ASTM A931-08(2013)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tension Testing of Wire Ropes and Strand
Standard Test Method for Tension Testing of Wire Ropes and Strand
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Wire rope tests are generally to be performed on new rope. The use of wire rope in any application can reduce individual wire strengths due to abrasion and nicking that will result in the wire rope strength being reduced. Damage to the outer wires will also lower the maximum strength achieved during tension testing.
4.2 The modulus of elasticity of wire rope is not considered to be a standard requirement at this time. The determination of this material property requires specialized equipment and techniques.
4.3 Rope to be tested should be thoroughly examined to verify that no external wire damage is present. If present, it should be noted. When possible, a new undamaged sample should be obtained for testing.
4.4 End attachments and their installation can directly affect breaking force achieved during testing. Any attachment that can be used to directly achieve the required rope breaking force can be used. Standard testing with a poured socket, using zinc, white metal or thermoset resin, has been considered the most efficient. Proficiency in attachment of any fitting can have a direct effect on the final test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the tension testing of wire ropes and strand at room temperature, specifically to determine the measured breaking force, yield strength, elongation, and modulus of elasticity. Methods described in this standard are not intended for other purposes.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 1 and Note 2.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: A931 − 08 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Tension Testing of Wire Ropes and Strand
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A931; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the tension testing of wire ropes 3.1 The terminology relating to tensile testing in Terminol-
and strand at room temperature, specifically to determine the ogy E6 applies to this test method. In addition, the following
measuredbreakingforce,yieldstrength,elongation,andmodu-
definitions for wire rope will apply:
lus of elasticity. Methods described in this standard are not
3.2 Definitions:
intended for other purposes.
3.2.1 abrasion—frictional surface wear on the wires of a
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded wire rope.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.2.2 aggregate area—see area, metallic.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.2.3 aggregate strength—the strength derived by totaling
and are not considered standard.
the individual breaking strengths of the elements of the strand
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
or rope. This strength does not give recognition to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
reduction in strength resulting from the angularity of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
elements in the rope, or other factors that may affect efficiency.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.4 area, metallic—sum of the cross-sectional areas of all
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
wires either in a wire rope or in a strand.
tionary statements are given in Note 1 and Note 2.
3.2.5 breaking force—the maximum load at which a tensile
2. Referenced Documents
failure occurs in the sample of wire rope being tested.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—The term breaking force is synony-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mous with actual strength.
A586 Specification for Zinc-Coated Parallel and Helical
Steel Wire Structural Strand
3.2.6 cable—a term loosely applied to wire rope, wire
A603 Specification for Zinc-Coated Steel Structural Wire
strand, and electrical conductors.
Rope
3.2.7 center—the axial member of a strand about which the
A1023/A1023M Specification for Stranded Carbon Steel
wires are laid.
Wire Ropes for General Purposes
3.2.8 classification—group or family designation based on
B6 Specification for Zinc
wire rope constructions with common strengths and weights
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
listed under the broad designation.
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials 3.2.9 construction—geometric design description of the
2.2 ISO Standard wire rope’s cross section. This includes the number of strands,
ISO 17558 Specification for Steel Wire Ropes – Socketing the number of wires per strand, and the pattern of wire
Procedures – Molten Metal and Resin Socketing arrangement in each strand.
3.2.10 core—the axial member of a wire rope about which
the strands are laid.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3.2.11 fiber core—cord or rope of vegetable or synthetic
A01.03 on Steel Rod and Wire.
fiber used as the core of a rope.
Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originally
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as A931 – 08. DOI:
3.2.12 grade—wire rope or strand classification by strength
10.1520/A0931-08R13.
or type of material, that is, Class 3, Type 302 stainless,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
phosphor bronze, etc. It does not apply to strength of the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
individual wires used to manufacture the rope or strand.
the ASTM website.
3.2.13 independent wire rope core (IWRC)—a wire rope
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. used as the core of a larger wire rope.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A931 − 08 (2013)
3.2.14 inner wires—all wires of a strand except the outer or length of lay of the rope if necessary. Further details regarding
cover wires. this will be discussed in test results.
3.2.15 lay—(a) the manner in which the wires in a strand or
5.3 The length of test specimen shall not be less than 3 ft,
the strands in a rope are helically laid, or (b) the distance
(0.91 m) between sockets for wire ropes up to 1 in. (25.4 mm)
measured parallel to the axis of the rope (or strand) in which a
diameter, inclusive, and not less than 5 ft (1.52 m) between
strand (or wire) makes one complete helical convolution about
sockets for wire ropes 1 ⁄8 in. (28.6 mm) to 3 in. (77 mm)
the core (or center). In this connection, lay is also referred to as
diameter. On wire ropes larger than 3 in. (77 mm), the clear
lay length or pitch.
length of the test specimen shall be at least 20 times the rope
diameter.
3.2.16 minimum breaking force—specified value that the
breaking force must meet or exceed in a prescribed test.
6. Apparatus
3.2.17 modulus of elasticity—the slope of the elastic portion
6.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for tension testing
of the stress-strain curve. The ratio of stress to corresponding
shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4. The loads
strain below the proportional limit. This value is generally
used in determining tensile strength and yield strength shall be
taken between 20 and 50 % of the minimum breaking force.
within loading range of the tensile machine as defined in
3.2.18 socket—generic name for a type of wire rope fitting.
Practices E4.
3.2.19 strand—apluralityofroundorshapedwireshelically
6.2 Gripping Devices:
laid about a center.
6.2.1 General—Various types of gripping devices may be
3.2.20 wire rope—strands helically laid around a core.
used to transmit the measured load applied by the testing
3.2.21 wire strand core (WSC)—a wire strand used as the machine to test specimens.To ensure axial tensile stress within
the gage length, the axis of the test specimen should coincide
core of a wire rope.
with the center line of the heads of the machine.Any departure
3.2.22 zinc-coated (galvanized) rope—wireropemadeupof
from this requirement may introduce bending stresses that are
zinc coated (galvanized) wire.
not included in the usual stress computation.
3.2.23 zinc coated (galvanized) strand—strand made up of
6.2.2 Wedge Grips—Testing machines usually are equipped
zinc-coated (galvanized) wire.
with wedge grips. These wedge grips generally furnish a
satisfactorymeansofgrippinglongspecimensofductilemetal.
4. Significance and Use
If, however, for any reason, one grip of a pair advances farther
4.1 Wire rope tests are generally to be performed on new than the other as the grips tighten, an undesirable bending
rope. The use of wire rope in any application can reduce stress may be introduced. When liners are used behind the
individual wire strengths due to abrasion and nicking that will wedges, they must be of the same thickness and their faces
result
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