ASTM D5494-93(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
Standard Test Method for the Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The pyramid method of puncture resistance is an index test for the determination of the puncture resistance of unprotected geomembranes or geomembranes protected with non-woven geotextiles and other puncture protective geosynthetics.
The purpose of this test method is to establish an index value of puncture resistance by providing standard criteria and a basis for uniform reporting.
This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geomembranes and geomembranes protected with non-woven geotextiles; however, caution is advised since information about between laboratory precision is incomplete.
SCOPE
1.1 The test method is to be used as an index test to determine the pyramid puncture resistance of geomembranes and, or both, geomembranes protected by non-woven geotextiles and other puncture protective geosynthetics.
1.2 The test method measures the increase of the pyramid puncture resistance due to the use of protective non-woven geotextiles with geomembranes.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard value. The values stated in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D5494 − 93 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for the
Determination of Pyramid Puncture Resistance of
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Unprotected and Protected Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2.1 Discussion—In geotechnical engineering, essen-
tially impermeable means that no measurable liquid flows
1.1 The test method is to be used as an index test to
through a geosynthetic when tested in accordance with Test
determine the pyramid puncture resistance of geomembranes
Method D4491.
and, or both, geomembranes protected by non-woven geotex-
3.1.3 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
tiles and other puncture protective geosynthetics.
solely of textiles.
1.2 The test method measures the increase of the pyramid
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Current manufacturing techniques pro-
puncture resistance due to the use of protective non-woven
duce non-woven fabrics, knitted (non-tubular) fabrics, and
geotextiles with geomembranes.
woven fabrics.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.4 For other terms, see Terminology D4439.
standard value. The values stated in parentheses are provided
for information only.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 A test specimen is clamped without tension between
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
circular plates of a ring clamp attachment secured in a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
compressionpressortensiletestingmachine.Aforceisexerted
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
against the center of the unsupported or supported portion of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the test specimen by a solid steel pyramid attached to a load
2. Referenced Documents indicator until rupture of the specimen occurs. The maximum
2 load and elongation recorded is the value of the puncture
2.1 ASTM Standards:
resistance of the specimen.
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
5. Significance and Use
Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics 5.1 The pyramid method of puncture resistance is an index
test for the determination of the puncture resistance of unpro-
D4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles
by Permittivity tected geomembranes or geomembranes protected with non-
woven geotextiles and other puncture protective geosynthetics.
3. Terminology
5.1.1 Thepurposeofthistestmethodistoestablishanindex
3.1 Definitions: value of puncture resistance by providing standard criteria and
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air main-
a basis for uniform reporting.
tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of
temperature of 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F).
commercial shipments of geomembranes and geomembranes
3.1.2 geomembrane, n—anessentiallyimpermeablegeosyn-
protected with non-woven geotextiles; however, caution is
thetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.
advised since information about between laboratory precision
is incomplete.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of D35.10 on Geomembranes.
6. Apparatus
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approved
6.1 Test Set Up—A compression press with a reading force
in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D5494–93(2006). DOI:
10.1520/D5494-93R11.
accuracy of at least 2 N (0.5 lb) is necessary. The press must
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
maintain a constant test speed and should be provided with an
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
automaticchartrecorderfortheforcevs.deformationbehavior.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. A clamping device for the test sample, a special piston and
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D5494 − 93 (2011)
electrical signal equipment for determining the puncture load in.) with a polished and hardened pyramid formed apex as
are the additional pieces of test equipment needed. Also, a shown on Fig. 4. The apex shall be a four sided pyramid with
tensile testing machine conforming to the re
...
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