ASTM D6172-98(2010)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using Contours or Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator Compilation Using Photogrammetric Procedures
Standard Test Method for Determining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using Contours or Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator Compilation Using Photogrammetric Procedures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method audits the volume of material in a stockpile and is used with a density value to calculate a tonnage calculation value used to compare the book value to the physical inventory results. This test method is used to determine the volume of coal or other materials in a stockpile.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures concerning site preparation, technical procedures, quality control, and equipment to direct the efforts for determining volumes of bulk material. These procedures include practical and accepted methods of volumetric determination.
1.2 This test method allows for only two volume computation methods.
1.2.1 Contour Test Method—See 8.1.1 and 9.1.
1.2.2 Cross-Section Test Method—See 8.1.2 and 9.2
1.2.3 This test method requires direct operator compilation for both contours and cross-section development.
1.2.4 The use of Digital Terrain Model software and procedures to create contours or cross sections for volume calculation is NOT encompassed in this test method.
Note 1—A task group has been established to develop a test method for Digital Terrain Modeling (DTM) procedures. It will address all known data collection procedures such as conventional ground survey, photogrammetry, geodetic positioning satellite (GPS), and so forth.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system is used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems can result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6172 − 98 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using Contours
or Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator Compilation
Using Photogrammetric Procedures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6172; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.1.1 base map—a map showing the soil surface of a site
usedformaterialstorageincludingcontrolmonumentlocations
1.1 This test method covers procedures concerning site
and values and surface elevations.
preparation, technical procedures, quality control, and equip-
ment to direct the efforts for determining volumes of bulk 2.1.2 calibration forms/reports—equipment calibrations
performed by federal agencies or equipment manufacturers.
material. These procedures include practical and accepted
methods of volumetric determination.
2.1.3 check panel—a target used for the sole purpose of
marking a point on the surface of the stockpile whose value is
1.2 This test method allows for only two volume computa-
used to verify the setup of the stereo model.
tion methods.
1.2.1 Contour Test Method—See 8.1.1 and 9.1.
2.1.4 check point—targeted points within the stockpile area
1.2.2 Cross-Section Test Method—See 8.1.2 and 9.2
for the purpose of checking the accuracy of the photogramme-
1.2.3 This test method requires direct operator compilation
try. Elevations are established by ground surveying at these
for both contours and cross-section development.
points. Points should be evenly spaced at various different
1.2.4 The use of Digital Terrain Model software and proce-
elevations in the stockpile.
dures to create contours or cross sections for volume calcula-
2.1.5 ground control—surveyor provided xyz values of tar-
tion is NOT encompassed in this test method.
gets or specific points near the project area necessary to scale
NOTE1—Ataskgrouphasbeenestablishedtodevelopatestmethodfor
and level the stereo model.
Digital Terrain Modeling (DTM) procedures. It will address all known
2.1.6 monument—a ground control point used to be a
data collection procedures such as conventional ground survey,
reference position of survey values.
photogrammetry, geodetic positioning satellite (GPS), and so forth.
2.1.7 peripheral material—material existing within the site
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
that is above the recognized base and outside of the obvious
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
stockpile perimeter.
SI units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each
systemarenotexactequivalents;therefore,eachsystemisused
2.1.8 stereo model—the overlapping area covered by two
independently of the other. Combining values from the two
adjacent aerial photographs used to create measurement obser-
systems can result in nonconformance with the specification.
vation.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.1.9 stereo operator—a person who is trained and compe-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tent to make quality measurement observations from aerial
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
photographs, using a stereo instrument, for the purpose of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
creating volume computations.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.1.10 stereo report form—a formal document that displays
pertinent information required to evaluate and reestablish the
2. Terminology
stereo model setup parameters.
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1.11 sweeps—repetitive traverse of a pile, by equipment,
to create a cleaner geometric shape.
2.1.12 target—a geometric shape of contrasting color used
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
to mark a ground feature such as a monument, or check point
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on Physical
Characteristics of Coal.
that otherwise would not be visible on the aerial photograph.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originally
2.1.13 topographic map—a drawing that uses contours to
published approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as
D6172–98(2004). DOI: 10.1520/D6172-98R10. define graphically the shape of a surface.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6172 − 98 (2010)
3. Summary of Test Method 7. Calibration and Standardization
3.1 Contour Test Method—The contour test method is the 7.1 Horizontal Variance—The ground control point value
horizontal slice method of determining volume. After creating
and its plotted location on the topographic map, used for the
a new contour map of the pile, the cubic volume is computed volumetric determination, will be within 0.01 in. (0.002 54
by averaging the areas of adjacent contours and multiplying by
mm) at map scale of its true position.
the vertical distance between them. See 9.1. 7.1.1 The horizontal placement of all planimetric features
on the manuscript, including the contour lines, will be as
3.2 Cross-Section Test Method—The cross-section test
follows: 90 % of all features will be placed to within 0.025 in.
method is the vertical slice method of determining volume.
(0.635 mm) of their true position at the original map scale, and
Using elevations obtained in parallel lines across the surface
the remaining 10 % will not exceed 0.05 in. (1.27 mm) of their
andbaseofthepilethecubicvolumeiscomputedbyaveraging
true position at the original map scale as determined by test
the areas of adjacent cross sections and multiplying by the
surveys.
horizontal distance between them. See 9.2.
7.1.2 Test surveys to determine the horizontal map accuracy
shall begin and end on one or more of the horizontal control
4. Significance and Use
points used for the photo control.
4.1 This test method audits the volume of material in a
7.1.3 The quality of any horizontal control or test survey
stockpileandisusedwithadensityvaluetocalculateatonnage
line shall meet or exceed FGCC control standards for Second
calculation value used to compare the book value to the
Order Class 2 surveys.
physical inventory results. This test method is used to deter-
7.1.4 The quality and procedures of all photogrammetry
mine the volume of coal or other materials in a stockpile.
related operations shall be controlled as set forth in the Manual
of American Society of Photogrammetry and the Guidelines
5. Required Preproject Setup Data
for Aerial Mapping or their successors.
5.1 Thefollowinginformationisrequiredfromtheownerto
7.2 Vertical Variance—The vertical control is to be within
conduct and evaluate the work effort properly:
0.1 ft (3.048 cm) of its true value.
5.1.1 Geographic location,
7.2.1 The vertical accuracy of all contours and spot eleva-
5.1.2 Report completion date,
tions shall be as follows: 90 % of all contours correct to within
5.1.3 Date, time, and preflight notification procedure,
⁄2 of a contour interval. The remaining 10 % are not to exceed
5.1.4 Size of overall stock area (length, width, height, and
one full contour interval. Ninety percent of all spot elevations
approximate volume),
shall be correct to within ⁄4 of a contour interval and the
5.1.5 Configuration (clean or rough),
remaining 10 % cannot exceed ⁄2 of a contour interval as
5.1.6 Type of base map (grid, flat, or contour),
determined by test surveys.
5.1.7 Number of piles and separate computations required,
7.2.2 Begin and end test surveys to determine the vertical
includingtheapproximatenumberofsurgepilesandperipheral
mapaccuracyononeormoreoftheverticalcontrolpointsused
material computations,
for the photo control.
5.1.8 The location of the pile in relation to cooling towers
7.2.3 The accuracy of any vertical ground control point or
and stacks,
5.1.9 The basic ground control configuration or who will test survey line shall meet or exceed FGCC control standards
for Second Order Class 2 surveys.
establish required control,
5.1.10 The placement of control and check panels and 7.2.4 Check panel values are withheld, requiring the map-
ping firm to provide elevations for these test panels. Before
responsibility for placement,
5.1.11 The number of photographs, maps, and computations performing, any stereo compilation of the check panels shall
agree within 0.3 ft (9.144 cm).
required by the owner as the final report.
7.2.5 The aerial camera has a calibration report from the
6. Apparatus
USGS Camera Calibration Laboratory that is current within
three years of flight date. Calibration requirements are as
6.1 Aircraft, fixed wing equipped for aerial photography
follows (the following are published in SI units only):
missions and carrying a Code One Air Space Avionics.
7.2.5.1 Calibrated Focal Length—153 6 3 mm.
6.2 Aerial camera, first order, precision, cartographic cam-
7.2.5.2 Radial Distortion—No reading shall exceed 10 um.
era for obtaining photography usable for mapping and having
One half of all readings shall be less than 6 um.
a U.S. Geologic Survey calibration report date within the last
7.2.5.3 Resolving Power—Averageweightedarearesolution
three years.
(AWAR) shall not be less than 60 um.
6.3 Stereo-plotting instrument, optic train analog, or ana-
7.2.5.4 Magazine platen does not depart from a true plane
lytical instrument equipped with encoders and interfaced with
by more than 13 µm.
a three-axis digitizer, computer collection with storage
capability, having a certificate of calibration less than three
years old, issued by a manufacturer trained technician. When
Manual of American Society of Photogrammetry, 410 Governor Lane, Suite
the cross section is used, the instrument shall have an elec-
210B, Bethesda, MD 20814–2160.
tronic or mechanical cross-section guide device that locks the
Guidelines for Aerial Mapping, U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of
operator on specific cross sections. Highways, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
D6172 − 98 (2010)
7.2.5.5 Model Flatness—Spread shall not exceed 30 µm within the maximum pile limits. In that originally constructed
(sum of the largest plus and minus readings) with a maximum base surface elevations can change as a result of many factors,
reading of 18 µm at any one point. it is important to monitor base surfaces such as suggested in
7.2.5.6 Black-and-white high-speed or color film shall be Note 5.
used. 8.2.1 Test Method 1—Use elevations taken from points on a
7.2.5.7 Filters commensurate with film types and atmo- grid map or a contour map correct within 3 in. (7.62 cm) and
on the same horizontal and vertical datum as the control used
spheric conditions are used.
for the mapping. Use this base data for all future inventories. If
7.3 Stereo compilation instruments shall be recalibrated
such data is not available, a postpile base can be compiled
within three years of use and calibration forms provided.
using one of the test methods described in 8.2.2 or 8.2.3.
7.4 Stereo model report forms shall be used to record the
8.2.2 Test Method 2—Select an elevation commensurate
setup parameters including the control point residuals before
with the average ground level (flat base) and use as a constant
compilation and the model setup caliper readings necessary to
for all future volume determinations.
reset the model. This will include before and after compilation
8.2.3 Test Method 3—Usethetoeofslopeatthebasearound
analysis.Includeacopyofthemodelreportforminthevolume
the perimeter of the pile area creating an assumed base.
report.
Connect open-ended contours by a straight line to establish the
base contours. Use this base for all future inventories except
7.5 Model setups shall be checked by a second qualified
when the perimeter of the pile becomes larger, in which case,
individual before compilation. A second qualified individual
extend the expanded ends of the base contours to include the
shall check completed models before volume calculations.
expanded area.
7.6 Minimum standards for photo-control point residuals
NOTE 4—Since 8.2.2 and 8.2.3 are assumed procedures, the first
shall be within 0.2 ft (6.096 cm) vertically and 0.5 ft (15.24
inventory using either test method can create a difference from the actual
cm) horizontally. The SI values reflected are to correct conver-
volume. All succeeding inventories using the same base will reflect
sion.
relative pile volumes.
8.3 Observe potential base changes and notify the owner.
8. Procedure
NOTE 5—Developing new base data or monitoring base in a stockpile
8.1 Material and Site Preparation:
can be achieved by drilling and measuring areas under the pile and the use
8.1.1 Smooth all pile surfaces, separate all piles of differing
of ground surveys or aerial photography for exposed areas of the base
materials, creating more uniform geometric shapes, to result in
around the stockpile. In that stockpiles can settle into the base, periodic
increased precision of computed volumes. Smooth the pile boring checks can be made to ascertain base stability. Rotate boring
locations, to achieve better random sampling of the base elevations, in
surface making directional sweeps parallel to the stockpile
subsequent inventories. Split spoon sampling procedures are considered
baseline when using the cross-section test method.
more accurate for determining vertical locations than the small diameter
8.1.2 Compute and make part of the report peripheral
auger procedure.
material volumes.
8.3.1 Report any base undercutting observed during the
8.1.3 Separate material of differing types with a line of
inventory and recommend base map corrections. Update the
material, of a contrasting color, unless the separation is a
base maps during planned or known pile depletion times.
visible slope break.
8.3.2 Use the same or updated base data for future
8.1.4 Outline foreign material contained within the stock-
inventories, since valid base data is paramount to correct
pile limits with a white line and notify the contractor.
volume calculations.
NOTE 2—The use of a toe of slope delineation between stockpile and
8.4 Ground Control:
peripheral material is expedient and recommended since a stereo operator
8.4.1 Establish ground control reference points and values
can precisely define it.
for determining the scale and vertical datum of the resultant
8.1.5 Do not mark stockpiles or photographs to show the
topographic map or xyz observations necessary to cal
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