ASTM D2983-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a Rotational Viscometer
Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a Rotational Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.
5.2 Initially this test method was developed to determine whether an automatic transmission fluid (ATF) would meet OEM low temperature performance criterion originally defined using a particular model viscometer.6, 7 The viscosity range covered in the original ATF performance correlation studies was from less than 1000 mPa·s to more than 60 000 mPa·s. The success of the ATF correlation and the development of this test method has over time been applied to other fluids and lubricants such as gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and so forth.
5.3 Procedures A, B, C, and D of this test method describe how to measure apparent viscosity directly without the errors associated with earlier techniques that extrapolated experimental viscometric data obtained at higher temperatures.
Note 1: Low temperature viscosity values obtained by either interpolation or extrapolation of oils may be subject to errors caused by gelation and other forms of non-Newtonian response to spindle speed and torque.
5.4 Procedures A, B, C, and D; If viscosity measurements are difficult to stabilize or a noticeable decrease in viscosity is seen at a constant speed between an initial measurement made during the 5 s to 10 s after the spindle rotation commences and the stabilized measurement between 60 s and 180 s, then this most likely indicates time-dependent, structural breakdown in the fluid. Some formulated fluid types may form wax structures when soaked at or below a certain low temperature which varies among fluids. The rotating spindle ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscometers with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle for the determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and some lubricants. This test method covers the viscosity range of 300 mPa·s to 900 000 mPa·s
1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer.” In the lubricant industry, D2983 test results have often been referred to as “Brookfield2 Viscosity” which implies a viscosity determined by this method.
1.3 This test method contains four procedures: Procedure A is used when only an air bath is used to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure B is used when a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath is used to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure C is used when a mechanically refrigerated constant temperature liquid bath is used to cool samples by means of a simulated air cell (SimAir)3 Cell in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure D automates the determination of low temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity by utilizing a thermoelectrically heated and cooled temperature-controlled sample chamber along with a programmable rotational viscometer.
1.4 There are multiple precision studies for this test method.
1.4.1 The viscosity data used for the precision studies for Procedures A, B, and C covered a range from 300 mPa·s to 170 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –12 °C, –26 °C, and –40 °C. Appendix X5 includes precision data for –55 °C test temperature and includes samples with viscosities greater 500 000 mPa·s.
1.4.2 The viscosity data used for Procedure D precision study was from 6400 mPa·s to 256 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –26 °C and –40 °C.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement ar...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2983 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission
Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a Rotational
1
Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2983; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.4.1 The viscosity data used for the precision studies for
Procedures A, B, and C covered a range from 300 mPa·s to
1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscom-
170 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –12 °C, –26 °C, and
eters with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle for
–40 °C. Appendix X5 includes precision data for –55 °C test
the determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic
temperature and includes samples with viscosities greater
transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and some
500 000 mPa·s.
lubricants. This test method covers the viscosity range of
1.4.2 The viscosity data used for Procedure D precision
300 mPa·s to 900 000 mPa·s
study was from 6400 mPa·s to 256 000 mPa·s at test tempera-
1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-
tures of –26 °C and –40 °C.
Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Viscometer.” In the lubricant industry, D2983 test results have
2
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
often been referred to as “Brookfield Viscosity” which implies
standard.
a viscosity determined by this method.
1.5.1 The test method uses the SI unit, milliPascal-second
1.3 This test method contains four procedures: Procedure A
(mPa·s), as the unit of viscosity. (1 cP = 1 mPa·s).
is used when only an air bath is used to cool samples in
1.6 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure B is used
regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
when a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath is
serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-
used to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurement.
onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
Procedure C is used when a mechanically refrigerated constant
Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
temperature liquid bath is used to cool samples by means of a
3
products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
simulated air cell (SimAir) Cell in preparation for viscosity
for additional information. The potential exists that selling
measurement. Procedure D automates the determination of low
mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited
temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity by utilizing a thermo-
by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales
electrically heated and cooled temperature-controlled sample
in their location.
chamber along with a programmable rotational viscometer.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.4 There are multiple precision studies for this test method.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D2983 – 22. DOI:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
10.1520/D2983-23.
2
Brookfield viscometer and accessories are a trademark of AMETEK
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Brookfield, Inc, 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 02346, http://
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
www.brookfieldengineering.com.
3
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
SimAir is a trademark of Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI
48642, http://www.savantgroup.com. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2983 − 22 D2983 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Low-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission
Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a Rotational
1
Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2983; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscometers with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle for the
determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and some lubricants. This
test method covers the viscosity range of 300 mPa·s to 900 000 mPa·s
1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer.” In the
2
lubricant industry, D2983 test results have often been referred to as “Brookfield Viscosity” which implies a viscosity determined
by this method.
1.3 This test method contains four procedures: Procedure A is used when only an air bath is used to cool samples in preparation
for viscosity measurement. Procedure B is used when a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath is used to cool samples
in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure C is used when a mechanically refrigerated constant temperature liquid bath
3
is used to cool samples by means of a simulated air cell (SimAir) Cell in preparation for viscosity measurement. Procedure D
automates the determination of low temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity by utilizing a thermoelectrically heated and cooled
temperature-controlled sample chamber along with a programmable rotational viscometer.
1.4 There are multiple precision studies for this test method.
1.4.1 The viscosity data used for the precision studies for Procedures A, B, and C covered a range from 300 mPa·s to
170 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of –12 °C, –26 °C, and –40 °C. Appendix X5 includes precision data for –55 °C test
temperature and includes samples with viscosities greater 500 000 mPa·s.
1.4.2 The viscosity data used for Procedure D precision study was from 6400 mPa·s to 256 000 mPa·s at test temperatures of
–26 °C and –40 °C.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved July 1, 2022Nov. 1, 2023. Published August 2022November 2023. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20212022
as D2983 – 21.D2983 – 22. DOI: 10.1520/D2983-22.10.1520/D2983-23.
2
Brookfield viscometer and accessories are a trademark of AMETEK Brookfield, Inc, 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 02346, http://
www.brookfieldengineering.com.
3
SimAir is a trademark of Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI 48642, http://www.savantgroup.com.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2983 − 23
1.5.1 The test method uses the SI unit, milliPascal-second (mPa·s), as the unit of viscosity. (1 cP = 1 mPa·s).
1.6 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious
medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution
when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional
information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national
law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was dev
...
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