: Failure to adhere to the parsimony principle generally results in models that are over-fitted and do not perform well in practice.  
1.3 The bias corrections of this practice are limited to a constant correction, proportional correction, or a linear (proportional + constant) correction.  
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ASTM D6749-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Air Pressure Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pour point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Flow characteristics, like pour point, can be critical for the correct operation of lubricating systems, fuel systems, and pipeline operations.  
5.2 Petroleum blending operations require precise measurement of the pour point.  
5.3 Test results from this test method can be determined at either 1 °C or 3 °C intervals.  
5.4 This test method yields a pour point in a format similar to Test Method D97/IP 15 when the 3 °C interval results are reported. However, when specification requires Test Method D97/IP 15, do not substitute this test method.
Note 2: Since some users may wish to report their results in a format similar to Test Method D97/IP 15 (in 3 °C intervals), the precision data were derived for the 3 °C intervals. For statements on bias relative to Test Method D97/IP 15, see 13.3.1.  
5.5 This test method has better repeatability and reproducibility relative to Test Method D97/IP 15 as measured in the 1998 interlaboratory test program (see Section 13).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of pour point of petroleum products by an automatic apparatus that applies a slightly positive air pressure onto the specimen surface while the specimen is being cooled.  
1.2 This test method is designed to cover the range of temperatures from −57 °C to +51 °C; however, the range of temperatures included in the (1998) interlaboratory test program only covered the temperature range from −51 °C to −11 °C.  
1.3 Test results from this test method can be determined at either 1 °C or 3 °C testing intervals.  
1.4 This test method is not intended for use with crude oils.
Note 1: The applicability of this test method on residual fuel samples has not been verified. For further information on the applicability, refer to 13.4.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4175-23a(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.  
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.  
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places:  (1) in the standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7094-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.  
5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials and for classification purposes. This definition may vary from regulation to regulation. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.  
5.3 This test method can be used to measure and describe the properties of materials in response to heat and an ignition source under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment, which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.  
5.4 Flash point can also indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable material, such as the contamination of lubricating oils by small amounts of diesel fuel or gasoline. This test method was designed to be more sensitive to potential contamination than Test Method D6450.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point of fuels including diesel/biodiesel blends, lube oils, solvents, and other liquids by a continuously closed cup tester utilizing a specimen size of 2 mL, cup size of 7 mL, with a heating rate of 2.5 °C per minute.  
1.1.1 Apparatus requiring a specimen size of 1 mL, cup size of 4 mL, and a heating rate of 5.5 °C per minute must be run according to Test Method D6450.  
1.2 This flash point test method is a dynamic method and depends on definite rates of temperature increase. It is one of the many flash point test methods available and every flash point test method, including this one, is an empirical method.
Note 1: Flash point values are not a constant physical chemical property of materials tested. They are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can, therefore, only be defined in terms of a standard test method and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different test methods or where different test apparatus is specified.  
1.3 This test method utilizes a closed but unsealed cup with air injected into the test chamber.  
1.4 The precision of this test method is applicable for testing samples with a flash point from 22.5 °C to 235.5 °C. Determinations below and above this range may be performed; however, the precision has not been established.  
1.5 If the user’s specification requires a defined flash point method other than this method, neither this method nor any other test method should be substituted for the prescribed test method without obtaining comparative data and an agreement from the specifier.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius, pressure in kilo-Pascals.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2 and 8.5.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by th...

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ASTM D665-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many instances, such as in the gears of a steam turbine, water can become mixed with the lubricant, and rusting of ferrous parts can occur. This test indicates how well inhibited mineral oils aid in preventing this type of rusting. This test method is also used for testing hydraulic and circulating oils, including heavier-than-water fluids. It is used for specification of new oils and monitoring of in-service oils.
Note 3: This test method was used as a basis for Test Method D3603. Test Method D3603 is used to test the oil on separate horizontal and vertical test rod surfaces, and can provide a more discriminating evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the ability of inhibited mineral oils, particularly steam-turbine oils, to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts should water become mixed with the oil. This test method is also used for testing other oils, such as hydraulic oils and circulating oils. Provision is made in the procedure for testing heavier-than-water fluids.
Note 1: For synthetic fluids, such as phosphate ester types, the plastic holder and beaker cover should be made of chemically resistant material suitable for the type of fluid tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.4 – 7.6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2425-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates by Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of process streams and petroleum products boiling within the range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F) is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties.  
5.2 A test method to determine total cycloparafins and low level aromatic content is necessary to meet specifications for aviation turbine fuel containing synthesized hydrocarbons.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the mass spectrometer to determine the hydrocarbon types present in conventional and synthesized hydrocarbons that have a boiling range of 160 °C to 343 °C (320 °F to 650 °F), 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86. Samples with average carbon number value of paraffins between C12 and C16 and containing paraffins from C10 and C18 can be analyzed. Eleven hydrocarbon types are determined. These include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH 2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14  (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH 2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics.  
Note 1: This test method was developed on Consolidated Electrodynamics Corporation Type 103 Mass Spectrometers. Operating parameters for users with a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer are provided.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with full boiling range products that contain no significant olefin content.
Biodiesel (FAME components) could interfere with the separation of the sample and the characteristic mass fragments of FAME compounds are not defined in the procedure.
Hydrocarbons containing tertiary carbon fragments, sometimes found in synthetic aviation fuels, will interfere with the characteristic mass fragments of paraffins and result in a false, elevated cycloparaffin content.
Note 2: “No significant olefin content” for this method means D1319.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 11.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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