ASTM C447-85(2001)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Temperature of Thermal Insulations
Standard Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Temperature of Thermal Insulations
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers estimation of the maximum use temperature of thermal insulation including loose fill, blanket, block, board, and preformed pipe insulation. It is based upon selected performance criteria, and characterization of product properties during and after use conditions.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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e1
Designation: C 447 – 85 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Practice for
Estimating the Maximum Use Temperature of Thermal
Insulations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 447; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Section 8.2.4 was corrected in August 2001.
1. Scope C 518 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
1.1 This practice covers estimation of the maximum use
the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
temperature of thermal insulation including loose fill, blanket,
C 569 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Preformed
block, board, and preformed pipe insulation. It is based upon
Thermal Insulations
selected performance criteria, and characterization of product
D 1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
properties during and after use conditions.
Cellular Plastics
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 1622 Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid Cellular
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Plastics
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3. Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions C 168 shall apply to the terms used in this
2. Referenced Documents practice.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Practice
C 165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties
2 4.1 Dimensions, weight and other pertinent properties of the
of Thermal Insulations
insulation are measured before, during, and after exposure to a
C 167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket
hot surface.
or Batt Thermal Insulations
2 4.2 Properties during and after exposure, and, in some cases,
C 168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
the degree of change in properties are reported for use in
C 177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
establishing the maximum service temperature of the insulation
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
material.
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
C 203 Test Methods for Breaking Load and Flexural Prop-
5. Significance and Use
erties of Block-Type Thermal Insulation
5.1 This practice is intended for use as a guide in evaluating
C 302 Test Method for Density of Preformed Pipe-
2 the behavior of insulations at elevated temperatures, and in
Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
judging suitability for use under the conditions of an intended
C 303 Test Method for Density of Preformed Block-Type
2 application. It is not intended for acceptance or certification
Thermal Insulation
testing on a lot basis.
C 335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Proper-
2 5.2 No single test for estimating maximum use temperature
ties of Horizontal Pipe Insulation
can be used that will apply to all types of insulations, nor can
C 411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-
2 any single maximum use temperature be applied to any
Temperature Thermal Insulation
insulation that will be applicable under all possible conditions
C 421 Test Method for Tumbling Friability of Preformed
2 of use. Maximum use temperature may depend on thickness,
Block-Type Thermal Insulation
temperature gradient, heating rate, and other factors. When the
C 446 Test Method for Breaking Load and Calculated
2 various test methods listed herein are employed, the test results
Modulus of Rupture of Preformed Insulation for Pipes
serve as guides and, as such, must be applied with good
engineering judgment in arriving at an acceptable temperature
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal limit for the products and applications being considered.
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.31 on Chemical and
Physical Properties.
Current edition approved March 29, 1985. Published May 1985. Originally
published as C447 – 59 T. Last previous edition C447 – 76 (1982). Discontinued—See 1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
C 447
5.3 The criteria used to establish acceptable performance 6. Test Conditions
should be as provided in the material specification or as agreed
6.1 It is recommended that testing begin at the hot face
upon between the purchaser and seller.
temperature of the desired application or that claimed as the
5.4 In most cases, the properties covered by the applicable
maximum use temperature. If there has been significant dete-
material standards (for example, thermal transmission,
rioration of the properties tested during or after exposure at the
strength, etc.) are the properties important to the end use of the
maximum hot face temperature, additional specimens may be
product. Major changes in those properties resulting from
exposed at lower temperatures (third or quarter points of the
in-service conditions can cause failure or substandard perfor-
temperature range from ambient to maximum) to establish the
mance of the installed system.
critical temperature. Additional tests should be made until
enough data have been obtained to establish acceptable perfor-
5.5 Unless removal and reuse of the insulation is an impor-
tant consideration, properties that relate primarily to handling mance.
6.2 The criteria necessary to establish acceptable perfor-
and installation should be eliminated from the evaluation.
mance by any of the methods described should be as provided
NOTE 1—Installation assemblies: some systems may create conditions
in the material specification or as agreed upon between the
that will affect the performance from the data obtained in the test
purchaser and seller. For example, a minimum value of
procedures of this practice.
compressive strength or a maximum percent dimensional
5.6 The listing of a test procedure in this practice does not
change might be specified as the criterion for estimating the
imply that the performance of that particular procedure is
maximum use temperature.
required. Only those tests should be performed which are
6.3 With anisotropic materials that are produced initially in
relevant to the requirements of the application involved, or
large cross-sections and mechanically fabricated in subsequent
which are agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
operations to produce boards or preformed pipe insulation, it is
5.7 Most of the changes that occur in the functionally advisable to examine properties of interest in all three axes.
important characteristics of all types of thermal insulation 6.4 Since soaking heat exposure seldom occurs under “as
during service result from changes in the matrix or binder installed” conditions, and such exposure will produce maxi-
system first, followed by changes in the bulk filler materials mum change results that may be misleading, it is recommended
where such fillers have been used. that samples be conditioned using hotface-coldface methods
rather than soaking heat. Soaking heat exposure should be
5.7.1 In general, these changes are temperature-dependent
limited to preliminary evaluation and quality control testing.
and the major portion of the change takes place fairly quickly
6.5 The elevated temperature exposure time required to
once the critical temperature has been reached.
effect major change may vary with the generic type of product
5.7.2 Typically, organic thermoplastic materials or binders
being tested; however, such change will usually be essentially
will change in the 140 to 240°F (60 to 116°C) temperature
complete within 96 h after reaching temperature equilibrium.
range. Thermosetting organic materials or binders will start to
Preliminary trials should be made to establish the minimum hot
deteriorate above 350°F (177°C). Hydrated inorganic binders
surface exposure time required for a particular insulation
such as clays, portland and lumnite cements, gypsum, sodium
material. The minimum expo
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