ASTM D3165-07(2014)

Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading of Single-Lap-Joint Laminated Assemblies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in that the joint configuration closely simulates the actual joint configuration of many bonded assemblies. Surface preparation of the adherends can affect the apparent shear strength of the adhesive and can be one of the variables under study.  
4.2 This test method is also useful as an in-process quality control test for laminated assemblies. In practice the laminated assembly is either made over size and test specimens removed from it or a percentage of the assemblies are destructively tested.  
4.3 The misuse of strength values obtained from this test method as design allowable stress values for structural joints could lead to product failure, property damage, and human injury. The apparent shear strength of an adhesive obtained from a given small single-lap specimen may differ from that obtained from a joint made with different adherends or by a different bonding process. The normal variation of temperature and moisture in the service environment causes the adherends and the adhesive to swell and shrink. The adherends and adhesive are likely to have different thermal and moisture coefficients of expansion.  
4.3.1 Even in small specimens, short-term environmental changes can induce internal stresses or chemical changes in the adhesive that permanently affect the apparent strength and other mechanical properties of the adhesive. The problem of predicting joint behavior in a changing environment is even more difficult if a different type of adherend is used in a larger structural joint than was used in the small specimen.  
4.4 The apparent shear strength measured with a single-lap specimen is not suitable for determining design allowable stresses for designing structural joints that differ in any manner from the joints tested without thorough analysis and understanding of the joint and adhesive behaviors.  
4.5 Single-lap tests may be used for comparing and selecting adhesives or bonding processes for susceptibility to fatigue...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method (Note 1) is intended for determining the comparative shear strengths of adhesives in large area joints when tested on a standard single-lap-joint specimen and under specified conditions of preparation and testing. Adhesives respond differently in small versus large area joints (Note 2).Note 1—While this test method is intended for use in metal-to-metal applications, it may be used for measuring the shear properties of adhesives using plastic adherends, provided consideration is given to the thickness and rigidity of the plastic adherends. Doublers or bonded tabs may be required for plastic adherends to prevent bearing failure in the adherends.Note 2—This variation can be influenced by adhesive density, flow characteristics, cure rate, gel time, carrier composition, entrapped volatiles, volatiles released during cure, etc. and also by cure cycle variables including: temperature, time, pressure, rise rate to temperature, cool-down rate, etc. In addition to the processing variables joint size changes the level of constraint on the adhesive as well as the influence of induced tensile loads at the edge of the joint during mechanical or thermal loading.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 28-Feb-2014
• ICS: 83.180 - Adhesives
• Technical Committee: D14 - Adhesives
• Drafting Committee: D14.80 - Metal Bonding Adhesives

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3165 − 07 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Strength Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Tension
Loading of Single-Lap-Joint Laminated Assemblies
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Chromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip (With-
drawn 2014)
1.1 This test method (Note 1) is intended for determining
A366/A366M Specification for Commercial Steel (CS)
the comparative shear strengths of adhesives in large area
Sheet, Carbon, (0.15 Maximum Percent) Cold-Rolled
joints when tested on a standard single-lap-joint specimen and
(Withdrawn 2000)
under specified conditions of preparation and testing. Adhe-
B36/B36M Specification for Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip, And
sives respond differently in small versus large area joints (Note
Rolled Bar
2).
B152/B152M Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate,
NOTE 1—While this test method is intended for use in metal-to-metal
and Rolled Bar
applications, it may be used for measuring the shear properties of
B209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy
adhesives using plastic adherends, provided consideration is given to the
Sheet and Plate
thickness and rigidity of the plastic adherends. Doublers or bonded tabs
B265 Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip,
may be required for plastic adherends to prevent bearing failure in the
adherends.
Sheet, and Plate
NOTE 2—This variation can be influenced by adhesive density, flow
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
characteristics, cure rate, gel time, carrier composition, entrapped
D2093 Practice for Preparation of Surfaces of Plastics Prior
volatiles, volatiles released during cure, etc. and also by cure cycle
to Adhesive Bonding
variables including: temperature, time, pressure, rise rate to temperature,
cool-down rate, etc. In addition to the processing variables joint size D2651 GuideforPreparationofMetalSurfacesforAdhesive
changes the level of constraint on the adhesive as well as the influence of
Bonding
induced tensile loads at the edge of the joint during mechanical or thermal
D3933 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Surfaces for
loading.
Structural Adhesives Bonding (Phosphoric Acid Anodiz-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
ing)
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
D4896 Guide for Use ofAdhesive-Bonded Single Lap-Joint
only.
Specimen Test Results
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions—Many terms in this test method are defined
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
in Terminology D907.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 This test method is useful in that the joint configuration
2.1 ASTM Standards:
closelysimulatestheactualjointconfigurationofmanybonded
A167 Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting
assemblies. Surface preparation of the adherends can affect the
apparent shear strength of the adhesive and can be one of the
variables under study.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on
4.2 This test method is also useful as an in-process quality
Adhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.80 on Metal
control test for laminated assemblies. In practice the laminated
Bonding Adhesives.
assembly is either made over size and test specimens removed
Current edition approved March 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originally
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3165 – 07. DOI:
from it or a percentage of the assemblies are destructively
10.1520/D3165-07R14.
tested.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3165 − 07 (2014)
4.3 The misuse of strength values obtained from this test 5. Apparatus
method as design allowable stress values for structural joints
5.1 Testing Machine, conforming to the requirements of
could lead to product failure, property damage, and human
Practice E4. The testing machine shall be so selected that the
injury. The apparent shear strength of an adhesive obtained
breaking load of the specimens falls between 15 and 85 % of
from a given small single-lap specimen may differ from that
the full-scale capacity. The machine shall be capable of
obtained from a joint made with different adherends or by a
maintaining a rate of loading of 8.3 to 9.7 MPa/min (1200 to
different bonding process.The normal variation of temperature
1400 psi/min), or, if the rate is dependent on crosshead motion,
and moisture in the service environment causes the adherends
the machine should be set to approach this rate of loading
and the adhesive to swell and shrink. The adherends and
[approximately 1.27 mm/min (0.05 in./min) crosshead speed].
adhesive are likely to have different thermal and moisture
It shall be provided with a suitable pair of self-aligning grips to
coefficients of expansion.
hold the specimen. It is recommended that the jaws of these
4.3.1 Even in small specimens, short-term environmental grips shall engage the outer 25.4 mm (1 in.) of each end of the
changes can induce internal stresses or chemical changes in the test specimen firmly (Note 3). The grips and attachments shall
adhesive that permanently affect the apparent strength and be so constructed that they will move into alignment with the
test specimen as soon as the load is applied, so that the long
other mechanical properties of the adhesive. The problem of
axis of the test specimen will coincide with the direction of the
predicting joint behavior in a changing environment is even
applied pull through the center of the grip assembly.
more difficult if a different type of adherend is used in a larger
structural joint than was used in the small specimen.
NOTE 3—The length of overlap in the specimen may be varied where
necessary. The length of the specimen between the end of the jaws to the
4.4 The apparent shear strength measured with a single-lap
beginning of the lap however, must not be varied. This distance should be
specimen is not suitable for determining design allowable
63 mm (2.5 in.) in all tests.
stresses for designing structural joints that differ in any manner
6. Test Specimens
from the joints tested without thorough analysis and under-
standing of the joint and adhesive behaviors.
6.1 Test specimens shall conform to the form and dimen-
sions shown in Fig. 1. These shall be cut from test joints Fig.
4.5 Single-lap tests may be used for comparing and select-
2, prepared as prescribed in Sections 7 and 8. The recom-
ing adhesives or bonding processes for susceptibility to fatigue
mended thickness of most metal sheets is 1.62 6 0.125 mm
and environmental changes, but such comparisons must be
(0.064 6 0.005 in.) (Note 4). The recommended length of
made with great caution since different adhesives may respond
overlap for most metals of 1.62 mm (0.064 in.) thickness is
differently in different joints. Review Guide D4896 for further
12.7 6 0.3 mm (0.50 6 0.01 in.) (Note 5).
discussion of concepts for interpretation of adhesive-bonded
single-lap joint data.
NOTE 1—*L = length of test area. Length of test area can be varied. Recommended length of lap is 12.7 6 0.3 mm (0.50 6 0.01 in.).
FIG. 1 Form and Dimensions of Test Specimen
D3165 − 07 (2014)
NOTE 1—(All discards to be of common width as determined by width of
...