ASTM D3580-95(2010)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products
Standard Test Methods for Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Products are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the transportation environment. The determination of the resonant frequencies of the product may aid the packaging designer in determining the proper packaging system to provide adequate protection for the product, as well as providing an understanding of the complex interactions between the components of the product as they relate to expected transportation vibration inputs.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of resonances of unpackaged products and components of unpackaged products by means of vertical linear motion at the surface on which the product is mounted for test. Two alternate test methods are presented:
Test Method A—Resonance Search Using Sinusoidal Vibration, and Test Method B—Resonance Search Using Random Vibration.
Note 1—The two test methods are not necessarily equivalent and may not produce the same results. It is possible that tests using random vibration may be more representative of the transport environment and may be conducted more quickly than sine tests.
1.2 This information may be used to examine the response of products to vibration for product design purposes, or for the design of a container or interior package that will minimize transportation vibration inputs at these critical frequencies, when these products resonances are within the expected transportation environment frequency range. Since vibration damage is most likely to occur at product resonant frequencies, these resonances may be thought of as potential product fragility points.
1.3 Information obtained from the optional dwell test methods may be used to assess the fatigue characteristics of the resonating components and for product modification. This may become necessary if the response of a product would require design of an impractical or excessively costly shipping container.
1.4 These test methods do not necessarily simulate the vibration effects that the product will encounter in its operational or in-use environment. Other, more suitable test procedures should be used for this purpose.
1.5 Test levels given in these test methods represent the correlation of the best information currently available from research investigation and from experience in the use of these test methods. If more applicable or accurate data are available, they should be substituted.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for specific precautionary statements.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D3580 − 95(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Methods for
Vibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3580; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of reso-
standard.
nancesofunpackagedproductsandcomponentsofunpackaged
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
products by means of vertical linear motion at the surface on
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
which the product is mounted for test. Two alternate test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
methods are presented:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Test MethodA—Resonance Search Using Sinusoidal Vibration, and
Test Method B—Resonance Search Using Random Vibration. bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for
specific precautionary statements.
NOTE 1—The two test methods are not necessarily equivalent and may
not produce the same results. It is possible that tests using random
2. Referenced Documents
vibration may be more representative of the transport environment and
may be conducted more quickly than sine tests. 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 This information may be used to examine the response
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
of products to vibration for product design purposes, or for the
ments
design of a container or interior package that will minimize
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
transportation vibration inputs at these critical frequencies,
Packaging Components for Testing
when these products resonances are within the expected
D4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Ship-
transportation environment frequency range. Since vibration
ping Containers
damage is most likely to occur at product resonant frequencies,
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
these resonances may be thought of as potential product
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
fragility points.
Lot or Process
1.3 Information obtained from the optional dwell test meth- 2.2 Military Standard:
MIL-STD 810, Method 514 Vibration
ods may be used to assess the fatigue characteristics of the
resonating components and for product modification.This may
3. Terminology
become necessary if the response of a product would require
design of an impractical or excessively costly shipping con-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test
tainer.
methods, see Terminology D996.
1.4 These test methods do not necessarily simulate the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
vibration effects that the product will encounter in its opera-
3.2.1 decade—theintervaloftwofrequencieshavingabasic
tional or in-use environment. Other, more suitable test proce-
frequency ratio of 10 (1 decade = 3.322 octaves).
dures should be used for this purpose.
3.2.2 decibel (dB)—a logarithmic expression of the relative
1.5 Test levels given in these test methods represent the
values of two quantities. For relative power measurements, the
correlation of the best information currently available from dB value equals 10 times the base-10 logarithm of the ratio of
research investigation and from experience in the use of these the two quantities, that is, dB = 10 log {P1/P2}.
test methods. If more applicable or accurate data are available,
3.2.3 mean-square—the time average of the square of the
they should be substituted.
function.
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Packaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.13 on Interior contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Packaging. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published January 2010. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D3580 – 95(2004). Available from Defense Printing Service Detachment Office, Bldg. 4D,
DOI: 10.1520/D3580-95R10. NPM-DODSSP, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111–5094.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
D3580 − 95 (2010)
3.2.4 octave—theintervaloftwofrequencieshavingabasic surface shall be driven to move only in vertical linear motion
frequency ratio of 2 (1 octave = 0.301 decade). throughout the desired range of amplitudes and frequencies.
5.1.1 Sinusoidal Control—The frequency and amplitude of
3.2.5 overall g rms—the square root of the integral of power
the motion shall be variable, under control, to cover the range
spectral density over the total frequency range.
specified in 10.4.
3.2.6 power spectral density (PSD)—a term used to quan-
5.1.2 Random Control—The frequency and amplitudes of
tify the intensity of random vibration in terms of mean-square
motion shall be continuously variable, under control, to
2 2
acceleration per unit of frequency. The units are g /Hz (g /
achieve the bandwidths, amplitudes, and overall g rms values
cycles/s). Power spectral density is the limiting mean square
specified in 10.5.
value in a given rectangular bandwidth divided by the band-
5.2 Specimen-Mounting Devices—Devices of sufficient
width, as the bandwidth approaches zero.
strength and rigidity are required to attach the product securely
3.2.7 random vibration—oscillatory motion which contains
to the test surface. The mounting devices shall not have
no periodic or quasiperiodic constituent.
significant resonances in the test frequency range. They shall
3.2.8 random vibration magnitude—the root-mean–square
rigidly mount the product in a manner similar to the way in
of the power spectral density value. The instantaneous magni-
which it will be supported in its shipping container. Relative
tudes of random vibration are not prescribed for any given
motion between the test surface and the specimen mounting
instant in time, but instead are prescribed by a probability
interface shall not be permitted.
distribution function, the integral of which over a given
5.3 Instrumentation:
magnitude range will give the probable percentage of time that
5.3.1 Sensors, signal conditioners, filters, and a data acqui-
the magnitude will fall within that range.
sition apparatus are required to monitor or record, or both, the
3.2.9 resonance—for a system undergoing forced vibration,
accelerations and frequencies at the test surface of the appara-
the frequency at which any change of the exciting frequency in
tus and at points of interest in the product.The instrumentation
the vicinity of the exciting frequency, causes a decrease in the
system shall have a response accurate to within 65 % over the
response of the system.
test range.
3.2.10 root-mean-square (rms)—the square root of the
5.3.1.1 For Test MethodA, the frequencies and acceleration
mean-square value. In the exclusive case of a sine wave, the
amplitudes or transmissibilities may be taken either manually
rms value is 0.707 times the peak.
or by means of a recording instrument.Astroboscope or video
system may be beneficial for visual examination of the
3.2.11 sinusoidal vibration—periodic motion whose accel-
specimen under test.
eration versus time waveform has the general shape of a sine
5.3.1.2 For Test Method B, the data acquisition apparatus
curve, that is, y = sine x.
shallbecapableofrecordingorindicatingthetransmissibilities
3.2.12 sinusoidal vibration amplitude—themaximumvalue
between points of interest in the product to the test surface,
of a sinusoidal quantity. By convention, acceleration is typi-
over the frequency bandwidth specified in 10.5.
cally specified in terms of zero-to-peak amplitude, while
displacement is specified in terms of peak-to-peak amplitude.
6. Hazards
3.2.13 transmissibility—the ratio of the measured accelera-
6.1 Precaution—These test methods may produce severe
tion amplitude at a point of interest in the product to the
mechanical response in the product being tested.Therefore, the
measuredinputaccelerationamplitudeofthetestsurfaceofthe
means used to fasten the product to the test surface must be of
apparatus.
sufficient strength to keep it adequately secured. Operating
3.2.14 vertical linear motion—motion occurring essentially
personnel shall remain alert to potential hazards and take
along a straight vertical line, with no significant horizontal or
necessary precautions for their safety. Stop the test method
off-axis components.
immediately if a dangerous condition should develop.
4. Significance and Use
7. Sampling
4.1 Productsareexposedtocomplexdynamicstressesinthe 7.1 Test specimens and number of samples shall be chosen
transportation environment. The determination of the resonant
to permit an adequate determination of representative perfor-
frequencies of the product may aid the packaging designer in
mance. Whenever sufficient products are available, five or
determining the proper packaging system to provide adequate
more replicate samples should be tested to improve the
protection for the product, as well as providing an understand-
statistical reliability of the data obtained (see Practice E122).
ing of the complex interactions between the components of the
8. Test Specimens
product as they relate to expected transportation vibration
inputs.
8.1 The product as intended for packaging shall constitute
the test specimen. Sensor(s) may be applied as appropriate to
5. Apparatus
measure data points of interest with the minimum possible
5.1 Vibration Test Machine—The machine shall consist of a alteration of the test specimen. In particular, sensors shall be
flat horizontal test surface of sufficient strength and rigidity lightweight and have flexible cables to prevent changing either
suchthattheappliedvibrationsareessentiallyuniformoverthe the effective weight or stiffnes
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