ASTM E92-82(2003)

Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Vickers hardness of metallic materials, using applied forces of 1 kgf to 120 kgf, the verification of Vickers hardness testing machines (Part B), and the calibration of standardized hardness test blocks (Part C). Two general classes of standard tests are recognized:
1.1.1 Verification, Laboratory, or Referee Tests, where a high degree of accuracy is required.
1.1.2 Routine Tests where a somewhat lower degree of accuracy is permissible.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Jan-2003
• Technical Committee: E28 - Mechanical Testing
• Drafting Committee: E28.06 - Indentation Hardness Testing

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E92-82(1997)e3 - Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Replaced By: ASTM E92-82(2003)e1 - Standard Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM D7688-18 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) by Visual Observation
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM A1038-19 - Standard Test Method for Portable Hardness Testing by the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM B386/B386M-19e1 - Standard Specification for Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloy Plate,<brk/>Sheet, Strip, Foil, and Ribbon
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM F961-20 - Standard Specification for 35Cobalt-35Nickel-20Chromium-10Molybdenum Alloy Forgings for Surgical Implants (UNS R30035)
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM B974/B974M-16(2021) - Standard Specification for Free-Cutting Bismuth Brass Rod, Bar and Wire
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM E517-19 - Standard Test Method for Plastic Strain Ratio <emph type="bdit">r</emph> for Sheet Metal
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM F1079-87(2022) - Standard Specification for Inserted and Noninserted Surgical Scissors
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM F1058-16 - Standard Specification for Wrought 40Cobalt-20Chromium-16Iron-15Nickel-7Molybdenum Alloy Wire, Strip, and Strip Bar for Surgical Implant Applications (UNS R30003 and UNS R30008)
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM F468-23 - Standard Specification for Nonferrous Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, Socket Head Cap Screws, and Studs for General Use
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM A532/A532M-10(2019) - Standard Specification for Abrasion-Resistant Cast Irons
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM F1613-95(2023) - Standard Specification for Surgical Tissue/Dressing/Pick-Up Forceps (Thumb Type)
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM F467-13(2018) - Standard Specification for Nonferrous Nuts for General Use
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003
• Referred By: ASTM E3246-22 - Standard Test Methods for Differential Indentation Depth Hardness of Metallic Materials
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2003

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: E 92 – 82 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 92; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope ness, and Scleroscope Hardness)
E 384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Ma-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Vickers
terials
hardness of metallic materials, using applied forces of 1 kgf to
120 kgf, the verification of Vickers hardness testing machines
3. Terminology
(Part B), and the calibration of standardized hardness test
3.1 calibration—determination of the values of the signifi-
blocks (Part C). Two general classes of standard tests are
cant parameters by comparison with values indicated by a
recognized:
reference instrument or by a set of reference standards.
1.1.1 Verification, Laboratory, or Referee Tests, where a
3.2 verification—checking or testing to assure conformance
high degree of accuracy is required.
with the specification.
1.1.2 Routine Tests, where a somewhat lower degree of
3.3 Vickers hardness number, HV—a number related to the
accuracy is permissible.
applied force and the surface area of the permanent impression
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
made by a square-based pyramidal diamond indenter having
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
included face angles of 136° (see Fig. 1 and Table 1), computed
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
from the equation:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2 2
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
HV 5 2P sin a/2 /d 5 1.8544P/d (1)
~ !
2. Referenced Documents where:
P = force, kgf,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3 d = mean diagonal of impression, mm, and
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
a = face angle of diamond = 136°.
E 140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals (Relationship
3.4 Vickers hardness test—an indentation hardness test
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
using calibrated machines to force a square-based pyramidal
Hardness, Rockwell Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hard-
diamond indenter having specified face angles, under a prede-
termined force, into the surface of the material under test and
to measure the diagonals of the resulting impression after
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
removal of the force.
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on
3.4.1 Vickers hardness tests are made at test forces of 1 kgf
Indentation Hardness Testing.
to 120 kgf.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2003. Published April 2003. Originally
e3
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 92 – 82 (1997) .
3.4.2 For practical purposes the Vickers hardness number is
A procedure covering Vickers tests using applied forces of 1 gf to 1000 gf (1
constant when a square-based diamond pyramid with a face
kgf) may be found in Test Method E 384, Test Method for Microindentation
angle of 136° is used with applied forces of 5 kgf and higher.
Hardness of Materials, appearing in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 92 – 82 (2003)
FIG. 1 Vickers Hardness Test (see Table 1)
TABLE 1 Symbols and Designations Associated with Fig. 1
Number Symbol Designation
1 . Angle at the vertex of the pyramidal in-
denter (136°)
2 P Test force in kilograms-force
3 d Arithmetic mean of the two diagonals d
and d
TABLE 2 Vickers Hardness Numbers
(Diamond, 136° Face Angle, force of 1 kgf)
Diagonal of
Vickers Hardness Number for Diagonal Measured to 0.0001 mm
Impression,
0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
mm
0.005 74 170 71 290 68 580 66 020 63 590 61 300 59 130 57 080 55 120 53 270
0.006 51 510 49 840 48 240 46 720 45 270 43 890 42 570 41 310 40 100 38 950
0.007 37 840 36 790 35 770 34 800 33 860 32 970 32 100 31 280 30 480 29 710
0.008 28 970 28 260 27 580 26 920 26 280 25 670 25 070 24 500 23 950 23 410
0.009 22 890 22 390 21 910 21 440 20 990 20 550 20 120 19 710 19 310 18 920
0.010 18 540 18 180 17 820 17 480 17 140 16 820 16 500 16 200 15 900 15 610
0.011 15 330 15 050 14 780 14 520 14 270 14 020 13 780 13 550 13 320 13 090
0.012 12 880 12 670 12 460 12 260 12 060 11 870 11 680 11 500 11 320 11 140
0.013 10 970 10 810 10 640 10 480 10 330 10 170 10 030 9 880 9 737 9 598
0.014 9 461 9 327 9 196 9 068 8 943 8 820 8 699 8 581 8 466 8 353
0.015 8 242 8 133 8 026 7 922 7 819 7 718 7 620 7 523 7 428 7 335
0.016 7 244 7 154 7 066 6 979 6 895 6 811 6 729 6 649 6 570 6 493
0.017 6 416 6 342 6 268 6 196 6 125 6 055 5 986 5 919 5 853 5 787
0.018 5 723 5 660 5 598 5 537 5 477 5 418 5 360 5 303 5 247 5 191
0.019 5 137 5 083 5 030 4 978 4 927 4 877 4 827 4 778 4 730 4 683
0.020 4 636 4 590 4 545 4 500 4 456 4 413 4 370 4 328 4 286 4 245
0.021 4 205 4 165 4 126 4 087 4 049 4 012 3 975 3 938 3 902 3 866
0.022 3 831 3 797 3 763 3 729 3 696 3 663 3 631 3 599 3 567 3 536
0.023 3 505 3 475 3 445 3 416 3 387 3 358 3 329 3 301 3 274 3 246
0.024 3 219 3 193 3 166 3 140 3 115 3 089 3 064 3 039 3 015 2 991
0.025 2 967 2 943 2 920 2 897 2 874 2 852 2 830 2 808 2 786 2 764
0.026 2 743 2 722 2 701 2 681 2 661 2 641 2 621 2 601 2 582 2 563
0.027 2 544 2 525 2 506 2 488 2 470 2 452 2 434 2 417 2 399 2 382
0.028 2 365 2 348 2 332 2 315 2 299 2 283 2 267 2 251 2 236 2 220
0.029 2 205 2 190 2 175 2 160 2 145 2 131 2 116 2 102 2 088 2 074
0.030 2 060 2 047 2 033 2 020 2 007 1 993 1 980 1 968 1 955 1 942
0.031 1 930 1 917 1 905 1 893 1 881 1 869 1 857 1 845 1 834 1 822
0.032 1 811 1 800 1 788 1 777 1 766 1 756 1 745 1 734 1 724 1 713
0.033 1 703 1 693 1 682 1 672 1 662 1 652 1 643 1 633 1 623 1 614
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 92 – 82 (2003)
TABLE 2 Continued
Diagonal of
Vickers Hardness Number for Diagonal Measured to 0.0001 mm
Impression,
0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
mm
0.034 1 604 1 595 1 585 1 576 1 567 1 558 1 549 1 540 1 531 1 522
0.035 1 514 1 505 1 497 1 488 1 480 1 471 1 463 1 455 1 447 1 439
0.036 1 431 1 423 1 415 1 407 1 400 1 392 1 384 1 377 1 369 1 362
0.037 1 355 1 347 1 340 1 333 1 326 1 319 1 312 1 305 1 298 1 291
0.038 1 284 1 277 1 271 1 264 1 258 1 251 1 245 1 238 1 232 1 225
0.039 1 219 1 213 1 207 1 201 1 195 1 189 1 183 1 177 1 171 1 165
0.040 1 159 1 153 1 147 1 142 1 136 1 131 1 125 1 119 1 114 1 109
0.041 1 103 1 098 1 092 1 087 1 082 1 077 1 072 1 066 1 061 1 056
0.042 1 051 1 046 1 041 1 036 1 031 1 027 1 022 1 017 1 012 1 008
0.043 1 003 998 994 989 985 980 975 971 967 962
0.044 958 953 949 945 941 936 932 928 924 920
0.045 916 912 908 904 900 896 892 888 884 880
0.046 876 873 869 865 861 858 854 850 847 843
0.047 839 836 832 829 825 822 818 815 812 808
0.048 805 802 798 795 792 788 785 782 779 775
0.049 772 769 766 763 760 757 754 751 748 745
0.050 742 739 736 733 730 727 724 721 719 716
0.051 713 710 707 705 702 699 696 694 691 688
0.052 686 683 681 678 675 673 670 668 665 663
0.053 660 658 655 653 650 648 645 643 641 638
0.054 636 634 631 629 627 624 622 620 617 615
0.055 613 611 609 606 604 602 600 598 596 593
0.056 591 589 587 585 583 581 579 577 575 573
0.057 571 569 567 565 563 561 559 557 555 553
0.058 551 549 547 546 544 542 540 538 536 535
0.059 533 531 529 527 526 524 522 520 519 516.8
0.060 515.1 513.4 511.7 510.0 508.3 506.6 505.0 503.3 501.6 500.0
0.061 498.4 496.7 495.1 493.5 491.9 490.3 488.7 487.1 485.5 484.0
0.062 482.4 480.9 479.3 477.8 476.2 474.7 473.2 471.7 470.2 468.7
0.063 467.2 465.7 464.3 462.8 461.3 459.9 458.4 457.0 455.6 454.1
0.064 452.7 451.3 449.9 448.5 447.1 445.7 444.4 443.0 441.6 440.3
0.065 438.9 437.6 436.2 434.9 433.6 432.2 430.9 429.6 428.3 427.0
0.066 425.7 424.4 423.1 421.9 420.6 419.3 418.1 416.8 415.6 414.3
0.067 413.1 411.9 410.6 409.4 408.2 407.0 405.8 404.6 403.4 402.2
0.068 401.0 399.9 398.7 397.5 396.6 395.2 394.0 392.9 391.8 390.6
0.069 389.5 388.4 387.2 386.1 385.0 383.9 382.8 381.7 380.6 379.5
0.070 378.4 377.4 376.3 375.2 374.2 373.1 372.0 371.0 369.9 368.9
0.071 367.9 366.8 365.8 364.8 363.7 362.7 361.7 360.7 359.7 358.7
0.072 357.7 356.7 355.7 354.7 353.8 352.8 351.8 350.9 349.9 348.9
0.073 348.0 347.0 346.1 345.1 344.2 343.3 342.3 341.4 340.5 339.6
0.074 338.6 337.7 336.8 335.9 335.0 334.1 333.2 332.3 331.4 330.5
0.075 329.7 328.8 327.9 327.0 326.2 325.3 324.5 323.6 322.7 321.9
0.076 321.0 320.2 319.4 318.5 317.7 316.9 316.0 315.2 314.4 313.6
0.077 312.8 312.0 311.1 310.3 309.5 308.7 307.9 307.2 306.4 305.6
0.078 304.8 304.0 303.2 302.5 301.7 300.9 300.2 299.4 298.6 297.9
0.079 297.1 296.4 295.6 294.9 294.1 293.4 292.7 291.9 291.2 290.5
0.080 289.7 289.0 288.3 287.6 286.9 286.2 285.4 284.7 284.0 283.3
0.081 282.6 281.9 281.2 280.6 279.9 279.2 278.5 277.8 277.1 276.5
0.082 275.8 275.1 274.4 273.8 273.1 272.4 271.8 271.1 270.5 269.8
0.083 269.2 268.5 267.9 267.2 266.6 266.0 265.3 264.7 264.1 263.4
0.084 262.8 262.2 261.6 260.9 260.3 259.7 259.1 258.5 257.9 257.3
0.085 256.7 256.1 255.5 254.9 254.3 253.7 253.1 252.5 251.9 251.3
0.086 250.7 250.1 249.6 249.0 248.4 247.8 247.3 246.7 246.1 245.6
0.087 245.0 244.4 243.9 243.3 242.8 242.2 241.6 241.1 240.6 240.0
0.088 239.5 238.9 238.4 237.8 237.3 236.8 236.2 235.7 235.2 234.6
0.089 234.1 233.6 233.1 232.5 232.0 231.5 231.0 230.5 230.0 229.4
0.090 228.9 228.4 227.9 227.4 226.9 226.4 225.9 225.4 224.9 224.4
0.091 223.9 223.4 222.9 222.5 222.0 221.5 221.0 220.5 220.0 219.6
0.092 219.1 218.6 218.1 217.7 217.1 216.7 216.3 215.8 215.3 214.9
0.093 214.4 213.9 213.5 213.0 212.6 212.1 211.7 211.2 210.8 210.3
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 92 – 82 (2003)
TABLE 2 Continued
Diagonal of
Vickers Hardness Number for Diagonal Measured to 0.0001 mm
Impression,
0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
mm
0.094 209.9 209.4 209.0 208.5 208.1 207.6 207.2 206.8 206.3 205.9
0.095 205.5 205.0 204.6 204.2 203.8 203.3 202.9 202.5 202.1 201.6
0.096 201.2 200.8 200.4 200.0 199.5 199.1 198.7 198.3 197.9 197.5
0.097 197.1 196.7 196.3 195.9 195.5 195.1 194.7 194.3 193.9 193.5
0.098 193.1 192.7 192.3 191.9 191.5 191.1 190.7 190.4 190.0 189.6
0.099 189.2 188.8 188.4 188.1 187.7 187.3 186.9 186.6 186.2 185.5
with a suffix number denoting the force and second suffix number
At lower test forces the Vickers hardness may be force-
indicating the duration of forceing when the latter differs from 10 to 15 s,
dependent. In Table 2 are given the Vickers hardness numbers
which is the normal force time. Example:
for a test force of 1 kgf. For obtaining hardness numbers when
440 HV 30 = Vickers hardness of 440 measured under a force of 30 kgf
other test forces are used, the Vickers hardness number
applied for 10 to 15 s.
obtained from Table 2 is multiplied by the test force in
440 HV 30/20 = Vickers hardness of 440 measured under a force of 30
kilograms-force (Table 3).
kgf applied for 20 s.
NOTE 1—The Vickers hardness number is followed by the symbol HV
A. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND TEST
PROCEDURE FOR VICKERS HARDNESS TESTS
TABLE 3 Decimal Point Finder for Use with Table 2
4. Apparatus
An example of determination of hardness numbers follows the table.
4.1 Testing Machine—Equipment for Vickers hardness test-
Diagonal Length, Vickers Hardness (HV),
ing usually consists of a testing machine which supports the
mm 1-kgf Force
specimen and permits the indenter and the specimen to be
0.005 74 200
brought into contact gradually and smoothly under a predeter-
0.006 51 500
0.007 37 800
mined force, which is applied for a fixed period of time. The
0.008 29 000
design of the machine should be such that no rocking or lateral
0.009 22 900
movement of the indenter or specimen is permitted while the
0.010 18 540
0.020 4 640 force is being applied or removed. A measuring microscope is
0.030 2 060
usually mounted on the machine in such a manner that the
0.040 1 159
impression in the specimen may be readily located in the
0.050 742
0.060 515
optical field.
0.070 378
4.2 Indenter:
0.080 290
4.2.1 The indenter shall be a highly polished, pointed,
0.090 229
0.100 185.4
square-based pyramidal diamond with face angles of 136° 6
0.200 46.4
30 min.
0.300 20.6
4.2.2 All four faces of the indenter shall be equally inclined
0.400 11.6
0.500 7.42
to the axis of the indenter (within 630 min) and meet at a sharp
0.600 5.15
point, that is, the line of junction between opposite faces shall
0.700 3.78
not be more than 0.001 mm in length as shown in Fig. 2.
0.800 2.90
0.900 2.29
4.2.3 The diamond should be examined periodically and if it
1.000 1.85
is loose in the mounting material, chipped, or cracked, it should
1.100 1.53
be discarded or reconditioned.
1.200 1.29
1.300 0.10
1.400 0.946
1.500 0.824
1.600 0.724
1.700 0.642
1.800 0.572
1.900 0.514
2.000 0.464
Example—Using a 50-kgf test force, the average measured diagonal length
= 0.644 mm.
In Table 2 read:
HV = 447 at 0.0644-mm diagonal length at 1-kgf force.
Using Table 3 determine:
HV = 4.47 at 0.644-mm diagonal length at 1-kgf force.
50 3 4.47 = 224 HV for 50-kg test force.
FIG. 2 Junction of Indenter Faces
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 92 – 82 (2003)
NOTE 2—The condition of the point of the indenter is of considerable TABLE 4 Correction Factors for Use in Vickers Hardness Tests
Made on Spherical Surfaces
importance where the test force is light and the impression is small. It is
recommended that the point be periodically checked by examining an
Convex Surface Concave Surface
impression made in a polished steel block. Under a magnification of 6003
Correcti
...