ASTM E312-06(2011)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Description and Selection of Conditions for Photographing Specimens Using Analog (Film) Cameras and Digital Still Cameras (DSC) (Withdrawn 2017)
Standard Practice for Description and Selection of Conditions for Photographing Specimens Using Analog (Film) Cameras and Digital Still Cameras (DSC) (Withdrawn 2017)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a basis for choosing, specifying, recording, communicating, and standardizing the conditions and processes that determine the nature of a photographic image of a specimen. Its provisions are particularly useful when the photographic image is used to preserve or communicate the appearance of a specimen involved in an aging or stressing test that affects its appearance. It is often useful to compare photographs made under identical conditions before and after a test to illustrate a change in appearance.
This practice deals with specific details of camera technique and the photographic process, so it will probably be best understood and implemented by a technical photographer or someone trained in photographic science. The person requiring the photograph must clearly indicate to the photographer what features of the specimen are of technical interest, so he may use techniques that make those features clearly evident in the photograph, without misrepresenting the appearance of the specimen.
This practice provides useful guidance on presenting photographs for viewing, providing an indication of dimensions or scale, indicating the orientation of the picture, and referring to particular points on a picture. These techniques should be useful to those writing technical literature involving illustrations of the appearance of specimens. The methods of this practice should contribute materially to the accuracy and precision of other standards that rely on pictures to indicate various grades of some attribute of appearance, such as blistering or cracking.
For acceptance testing, manufacturing control, and regulatory purposes, it is desirable to employ measurement, but in those cases where there are no methods of measuring the attribute of appearance of interest, well-made photographs or photomechanical reproductions of them may be the best available way to record and communicate to an inspector the nature of the attribute of appearance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines terms and symbols and provides a systematic method of describing the arrangement of lights, camera, and subject, the characteristics of the illumination, the nature of the photographic process, and the viewing system. Conditions for photographing certain common forms of specimens are recommended. Although this practice is applicable to photographic documentation in general, it is intended for use in describing the photography of specimens involved in testing and in standardizing such procedures for particular kinds of specimens. This practice is applicable to macrophotography but photomicrography is excluded from the scope of this practice.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice defines terms and symbols and provides a systematic method of describing the arrangement of lights, camera, and subject, the characteristics of the illumination, the nature of the photographic process, and the viewing system. Conditions for photographing certain common forms of specimens are recommended. Although this practice is applicable to photographic documentation in general, it is intended for use in describing the photography of specimens involved in testing and in standardizing such procedures for particular kinds of specimens. This practice is applicable to macrophotography but photomicrography is excluded from the scope of this practice.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, this practice was withdrawn in November 2017. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E312 − 06 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Practice for
Description and Selection of Conditions for Photographing
Specimens Using Analog (Film) Cameras and Digital Still
Cameras (DSC)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E312; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Photographs are often used to convey information about the appearance of objects, materials, or
phenomena involved in testing.The appearance of a photograph of an object depends not only on the
appearance of the object, but on the conditions of formation of the optical image, the conditions of
formation of the photographic record, and the conditions of viewing the photograph. If the
photographicmethodofrecordingappearanceistobereproduciblefromonelaboratorytoanotherand
if photographs of various specimens or one specimen at various times are to be used for valid
comparisons, there must be an established method of describing pertinent conditions, so they may be
recorded, communicated, and standardized. The purpose of this practice is to provide such a method
of description.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice defines terms and symbols and provides a 2.1 ASTM Standards:
systematic method of describing the arrangement of lights, D1535Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
camera, and subject, the characteristics of the illumination, the E284Terminology of Appearance
nature of the photographic process, and the viewing system. E1360Practice for Specifying Color by Using the Optical
Conditions for photographing certain common forms of speci- Society of America Uniform Color Scales System
mensarerecommended.Althoughthispracticeisapplicableto E1541Practice for Specifying and Matching Color Using
photographicdocumentationingeneral,itisintendedforusein the Colorcurve System (Withdrawn 2007)
describing the photography of specimens involved in testing 2.2 ANSI Standards:
and in standardizing such procedures for particular kinds of ANSI/ISO 517-1996Apertures and Related Properties Per-
specimens. This practice is applicable to macrophotography taining to Photographic Lenses—Designations and Mea-
but photomicrography is excluded from the scope of this surements
practice. ISO3664:2000 Viewing Conditions—Graphic Technology
and Photography
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ISO18920:2000Imaging Materials Processed Photographic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Reflection Prints – Storage Practices
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color and the ASTM website.
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on Geometry. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally www.astm.org.
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E312–06. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E0312-06R11. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E312 − 06 (2011)
ISO6846:1992Black-and-WhiteContinuousTonePapers— evidentinthephotograph,withoutmisrepresentingtheappear-
Determination of ISO Speed and Range for Printing ance of the specimen.
4.3 This practice provides useful guidance on presenting
3. Terminology
photographs for viewing, providing an indication of dimen-
3.1 Definitions—Appearance terms used in this practice
sions or scale, indicating the orientation of the picture, and
conform to definitions in Terminology E284. Terms related to
referring to particular points on a picture. These techniques
photography conform to the cited standards of the American
should be useful to those writing technical literature involving
National Standards Institute.
illustrations of the appearance of specimens. The methods of
this practice should contribute materially to the accuracy and
4. Significance and Use
precision of other standards that rely on pictures to indicate
4.1 This practice provides a basis for choosing, specifying,
various grades of some attribute of appearance, such as
recording, communicating, and standardizing the conditions
blistering or cracking.
and processes that determine the nature of a photographic
4.4 Foracceptancetesting,manufacturingcontrol,andregu-
image of a specimen. Its provisions are particularly useful
latory purposes, it is desirable to employ measurement, but in
when the photographic image is used to preserve or commu-
those cases where there are no methods of measuring the
nicate the appearance of a specimen involved in an aging or
attribute of appearance of interest, well-made photographs or
stressing test that affects its appearance. It is often useful to
photomechanical reproductions of them may be the best
compare photographs made under identical conditions before
available way to record and communicate to an inspector the
and after a test to illustrate a change in appearance.
nature of the attribute of appearance.
4.2 This practice deals with specific details of camera
technique and the photographic process, so it will probably be
5. Descriptors for Conditions
best understood and implemented by a technical photographer
5.1 Primary Points:
or someone trained in photographic science. The person
requiring the photograph must clearly indicate to the photog- 5.1.1 Central Image Point, I—Thegeometricalcenterofthe
rapher what features of the specimen are of technical interest, picture area on the film or plate, designated by the symbol I
so he may use techniques that make those features clearly (see Fig. 1).
FIG. 1 Coordinate System for Specifying the Geometric Relationship of Camera, Subject, and Lighting
E312 − 06 (2011)
5.1.2 Nodal Points, H, H'—The two points H and H'inthe through the central object point, the intersection of the plane
lenssystem,locatedonthelinejoiningthecentersofcurvature with the z axis must be stated. If a cylindrical coordinate is
of the elements and having the property that any ray from the
found useful, the distance from a point to the z axis measured
object directed toward H emerges from H' parallel to the
alongthenormaltothezaxismaybedesignatedbythesymbol
original path. The nodal point with respect to rays from the
p.Ifthereareanumberofplanesorpointstobespecified,they
object is called the “first nodal point” and is designated by the
can be numbered and the coordinates given numerical sub-
symbol Hwhilethenodalpointwithrespecttoraysdirectedto
scripts accordingly, for example, x,x,x,i,i,p,p , etc.
1 2 3 1 2 1 2
the image is called the “second nodal point” and is designated
5.4.4 IlluminantOrientation—Thegeometricalaspectofthe
by the symbol H.
illumination is described with respect to the same coordinate
5.1.3 Central Object Point, O—The point in the object
system used for describing the orientation of the object. The
space that is imaged at the central image point, designated by
centerorcentroidofalightsourceisdesignatedbythesymbol
the symbol O. (It is not necessary that any material thing exist
L, with the appropriate subscript when more than one light
at this point.)
source is used. The distance between the central object point
5.2 Primary Axes:
and the center of a light source is designated by the symbol r,
5.2.1 Camera Axis—The straight line between the central with the appropriate numerical subscript. The direction of the
image point and the second nodal point. The distance between light from the point O is described in terms of the angles of a
these points is called the “axial image distance” and is
direction vector making an angle a with the z axis and having
designated by the symbol v.
a projection on the object reference plane making an angle b
5.2.2 Optical Axis—The straight line joining the centers of
with the x axis, or, alternatively, making an angle c with the yz
curvature of the elements of the lens.
plane (the angle c being positive on the positive x side) and an
5.2.3 Field Axis—The straight line between the central
angle e with the xz plane (the angle e being positive on the
object point and the first nodal point. The distance between
positive y side). The diameter of the lamp reflector is desig-
these points is called the “axial object distance” and is
nated by the symbol d, with appropriate subscript. The coor-
designated by the symbol u.
dinates (x, y) of the point on the object reference plane toward
whichthelampreflectorisdirectedmustbegiven.Thesizeand
5.3 Reference Planes:
shape of the lamp and reflector must be described with
5.3.1 Image Reference Plane—The plane normal to the
sufficient precision for the intended purpose.
camera axis, passing through the central image point.
5.3.2 Lens Reference Plane—The plane normal to the field
5.5 Spectral Nature of Illumination—Incandescent lamps
axis, passing through the first nodal point.
may be specified adequately by stating the kind of illuminant,
5.3.3 ObjectReferencePlane—Theplanenormaltothefield
the rated color temperature, and the electrical potential, in
axis, passing through the central object point.
volts, at which the lamps are operated. The correlated color
temperature of these lamps increases about 11 K for each volt
5.4 Orientations:
increase in applied potential, in the neighborhood of 115V.As
5.4.1 Film Orientation—The film or detector orientation is
lamps are used, the correlated color temperature (at a given
described in a right-handed orthogonal coordinate system
voltage) decreases, often from 50 K above to 50 K below the
havingx'andy'axesintheimagereferenceplaneandz'axison
ratedvalueduringthelifeofthelamp.Fluorescentlamps,arcs,
thecameraaxis,withthepositivedirectionawayfromthelens.
and flash lamps differ more than incandescent lamps from
A film plane is described by the angles of a direction vector
black-body spectral emittance and must be described in detail
making an angle g with the z' axis and having a projection on
the image reference plane making an angle h with the x' axis. astomake,model,type,etc.Thenatureofreflectors,including
5.4.2 Lens Orientation—Thelensorientationisdescribedin incidental nearby surfaces, can have an important effect on the
spectral nature of the energy falling on the object. The
a right-handed orthogonal coordinate system having x and y
L L
axes in the lens reference plane and z axis on the field axis, neutrality of such surfaces should be specified when spectral
L
withthepositivedirectiontowardtheobjectspace.The x axis quality is of interest.
L
is parallel to the x' axis and the y axis is parallel to the y' axis.
L
5.6 Contrast:
The lens orientation is described by the angles of a direction
5.6.1 Object-Surround Contrast—The appearance of an ob-
vector making an angle k with the z axis and having a
L
ject may depend on the contrast between the object and the
projection on the lens reference plane making an angle l with
background or other visual surroundings against which the
the x axis.
L
object is seen. The orientation of the background or surround-
5.4.3 Object Orientation—The object orientation is de-
ing materials may be described in the same way as the
scribed in a right-handed orthogonal coordinate system having
orientationoftheobjectandthereflectioncharacteristicsofthe
xandyaxesintheobjectreferenceplaneandzaxisonthefield
materials appearing with the object may be completely speci-
axis, with the positive direction toward the lens. The x axis is
fied.However,itisusuallymoreconvenienttospecifytheratio
parallel to the x' axis and the y axis is parallel to the y' axis.An
of the luminance of the object to the luminance of the
object plane can be described in terms of the angles of a
background or other surroundings, as measured from the
direction vector making an angle i with the z axis and having
directionofthecameralensbyaphotographicexposuremeter.
a projection on the object reference plane making an angle j
with the x axis. Since an object plane may or may not pass Ifconstantcontrastisdesirable,itmaybespecifiedinthatway
E312 − 06 (2011)
but it should be noted that the use of constant contrast tends to than it would be if the same object were photographed from a
minimize the visual appreciation of the variation of lightness greater distance.The effective f-number, which takes the place
among specimens. ofthemarkedf-numberforexposurecomputations,isgivenby
5.6.1.1 If the object-surround contrast is specified for some the following equation:
standard object, it will vary from one specimen to another,
A' 5 Av/f (1)
~ !
according to the lightness of the specimen. A matte, neutral-
where:
gray card of specified reflectance may serve as the standard
A' = effective f-number,
object. Such a neutral test card with a diffuse reflectance of
A = marked f-number,
18% on one side and 90% on the other is sold by dealers in
v = axial image distance, and
photographic supplies. The placement of the test card in the
f = focal length of lens.
object space must be specified.
5.6.2 Illumination Contrast—The appearance of an object
Since the depth of field is determined by the diameter of the
maydependontheratioofilluminancesproducedattheobject
entrance pupil, which can be computed from the focal length
by the various sources of illumination. This effect is most
and the marked f-number, these quantities should be given
noticeable when surface texture is of interest. The ratios may
whenever this determinant of image appearance is considered
be conveniently specified by the ratio of luminances produced
pertinent.
by the sources separately on a matte, neutral-gray test card in
5.10 Exposure Time—Theexposuretimeisthetimeinterval
theobjectspace.Theratioofluminancescanbemeasuredwith
during which light falls upon the film or plate. It may be
a photographic exposure meter. The exact value of the reflec-
determined by the action of a shutter or by the duration of the
tance of the test card is immaterial for the purpose, as long as
illumination (see
...
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