ASTM D3580-95(2004)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products
Standard Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Products are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the transportation environment. The determination of the resonant frequencies of the product may aid the packaging designer in determining the proper packaging system to provide adequate protection for the product, as well as providing an understanding of the complex interactions between the components of the product as they relate to expected transportation vibration inputs.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of resonances of unpackaged products and components of unpackaged products by means of vertical linear motion at the surface on which the product is mounted for test. Two alternate test methods are presented:Test Method A-Resonance Search Using Sinusoidal Vibration, andTest Method B-Resonance Search Using Random Vibration. Note 1 The two test methods are not necessarily equivalent and may not produce the same results. It is possible that tests using random vibration may be more representative of the transport environment and may be conducted more quickly than sine tests.
1.2 This information may be used to examine the response of products to vibration for product design purposes, or for the design of a container or interior package that will minimize transportation vibration inputs at these critical frequencies, when these products resonances are within the expected transportation environment frequency range. Since vibration damage is most likely to occur at product resonant frequencies, these resonances may be thought of as potential product fragility points.
1.3 Information obtained from the optional dwell test methods may be used to assess the fatigue characteristics of the resonating components and for product modification. This may become necessary if the response of a product would require design of an impractical or excessively costly shipping container.
1.4 These test methods do not necessarily simulate the vibration effects that the product will encounter in its operational or in-use environment. Other, more suitable test procedures should be used for this purpose.
1.5 Test levels given in these test methods represent the correlation of the best information currently available from research investigation and from experience in the use of these test methods. If more applicable or accurate data are available, they should be substituted.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for specific precautionary statements.
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Designation:D3580–95 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Methods for
Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3580; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of reso-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for
nancesofunpackagedproductsandcomponentsofunpackaged
specific precautionary statements.
products by means of vertical linear motion at the surface on
which the product is mounted for test. Two alternate test
2. Referenced Documents
methods are presented:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Test MethodA—Resonance Search Using Sinusoidal Vibration, and
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
Test Method B—Resonance Search Using Random Vibration.
ments
NOTE 1—The two test methods are not necessarily equivalent and may
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
not produce the same results. It is possible that tests using random
Packaging Components for Testing
vibration may be more representative of the transport environment and
may be conducted more quickly than sine tests. D4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Ship-
ping Containers
1.2 This information may be used to examine the response
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
of products to vibration for product design purposes, or for the
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
design of a container or interior package that will minimize
of a Lot or Process
transportation vibration inputs at these critical frequencies,
2.2 Military Standard:
when these products resonances are within the expected
MIL-STD 810, Method 514 Vibration
transportation environment frequency range. Since vibration
damage is most likely to occur at product resonant frequencies,
3. Terminology
these resonances may be thought of as potential product
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test
fragility points.
methods, see Terminology D996.
1.3 Information obtained from the optional dwell test meth-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ods may be used to assess the fatigue characteristics of the
3.2.1 decade—the interval of two frequencies having a
resonating components and for product modification.This may
basic frequency ratio of 10 (1 decade = 3.322 octaves).
become necessary if the response of a product would require
3.2.2 decibel (dB)—a logarithmic expression of the relative
design of an impractical or excessively costly shipping con-
values of two quantities. For relative power measurements, the
tainer.
dB value equals 10 times the base-10 logarithm of the ratio of
1.4 These test methods do not necessarily simulate the
the two quantities, that is, dB = 10 log {P1/P2}.
vibration effects that the product will encounter in its opera-
3.2.3 mean-square—the time average of the square of the
tional or in-use environment. Other, more suitable test proce-
function.
dures should be used for this purpose.
3.2.4 octave—the interval of two frequencies having a
1.5 Test levels given in these test methods represent the
basic frequency ratio of 2 (1 octave = 0.301 decade).
correlation of the best information currently available from
3.2.5 overall g rms—thesquarerootoftheintegralofpower
research investigation and from experience in the use of these
spectral density over the total frequency range.
test methods. If more applicable or accurate data are available,
3.2.6 power spectral density (PSD)—a term used to quan-
they should be substituted.
tify the intensity of random vibration in terms of mean-square
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2 2
acceleration per unit of frequency. The units are g /Hz (g /
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Packaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.15 on Fragility contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Assessment. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D3580 – 95 (1999). Available from Defense Printing Service Detachment Office, Bldg. 4D,
DOI: 10.1520/D3580-95R04. NPM-DODSSP, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111–5094.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
D3580–95 (2004)
cycles/s). Power spectral density is the limiting mean square 5.2 Specimen-Mounting Devices—Devices of sufficient
value in a given rectangular bandwidth divided by the band- strength and rigidity are required to attach the product securely
width, as the bandwidth approaches zero. to the test surface. The mounting devices shall not have
3.2.7 random vibration—oscillatory motion which contains significant resonances in the test frequency range. They shall
no periodic or quasiperiodic constituent. rigidly mount the product in a manner similar to the way in
3.2.8 random vibration magnitude—the root-mean–square which it will be supported in its shipping container. Relative
motion between the test surface and the specimen mounting
of the power spectral density value. The instantaneous magni-
tudes of random vibration are not prescribed for any given interface shall not be permitted.
5.3 Instrumentation:
instant in time, but instead are prescribed by a probability
distribution function, the integral of which over a given 5.3.1 Sensors, signal conditioners, filters, and a data acqui-
magnitude range will give the probable percentage of time that sition apparatus are required to monitor or record, or both, the
the magnitude will fall within that range. accelerations and frequencies at the test surface of the appara-
tus and at points of interest in the product.The instrumentation
3.2.9 resonance—forasystemundergoingforcedvibration,
the frequency at which any change of the exciting frequency in system shall have a response accurate to within 65 % over the
test range.
the vicinity of the exciting frequency, causes a decrease in the
5.3.1.1 For Test MethodA, the frequencies and acceleration
response of the system.
amplitudes or transmissibilities may be taken either manually
3.2.10 root-mean-square (rms)—the square root of the
or by means of a recording instrument.Astroboscope or video
mean-square value. In the exclusive case of a sine wave, the
system may be beneficial for visual examination of the
rms value is 0.707 times the peak.
specimen under test.
3.2.11 sinusoidal vibration—periodic motion whose accel-
5.3.1.2 For Test Method B, the data acquisition apparatus
eration versus time waveform has the general shape of a sine
shallbecapableofrecordingorindicatingthetransmissibilities
curve, that is, y = sine x.
between points of interest in the product to the test surface,
3.2.12 sinusoidal vibration amplitude—the maximum
over the frequency bandwidth specified in 10.5.
value of a sinusoidal quantity. By convention, acceleration is
typically specified in terms of zero-to-peak amplitude, while
6. Hazards
displacement is specified in terms of peak-to-peak amplitude.
6.1 Precaution—These test methods may produce severe
3.2.13 transmissibility—the ratio of the measured accelera-
mechanical response in the product being tested.Therefore, the
tion amplitude at a point of interest in the product to the
means used to fasten the product to the test surface must be of
measuredinputaccelerationamplitudeofthetestsurfaceofthe
sufficient strength to keep it adequately secured. Operating
apparatus.
personnel shall remain alert to potential hazards and take
3.2.14 vertical linear motion—motion occurring essentially
necessary precautions for their safety. Stop the test method
along a straight vertical line, with no significant horizontal or
immediately if a dangerous condition should develop.
off-axis components.
7. Sampling
4. Significance and Use
7.1 Test specimens and number of samples shall be chosen
4.1 Productsareexposedtocomplexdynamicstressesinthe
to permit an adequate determination of representative perfor-
transportation environment. The determination of the resonant
mance. Whenever sufficient products are available, five or
frequencies of the product may aid the packaging designer in
more replicate samples should be tested to improve the
determining the proper packaging system to provide adequate
statistical reliability of the data obtained (see Practice E122).
protection for the product, as well as providing an understand-
ing of the complex interactions between the components of the
8. Test Specimens
product as they relate to expected transportation vibration
8.1 The product as intended for packaging shall constitute
inputs.
the test specimen. Sensor(s) may be applied as appropriate to
measure data points of interest with the minimum possible
5. Apparatus
alteration of the test specimen. In particular, sensors shall be
5.1 Vibration Test Machine—The machine shall consist of a
lightweight and have flexible cables to prevent changing either
flat horizontal test surface of sufficient strength and rigidity
the effective weight or stiffness of the components to which
suchthattheappliedvibrationsareessentiallyuniformoverthe
theyaremounted,therebychangingtheresonantfrequenciesof
entire test surface when loaded with the test specimen.The test
the components. Parts and surfaces of the specimen may be
surface shall be driven to move only in vertical linear motion
marked for identification and reference. When necessary to
throughout the desired range of amplitudes and frequencies.
observe interior components of the product during tests, holes
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