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ASTM D1092-11

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity of Lubricating Greases

Standard Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity of Lubricating Greases

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Apparent viscosity versus shear rate information can be useful in predicting pressure drops in grease distribution systems under steady-state flow conditions at constant temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement, in poises, of the apparent viscosity of lubricating greases in the temperature range from −54 to 38°C (−65 to 100°F). Measurements are limited to the range from 25 to 100 000 P at 0.1 s−1 and 1 to 100 P at 15 000 s−1.
Note 1—At very low temperatures the shear rate range may be reduced because of the great force required to force grease through the smaller capillaries. Precision has not been established below 10 s−1.
1.2 This standard uses inch-pound units as well as SI (acceptable metric) units. The values stated first are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. The capillary dimensions in SI units in Fig. A1.1 and Fig. A1.2 are standard.
1.3 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s websitehttp://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2011
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.G0.02 - Consistency and Related Rheological Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1092-05 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity of Lubricating Greases
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM D6185-11(2017) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Binary Mixtures of Lubricating Greases
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1092 − 11
StandardTest Method for
1
Measuring Apparent Viscosity of Lubricating Greases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1092; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers measurement, in poises, of the
apparent viscosity of lubricating greases in the temperature
2. Referenced Documents
2
range from −54 to 38°C (−65 to 100°F). Measurements are
2.1 ASTM Standards:
−1
limitedtotherangefrom25to100000Pat0.1s and1to100
D88Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
−1
P at 15000 s .
D217Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
Grease
NOTE1—Atverylowtemperaturestheshearraterangemaybereduced
D3244Practice for Utilization of Test Data to Determine
because of the great force required to force grease through the smaller
−1
capillaries. Precision has not been established below 10 s .
Conformance with Specifications
1.2 This standard uses inch-pound units as well as SI
3. Terminology
(acceptable metric) units. The values stated first are to be
3.1 Definitions:
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—of a lubricating grease is the
information only. The capillary dimensions in SI units in Fig.
ratio of shear stress to shear rate calculated from Poiseuille’s
A1.1 and Fig. A1.2 are standard.
equation, and is measured in poises (see 10.1).
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
3.1.2 capillary, n—For the purpose of this method, a capil-
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
lary is any right cylindrical tube having a length to diameter
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
ratio of 40 to 1.
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
3.1.3 shear rate, n—the rate at which a series of adjacent
materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
layers of grease move with respect to each other; proportional
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
to the linear velocity of flow divided by the capillary radius,
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
and is thus expressed as reciprocal seconds.
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
4. Summary of Test Method
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
4.1 The sample is forced through a capillary by means of a
may be prohibited by law.
floating piston actuated by the hydraulic system. From the
predeterminedflowrateandtheforcedevelopedinthesystem,
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the the apparent viscosity is calculated by means of Poiseuille’s
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- equation.Aseriesofeightcapillariesandtwopumpspeedsare
used to determine the apparent viscosity at sixteen shear rates.
Theresultsareexpressedasalog-logplotofapparentviscosity
versus shear rate.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
2
D02.G0.02 on Consistency and Related Rheological Tests. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1092–05. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D1092-11. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1092 − 11
FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of Apparatus
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Apparent viscosity versus shear rate information can be
useful in predicting pressure drops in grease distribution
systems under steady-state flow conditions at constant tem-
perature.
6. Apparatus
6.1 The assembled pressure viscometer consists of four
major divisions, the power system, the hydraulic system, the
grease system (described in the annex and shown in Fig. 1),
andabathofoptionaldesign.Fig.2isaphotographofthefirst
three divisions as commonly used at room temperature. This
form of the apparatus can be used with a cylindrical insulated
tank178mm(7in.)india
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1092–05 Designation:D1092–11
Standard Test Method for
1
Measuring Apparent Viscosity of Lubricating Greases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1092; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers measurement, in poises, of the apparent viscosity of lubricating greases in the temperature range
−1
from −54 to 38°C (−65 to 100°F). Measurements are limited to the range from 25 to 100000 Pat 0.1 s and 1 to 100 Pat 15000
−1
s .
NOTE 1—At very low temperatures the shear rate range may be reduced because of the great force required to force grease through the smaller
−1
capillaries. Precision has not been established below 10 s .
1.2 This standard uses inch-pound units as well as SI (acceptable metric) units. The values stated first are to be regarded as
standard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareforinformationonly.ThecapillarydimensionsinSIunitsinFig.A1.1andFig.A1.2
are standard.
1.3
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware
that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D88 Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
D3244 Practice for Utilization of Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, n—ofalubricatinggreaseistheratioofshearstresstoshearratecalculatedfromPoiseuille’sequation,
and is measured in poises (see 10.1).
3.1.2 capillary, n—For the purpose of this method, a capillary is any right cylindrical tube having a length to diameter ratio of
40 to 1.
3.1.3 shear rate, n—the rate at which a series of adjacent layers of grease move with respect to each other; proportional to the
linear velocity of flow divided by the capillary radius, and is thus expressed as reciprocal seconds.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The sample is forced through a capillary by means of a floating piston actuated by the hydraulic system. From the
predetermined flow rate and the force developed in the system, the apparent viscosity is calculated by means of Poiseuille’s
equation.Aseriesofeightcapillariesandtwopumpspeedsareusedtodeterminetheapparentviscosityatsixteenshearrates.The
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.G0.02
on Lubricating Grease. Consistency and Related Rheological Tests.
Current edition approved Nov.Sept. 1, 2005.2011. Published November 2005.September 2011. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 19992005
as D1092–99.D1092–05. DOI: 10.1520/D1092-05.10.1520/D1092-11.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1092–11
results are expressed as a log-log plot of apparent viscosity versus shear rate.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Apparent viscosity versus shear rate information can be useful in predicting pressure drops in grease distribution systems
under steady-state flow conditions at constant temperature.
6. Apparatus
6.1 The assembled pressure viscometer consists of f
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degradation in machinery lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other fluids used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil. Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are monitored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this monitoring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Measurement and data interpretation parameters are presented to allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare results by employing the same techniques.  
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1) .2 This practice describes distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
Note 1: It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.  
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of t...

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ASTM
ASTM D7216-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Automotive Engine Oil Compatibility with Typical Seal Elastomers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some engine oil formulations have been shown to lack compatibility with certain elastomers used for seals in automotive engines. These deleterious effects on the elastomer are greatest with new engine oils (that is, oils that have not been exposed to an engine’s operating environment) and when the exposure is at elevated temperatures.  
5.2 This test method requires that non-reference oil(s) be tested in parallel with a reference oil known to be aggressive for some parameters under service conditions. This relative  compatibility permits decisions on the anticipated or predicted performance of the non-reference oil in service.  
5.3 Elastomer materials can show significant variation in physical properties, not only from batch to batch but also within a sheet and from sheet to sheet. Results obtained with the reference oil are submitted by the test laboratories to the TMC to allow it to update continually the total and within-laboratory standard deviation estimates. These estimates, therefore, incorporate effects of variations in the properties of the reference elastomers on the test variability.  
5.4 This test method is suitable for specification compliance testing, quality control, referee testing, and research and development.  
5.5 The reference elastomers, reference oil, and the physical properties involved in this test method address the specific requirements of engine oils. Although other tests exist for compatibility of elastomers with liquids, these are considered too generalized for engine oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
1.2 Effective sealing action requires that the physical properties of elastomers used for any seal have a high level of resistance to the liquid or oil in which they are immersed. When such a high level of resistance exists, the elastomer is said to be compatible with the liquid or oil.
Note 1: The user of this test method should be proficient in the use of Test Methods D412 (tensile properties), D471 (effect of rubber immersion in liquids), D2240 (Durometer hardness), and D5662 (gear oil compatibility with typical oil seal elastomers), all of which are involved in the execution of the operations of this test method.  
1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
Note 3: The TMC may also issue In...

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ASTM
ASTM D7918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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