ASTM C1057-03

Standard Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated Surfaces Using A Mathematical Model and Thermesthesiometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures in this practice support the determination of the burn hazard potential for a heated surface. These procedures provide an estimate of the maximum skin contact temperature and must be used in conjunction with Guide C 1055 to evaluate the surface hazard potential.
The two procedures outlined herein are both based upon the same heat transfer principles. Method A uses a mathematical model to predict the contact temperature, while Method B uses a plastic rubber probe having similar heat transfer characteristics to the human finger to “measure” the contact temperature on real systems.
These procedures serve as an estimate for the skin contact temperatures which might occur for the “average” individual. Unusual conditions of exposure, incorrect design assumptions, subject health conditions, or unforeseen operating conditions may negate the validity of the estimations.
These procedures are limited to direct contact exposure only. Conditions of personal exposure to periods of high ambient temperatures, direct flame exposure, or high radiant fluxes may cause human injury in periods other than determined herein. Evaluation of exposures other than direct contact are beyond the scope of this practice.
Cold Surface Exposure—No consensus criteria exists for the destruction of skin cells by freezing. If, at some future time, such criteria are developed, extrapolation of the techniques presented here will serve as a basis for cold surface exposure evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the skin contact temperature for heated surfaces. Two complimentary procedures are presented. The first is a purely mathematical approximation that can be used during design or for worst case evaluation. The second method describes the thermesthesiometer, an instrument that analogues the human sensory mechanism and can be used only on operating systems.
Note 1—lBoth procedures listed herein are intended for use with Guide C 1055. When used in conjunction with that guide, these procedures can determine the burn hazard potential for a heated surface.
1.2 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the References at the end of Guide C 1055. Thermesthesiometer and mathematical modeling references are provided in the References at the end of this practice (1-5).
1.3 This practice addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The analysis procedures contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the location of contact.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2003
• ICS: 13.100 - Occupational safety. Industrial hygiene
• Technical Committee: C16 - Thermal Insulation
• Drafting Committee: C16.30 - Thermal Measurement

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C1057-92(1998)e1 - Standard Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated Surfaces Using A Mathematical Model and Thermesthesiometer
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2003
• Replaced By: ASTM C1057-03(2010) - Standard Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated Surfaces Using A Mathematical Model and Thermesthesiometer
• Effective Date: 01-May-2010
• Referred By: ASTM E1509-22 - Standard Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-Burning Type
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C680-23 - Standard Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C1055-20 - Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2003
• Referred By: ASTM F3540-21 - Standard Guide for Hazards for Consideration when Designing Exoskeletons
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C1423-21 - Standard Guide for Selecting Jacketing Materials for Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2003

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1057–03
Standard Practice for
Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated
Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and
1
Thermesthesiometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1057; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C680 PracticeforEstimateoftheHeatGainorLossandthe
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the skin
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
contact temperature for heated surfaces. Two complimentary
C1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that
procedures are presented. The first is a purely mathematical
Produce Contact Burn Injuries
approximationthatcanbeusedduringdesignorforworstcase
evaluation. The second method describes the thermesthesiom-
3. Terminology
eter, an instrument that analogues the human sensory mecha-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
nism and can be used only on operating systems.
3.1.1 acceptable contact time—the limit of time of contact
NOTE 1—BothprocedureslistedhereinareintendedforusewithGuide
for the heated surface and the exposed skin. Practice has
C1055. When used in conjunction with that guide, these procedures can
suggested limits of 5 s for industrial processes and up to 60 s
determine the burn hazard potential for a heated surface.
for consumer items.
1.2 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and
3.1.2 burns:
surface hazard measurement is provided in the References at
3.1.2.1 first degree burn—thereactiontoanexposurewhere
the end of Guide C1055. Thermesthesiometer and mathemati-
the intensity and duration is insufficient to cause complete
cal modeling references are provided in the References at the
necrosis of the epidermal layer. The normal response to this
2
end of this practice (1-5).
level of exposure is dilation of the superficial blood vessels
1.3 This practice addresses the skin contact temperature
(reddening of the skin).
determination for passive heated surfaces only. The analysis
3.1.2.2 second degree burn—the reaction to an exposure
procedures contained herein are not applicable to chemical,
wheretheintensityanddurationissufficienttocausecomplete
electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat genera-
necrosis of the epidermis but no significant damage to the
tion source at the location of contact.
dermis. The normal response to this exposure is blistering of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the epidermis.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2.3 third degree burns—the reaction to an exposure
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
where significant dermal necrosis occurs. Significant dermal
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
necrosishasbeendefinedintheliteratureasa75%destruction
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of the dermis thickness. The normal response to this exposure
is open sores that leave permanent scar tissue upon healing.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3 skin:
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.3.1 epidermis—the outermost layer of skin cells. This
layer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect the
1 outerskinlayers.Thethicknessofthislayeraverages0.08mm.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal 3.1.3.2 dermis—the second layer of skin tissue. This layer
Measurement.
containsbloodvesselsandnerveendings.Thethicknessofthis
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published October 2003. Originally
layer is about 2 mm.
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C1057–92 (Reap-
´1
3.1.3.3 necrosis—localized death of living cells. This is a
proved 1998) . DOI: 10.1520/C1057-03.
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
clinical term that defines when damage to the skin layer has
this practice.
occurred.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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C1057–03
3.1.4 skin contact temperature—the temperature of the skin individual. Unusual conditions of exposure, incorrect design
at a depth of 0.08 mm reached after contact with a heated assumptions,su
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:C 1057–92(Reapproved 1998) Designation: C1057 – 03
Standard Practice for
Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated
Surfaces Using Aa Mathematical Model and
1
Thermesthesiometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1057; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
1
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. ´ NOTE—Keywords were added editorially in
July 1998.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice establishescovers a procedure for evaluating the skin contact temperature for heated surfaces. Two
complimentary procedures are presented. The first is a purely mathematical approximation that can be used during design or for
worst case evaluation. The second method describes the thermesthesiometer, an instrument that analogues the human sensory
mechanism and can be used only on operating systems.
NOTE 1—Both procedures listed herein are intended for use with Guide C 1055C1055. When used in conjunction with that guide, these procedures
can determine the burn hazard potential for a heated surface.
1.2 Abibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the References at the end
of Guide C 1055C1055. Thermesthesiometer and mathematical modeling references are provided in the References at the end of
2
this standardpractice (1-5).).
1.3
1.3 Thispracticeaddressestheskincontacttemperaturedeterminationforpassiveheatedsurfacesonly.Theanalysisprocedures
contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the
location of contact.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C680 Practice for DeterminationEstimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Pipe Flat,
Cylindrical, and EquipmentSpherical Systems by Use of a Computer ProgramPrograms
C1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions Thatthat Produce Contact Burn Injuries
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 acceptable contact time—the limit of time of contact for the heated surface and the exposed skin. Practice has suggested
limits of 5 s for industrial processes and up to 60 s for consumer items.
3.1.2 burns:
3.1.2.1 first degree burn—thereactiontoanexposurewheretheintensityanddurationisinsufficienttocausecompletenecrosis
of the epidermal layer. The normal response to this level of exposure is dilation of the superficial blood vessels (reddening of the
skin).
3.1.2.2 second degree burn—the reaction to an exposure where the intensity and duration is sufficient to cause complete
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-16C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
Measurement.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 1992. Published March 1992. Originally published as C 1057–86. Last previous edition C 1057–86
´1
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published October 2003. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C1057–92 (Reapproved 1998) .
. DOI: 10.1520/C1057-03.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this practice.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 04.06.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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C1057 – 03
necrosis of the epidermis but no significant damage to the dermis. The normal response to this exposure is blistering of the
epidermis.
3.1.2.3 third degree burns—the reaction to an exposure where significant dermal necrosis occurs. Significant dermal necrosis
hasbeendefinedintheliteratureasa75%destructionofthedermisthickness.Thenormalresponsetothisexposureisopensores
that leave permanent scar tissue upon healing.
3.1.3 skin:
3.1.3.1 epidermis—the outermost layer of skin ce
...