ASTM C1055-20
(Guide)Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries
Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most heated apparatus in industrial, commercial, and residential service are insulated, unless thermal insulation interferes with their function; for example, it is inappropriate to insulate the bottom surface of a flatiron. However, surface temperatures of insulated equipment and appliances are potentially high enough to cause burns from contact exposure under certain conditions.
5.2 This guide has been developed to standardize the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. Current practice for this determination is widely varied. The intent of this guide is to tie together the existing practices into a consensus standard based upon scientific understanding of the thermal physics involved. Flexibility is retained within this guide for the designer, regulator, or consumer to establish specific burn hazard criteria. Most generally, the regulated criterion will be the length of time of contact exposure.
5.3 It is beyond the scope of this guide to establish appropriate contact times and acceptable levels of injury for particular situations, or determine what surface temperature is “safe.” Clearly, quite different criteria are justified for cases as diverse as those involving infants and domestic appliances, and experienced adults and industrial equipment. In the first case, no more than first degree burns in 60 s might be desirable. In the second case, second degree burns in 5 s might be acceptable.
Note 2: An overview of the medical research leading to the development of this guide was presented at the ASTM Conference on Thermal Insulation, Materials and Systems on Dec. 7, 1984 (14).
5.4 This guide is meant to serve only as an estimation of the exposure to which an average individual might be subjected. Unusual conditions of exposure, physical health variations, or nonstandard ambients all serve to modify the results.
5.5 This guide is limited to contact exposure to heated surfaces only. It is noted that conditions ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.
1.2 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable contact time, the surface system configuration, and the level of injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.
1.3 For design purposes, the probable contact time for industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer products, a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by Wu (1)2 and others to reflect the slower reaction times for children, the elderly, or the infirm.
1.4 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of injury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage. For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by space, economic, exposure probability, or other outside considerations), this guide is used to establish a second, less desirable injury level (second degree burns), where some permanent tissue damage is permitted. At no time, however, are conditions that produce third degree burns recommended.
1.5 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the location of contact.
1.6 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of references at the end of this guide (1-16).
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to ...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1055 − 20
Standard Guide for
Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact
1
Burn Injuries
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1055; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of
standard.
acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
The human burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
serious injury from contact with the exposed surfaces.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.2 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
contact time, the surface system configuration, and the level of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.3 For design purposes, the probable contact time for
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
products, a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
Wu (1) and others to reflect the slower reaction times for
2. Referenced Documents
children, the elderly, or the infirm.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.4 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that
C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the
causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
injury is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage.
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by
C1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Tempera-
space, economic, exposure probability, or other outside
ture from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model
considerations), this guide is used to establish a second, less
and Thermesthesiometer
desirable injury level (second degree burns), where some
permanenttissuedamageispermitted.Atnotime,however,are
3. Terminology
conditions that produce third degree burns recommended.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.5 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature de-
3.1.1 skin:
termination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines
3.1.2 epidermis—the outermost layer of skin cells. This
contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or
layer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect the
other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at
skin layers. The thickness of this layer averages 0.08 mm.
the location of contact.
3.1.3 dermis—the second layer of skin tissue. This layer
1.6 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and
contains the blood vessels and nerve endings. The thickness of
surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of refer-
this layer averages 2 mm.
ences at the end of this guide (1-16).
3.1.4 necrosis—localized death of living cells. A clinical
term that defines when permanent damage to a skin layer has
occurred.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal 3.1.5 burns:
Measurement.
Current edition approved April 1, 2020. Published April 2020. Originally
3
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1055 – 03 (2014). For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/C1055-20. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this guide. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1055 − 03 (Reapproved 2014) C1055 − 20
Standard Guide for
Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact
1
Burn Injuries
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1055; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers a process for the determination of acceptable surface operating conditions for heated systems. The human
burn hazard is defined, and methods are presented for use in the design or evaluation of heated systems to prevent serious injury
from contact with the exposed surfaces.
1.2 The maximum acceptable temperature for a particular surface is derived from an estimate of the possible or probable contact
time, the surface system configuration, and the level of injury deemed acceptable for a particular situation.
1.3 For design purposes, the probable contact time for industrial situations has been established at 5 s. For consumer products,
2
a longer (60-s) contact time has been proposed by Wu (1) and others to reflect the slower reaction times for children, the elderly,
or the infirm.
1.4 The maximum level of injury recommended here is that causing first degree burns on the average subject. This type of injury
is reversible and causes no permanent tissue damage. For cases where more severe conditions are mandated (by space, economic,
exposure probability, or other outside considerations), this guide may be is used to establish a second, less desirable injury level
(second degree burns), where some permanent tissue damage can be is permitted. At no time, however, are conditions that produce
third degree burns recommended.
1.5 This guide addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The guidelines contained
herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the location of
contact.
1.6 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the list of references at
the end of this guide (1-16).
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical
Systems by Use of Computer Programs
C1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and
Thermesthesiometer
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal Measurement.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014April 1, 2020. Published March 2014April 2020. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
C1055–03(2009).C1055 – 03 (2014). DOI: 10.1520/C1055-03R14.10.1520/C1055-20.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this guide.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C1055 − 20
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 skin:
3.1.2 epidermis—the outermost layer of skin cells. This layer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect the skin
layers. The thickness of t
...
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