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ASTM D4865-98

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems

Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems

SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes how static electricity may be generated in petroleum fuel systems, the types of equipment conducive to charge generation and methods for the safe dissipation of such charges. The guide is intended to increase awareness of potential operating problems and hazards resulting from electrostatic charge accumulation.
1.2 This guide is not intended to provide specific solutions but indicates available techniques the user may wish to investigate to alleviate electrostatic charges. The guide does not cover the effects of stray currents or of lightning, either of which can also produce sparks leading to fires or explosions.
1.3 This guide is not intended to address detailed safety practices associated with static electricity in petroleum product systems.
1.4 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-1998
ICS
23.020.10 - Stationary containers and tanks
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4865-98(2003)e1 - Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003

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ASTM D4865-98 - Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsASTM D4865-98 - Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
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ASTM D4865-98 - Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact
ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 4865 – 98 An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Guide for
Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum
1
Fuel Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4865; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Every year a number of fires and explosions in petroleum product systems are attributed to spark
ignition from accumulated static electricity. Such fires require a flammable hydrocarbon/air mixture
and an ignition source. Safety practices can concentrate on the elimination of either factor, but this
guide provides a general background on how electrostatic charges are formed and how they may be
prevented or dissipated.
A subtle and often misunderstood feature of these incidents is the possible accumulation of
hazardous electrostatic charges in systems which are properly bonded and grounded. This can occur
because refined hydrocarbon fuels have low electrical conductivities and electrostatic charges may be
retained within the fuel and on its surfaces.
2
1. Scope D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
1.1 This guide describes how static electricity may be
2
Closed Cup Tester
generated in petroleum fuel systems, the types of equipment
D 323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
conducive to charge generation, and methods for the safe
2
ucts (Reid Method)
dissipation of such charges. This guide is intended to increase
2
D 396 Specification for Fuel Oils
awareness of potential operating problems and hazards result-
2
D 910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
ing form electrostatic charge accumulation.
2
D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
1.2 This guide is not intended to provide specific solutions
2
D 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
but indicates available techniques the user may wish to
D 2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Avia-
investigate to alleviate electrostatic charges. This guide does
2
tion Fuel by Line Sampling
not cover the effects of stray currents or of lightning, either of
D 2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Avia-
which can also produce sparks leading to fires or explosions.
3
tion and Distillate Fuels
1.3 This guide is not intended to address detailed safety
3
D 2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
practices associated with static electricity in petroleum product
3
D 3699 Specification for Kerosene
systems.
D 3948 Test Methods for Determining Water Separation
1.4 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable
The values in parentheses are for information only.
3
Separometer
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D 4308 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Liquid
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3
Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.J on
2
Aviation Fuels. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
3
Current edition approved June 10, 1998. Published August 1998. Last previous Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
edition D 4865 – 97.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE:¬This¬standard¬has¬either¬been¬superceded¬and¬replaced¬by¬a¬new¬version¬or¬discontinued.¬
Contact¬ASTM¬International¬(www.astm.org)¬for¬the¬latest¬information.¬
D 4865
D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod- having vapor pressure (Test Method D 323 or D 5191) not
4
ucts (Mini Method) exceeding 276 kPa (40 psia) (see NFPA Standard No. 30).
D 5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avia- 3.1.9.1 Discussion—The definition of flammable is cur-
4
tion Fuels by Laboratory Filtration rently under discussion by the UN Committee of Experts on the
2.2 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Stan- Transportation of Dangerous Goods.
5
dards: 3.1.10 grounding, v—the practice of providing electrical
NFPA Standard No. 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquid continuity betwe
...

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ASTM D4865-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Pumping, filtering, and tank filling of petroleum products, particularly refined distillates, can cause the generation and accumulation of electrostatic charges and can result in static discharges capable of causing fires and explosions. This guide provides an overview of the factors involved in the generation of such electrostatic charges. Methods are described for the alleviation of the problem, and cited authoritative references contain more details.  
4.2 This guide is not intended to provide operating or safety rules for the handling of petroleum products to avoid electrostatic hazards.
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1.1 This guide describes how static electricity may be generated in petroleum fuel systems, the types of equipment conducive to charge generation, and methods for the safe dissipation of such charges. This guide is intended to increase awareness of potential operating problems and hazards resulting from electrostatic charge accumulation.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to provide specific solutions but indicates available techniques the user may wish to investigate to alleviate electrostatic charges. This guide does not cover the effects of stray currents or of lightning, either of which can also produce sparks leading to fires or explosions.  
1.3 This guide is not intended to address detailed safety practices associated with static electricity in petroleum product systems.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4865-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Pumping, filtering, and tank filling of petroleum products, particularly refined distillates, can cause the generation and accumulation of electrostatic charges and can result in static discharges capable of causing fires and explosions. This guide provides an overview of the factors involved in the generation of such electrostatic charges. Methods are described for the alleviation of the problem, and cited authoritative references contain more details.  
4.2 This guide is not intended to provide operating or safety rules for the handling of petroleum products to avoid electrostatic hazards.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes how static electricity may be generated in petroleum fuel systems, the types of equipment conducive to charge generation, and methods for the safe dissipation of such charges. This guide is intended to increase awareness of potential operating problems and hazards resulting from electrostatic charge accumulation.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to provide specific solutions but indicates available techniques the user may wish to investigate to alleviate electrostatic charges. This guide does not cover the effects of stray currents or of lightning, either of which can also produce sparks leading to fires or explosions.  
1.3 This guide is not intended to address detailed safety practices associated with static electricity in petroleum product systems.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Specification for Corrugated High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Grease Interceptor Tanks

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material, design, structural performance, and manufacturing practice requirements for monolithic or sectional corrugated high density polyethylene (HDPE) grease interceptor tanks that are placed between commercial food service (kitchen) drains and sanitary sewer interceptors to minimize the impact of commercial food service effluent containing grease, oils, soap scum and other typical commercial food service wastes on the sanitary sewer system. This specification also covers pipe and fittings for horizontally laid corrugated HDPE grease interceptor tanks. Tanks shall be tested for leakage by performing either vacuum testing or water-pressure testing. All bell and spigot joints shall also be tested as specified.
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1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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FIG. 1 Standard Corrugated HDPE Grease Interceptor  
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ASTM F2438-04(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Oil Spill Response Boom Connection: Slide Connector

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The general design geometry herein defined applies to both a separate adaptor accessory mating two booms of different geometry as well as boom end connectors (see Terminology F818).  
5.2 Interconnectibility is intended to facilitate mating of oil spill response booms of various sizes, strengths, design, and manufacture.  
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Standard Guide for Performing Evaluations of Underground Storage Tank Systems for Operational Conformance with 40 CFR, Part 280 Regulations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is an educational tool for tank owners, operators, and other users and is not intended for use in certifying compliance with the Federal technical standards for underground storage tanks.  
4.2 The intent of this guide is to provide an overview of the general requirements. This guide is intended for users who are generally familiar with the requirements of 40 CFR Part 280. The user is advised that this guide does not contain the level of detail necessary to make the determination of whether specific equipment or services meet the detailed technical performance requirements of 40 CFR Part 280.  
4.3 This guide does not cover state and local requirements, that can be more stringent than the federal rules. Owners and operators are responsible for meeting federal, state, and, in some circumstances, local requirements. It is recommended that owners and operators familiarize themselves with these requirements as well.  
4.4 Owners or operators may use the sample checklist in Appendix X1 to assist them in determining operational conformance or they may develop their own checklist based upon this guide.  
4.5 This guide and accompanying appendixes are not intended to be used by state or local UST program authorities as a regulatory or administrative requirement for owners or operators. Use of this guide and appendixes by owners and operators is intended to be a voluntary educational tool for the purposes described in 4.1.
SCOPE
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1.3 To the extent that a tank system is excluded or deferred from the federal regulations under Subpart A of 40 CFR Part 280, it is not covered by this guide.  
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4.1 Environmentally sound management of underground storage tank systems involves a broad range of preventative maintenance activities directed toward preventing accidental releases of regulated substances, and effectively detecting and responding to such releases when, and if, they do occur. Numerous technical guidelines are presently available addressing specific procedures for release prevention and response for underground tank systems, including guidelines for tank system design, installation, operation and maintenance, leak detection, spill control, periodic equipment inspections, corrective action for affected environmental media, tank system closure, and operator training. This guide presents an overview, identifying key management considerations and referring the user to other related ASTM standards and industry guidelines for more detailed information.  
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SCOPE
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Section 1:  
Scope  
Section 2:  
Lists relevant ASTM Standards and other industry or regulatory guidance documents  
Section 3:  
Defines the key terminology used in this guide  
Section 4:  
Describes the significance and use of this guide  
Section 5:  
Tank System Design and Installation    
Section 6:  
Preventive Maintenance and Inspection Plan    
Section 7:  
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Section 8:  
Dispensing Activities  
Section 9:  
Release Response Plan  
Section 10:  
Corrective Action for Affected Environmental Media  
Section 11:  
Tank System Closure  
Section 12:  
UST Management Practice and Operator Training  
Appendix X1:  
Recurring Release Det...

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Standard Guide for Three Methods of Assessing Buried Steel Tanks

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides three methods for determining the suitability of a buried steel tank to be upgraded with cathodic protection.  
4.2 This guide may be used to assess any UST, including non-regulated USTs.  
4.3 This guide provides three alternative methods but does not recommend any specific method or application. The responsibility for selection of a method rests with the user.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures to be implemented prior to the application of cathodic protection for evaluating the suitability of a tank for upgrading by cathodic protection alone.  
1.2 Three procedures are described and identified as Methods A, B, and C.  
1.2.1 Method A—Noninvasive with primary emphasis on statistical and electrochemical analysis of external site environment corrosion data.  
1.2.2 Method B—Invasive ultrasonic thickness testing with external corrosion evaluation.  
1.2.3 Method C—Invasive permanently recorded visual inspection and evaluation including external corrosion assessment.  
1.3 This guide presents the methodology and the procedures utilizing site and tank specific data for determining a tank’s condition and the suitability for such tanks to be upgraded with cathodic protection.  
1.4 The tank's condition shall be assessed using Method A, B, or C. Prior to assessing the tank, a preliminary site survey shall be performed pursuant to Section 8 and the tank shall be tightness tested pursuant to 5.2 to establish that the tank is not leaking.  
1.5 While this guide provides minimum procedures for assessing a tank's condition, this guide does not provide minimum installation procedures or requirements for upgrades of the tank by cathodic protection.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1998-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Polyethylene Upright Storage Tanks

ABSTRACT
This specification covers flat-bottom, upright, cylindrical tanks molded in one-piece seamless construction by rotational molding. The tanks are molded from polyethylene for above ground, vertical installation and are capable of containing aggressive chemicals at atmospheric pressure. This specification does not cover the design of vessels intended for use at pressures other than atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, this specification does not cover the design of portable tanks and is not for vessels intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points in continuous service. Special design considerations not covered in this specification shall be given to vessels subject to superimposed mechanical forces, such as seismic forces, wind load or agitation; to vessels subject to service above specified temperature; and vessels subject to specified superimposed pressure of water. Low-temperature impact test shall be performed on rotational-molded polyethylene tanks. The test method is used on tanks molded from both the crosslinked and non-crosslinked polyethylenes. Dart drop impact test shall be performed to determine the quality of the tank. O-xylene-insoluble fraction or gel test shall be performed on crosslinked polyethylene. Visual inspection and water test shall also be performed on the samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flat-bottom, upright, cylindrical tanks molded in one-piece seamless construction by rotational molding. The tanks are molded from polyethylene for above ground, vertical installation and are capable of containing aggressive chemicals at atmospheric pressure. Included are requirements for materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship and appearance. Tank capacities are from 1900 L (500 gal) up.  
1.2 This specification covers the design of stationery vessels for use at atmospheric pressure intended for use with liquids heated below their flash points and continuous service temperatures below 66°C (150°F) for Type I tanks and below 60°C (140°F) for Type II tanks.  
1.2.1 NFPA Standards 30 and NFPA 31 shall be consulted for installations that are subject to the requirements of these standards.  
1.3 For service requirements beyond the scope of this specification (1.2), such as externally imposed mechanical forces, internal pressure or vacuum, higher temperature service, etc., other relevant sources of standards, for example, local and state building codes, NFPA, ASME, ARM, etc., shall be consulted.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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ASTM E2479-16(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring the Ultrasonic Velocity in Polyethylene Tank Walls Using Lateral Longitudinal (LCR) Waves

ABSTRACT
This practice covers a procedure for measuring the ultrasonic velocities in the outer wall of polyethylene storage tanks. The practice is intended for application to the outer surfaces of the wall of polyethylene tanks. An angle beam lateral longitudinal (LCR) wave is excited with wedges along a circumferential chord of the tank wall. A digital ultrasonic flaw detector is used with sending-receiving search units in through transmission mode. The observed velocity is temperature corrected and compared to the expected velocity for a new, unexposed sample of material, which is the same as the material being evaluated. The difference between the observed and temperature corrected velocities determines the degree of UV exposure of the tank.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measuring the velocity of ultrasound in materials is a unique method for determining nondestructively the physical properties, which can vary due to both manufacturing processes and environmental attack. Velocity is directly related to the elastic moduli, which can vary based on environmental exposure and manufacturing process, The LCR method described herein is able to measure the velocity between two adjacent points on a surface and therefore is independent of the conditions on the opposite wall. Applications of the method beyond polymer tanks will undoubtedly be developed and examination may occur in the production line as well as in the in-service mode.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for measuring the ultrasonic velocities in the outer wall of polyethylene storage tanks. An angle beam lateral longitudinal (LCR) wave is excited with wedges along a circumferential chord of the tank wall. A digital ultrasonic flaw detector is used with sending-receiving search units in through transmission mode. The observed velocity is temperature corrected and compared to the expected velocity for a new, unexposed sample of material which is the same as the material being evaluated. The difference between the observed and temperature corrected velocities determines the degree of UV exposure of the tank.  
1.2 The practice is intended for application to the outer surfaces of the wall of polyethylene tanks. Degradation typically occurs in an outer layer approximately 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) thick. Since the technique does not interrogate the inside wall of the tank, wall thickness is not a consideration other than to be aware of possible guided (Lamb) wave effects or reflections off of the inner tank wall. No special surface preparation is necessary beyond wiping the area with a clean rag. Inside wall properties are not important since the longitudinal wave does not strike this surface. The excitation of Lamb waves must be avoided by choosing an excitation frequency such that the ratio of wavelength to wall thickness is one fifth or less.  
1.3 UV degradation on the outer surface causes a stiffening of the material and an increase in Young's modulus and the longitudinal wave velocity.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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