ASTM D1424-09(2013)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for the determination of tearing strength by the falling pendulum type apparatus is used in the trade for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabrics, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results on certain fabrics. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be needed.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of fabric of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
5.2 Microprocessor systems for automatic collection of data can provide economical and reliable results when properly calibrated. See Test Methods D2261 and D5587.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a fabric and using a falling-pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) apparatus.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag fabrics, provided the fabric does not tear in the direction crosswise to the direction of the force application during the test. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with, or without, wetting.
1.3 This test method is suitable only for the warp direction tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course direction of warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other knitted fabrics.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used independently of each other. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1424 − 09(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum
(Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force
Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-
required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a
Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
fabric and using a falling-pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) appa-
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
ratus.
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including 3
drawn 2008)
woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
fabrics, provided the fabric does not tear in the direction 3
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
crosswise to the direction of the force application during the
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
test. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated,
Related Properties of Textiles
resin-treated,orotherwisetreated.Instructionsareprovidedfor
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
testing specimens with, or without, wetting.
Methods
D5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by
1.3 This test method is suitable only for the warp direction
tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course Trapezoid Procedure
direction of warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other
3. Terminology
knitted fabrics.
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used
independently of each other. The U.S. customary units may be 3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and
Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
approximate.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cross-machine direction, CD, length of tear, machine direction,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
MD, tearing energy, tearing force, tear resistance, tearing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
strength, fabric.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
Terminology D123.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Aslit is centrally precut in a test specimen held between
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
two clamps and the specimen is torn through a fixed distance.
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
The resistance to tearing is in part factored into the scale
reading of the instrument and is computed from this reading
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and the pendulum capacity.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
5.1 This test method for the determination of tearing
approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D1424 – 09. DOI:
10.1520/D1424-09R13.
strength by the falling pendulum type apparatus is used in the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1424 − 09 (2013)
trade for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of computer driven systems. Preferably the clamps may be air
fabrics, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get actuated, but manual clamping is permitted.
good agreement between results on certain fabrics. Compara- 6.1.4 The test instrument should be equipped to provide
tive tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be needed. interchangeable full scale force ranges. Typical full scale
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in ranges are shown in Table A3.1.
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
6.2 Calibration Weight(s) for graduation of 50 % of the full
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
scale force range, or other means as described by the manu-
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
facturer of the test apparatus.
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Statistical assis-
6.3 Cutting Diehavingessentiallytheshapeanddimensions
tance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a
shown in Fig. 1(a) or (b). Either die provides the basic
minimum, the two parties should take a group of test speci-
rectangular test specimen 100 62mm(4 6 0.05 in.) long by
mens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a
63 6 0.15 mm (2.5 6 0.005 in.) wide, along with additional
lot of fabric of the type in question. The test specimens should
fabricatthetopedgeofthespecimentohelpensurethebottom
then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory
portion of specimen will be torn during the test. The critical
for testing. The average results from the two laboratories
dimension of the test specimen is the distance 43.0 6 0.15 mm
should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and
(1.696 0.005 in.) which is to be torn during the test.
anacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythetwopartiesbefore
the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be
NOTE 1—The improved die model shown in Fig. 1(a) has two new
features not found in the original model, Fig. 1(b), namely a cutout for the
found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must
bottom of the specimen to aid in centering it in the clamps, and (optional)
agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the
provision for cutting the 20.0 mm (0.75 in.) slit prior to inserting the
known bias.
specimen in the tester. These dies can be made to order by most die
manufacturers.
5.2 Microprocessor systems for automatic collection of data
can provide economical and reliable results when properly
6.4 Air Pressure Regulator, capable of controlling gage air
calibrated. See Test Methods D2261 and D5587.
pressure between 410 kPa and 620 kPa (60 psi and 90 psi),
when applicable, for air clamps.
6. Apparatus
6.5 Setting Gage for Cutting Blade that will provide a cut
6.1 Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Tester —Thetester
slit that leaves a 43 6 0.15 mm (1.69 6 0.005 in.) specimen
includes: a stationary clamp, a clamp carried on a pendulum
tearing distance for a 63 6 0.15 mm (2.5 6 0.005 in.) wide
that is free to swing on a bearing, means for leveling as
specimen, or equivalent.
applicable, means for holding the pendulum in a raised
6.6 Jaw Spacing Gage 2.5 6 0.25 mm (0.1 6 0.01 in.)
position, means for instantly releasing the pendulum, and
width, or equivalent.
means for measuring the force to tear the test specimen.
6.7 Oil, light weight, non-gumming clock type.
6.1.1 Aknife can be mounted on a stationary post for initial
slitting of the specimens centered between the clamps and
6.8 Silicone Grease, when applicable, for air clamp lubri-
adjusted in height to give a tearing distance of 43.0 6 0.15 mm
cation.
(1.69 6 0.005 in.); that is, the distance between the end of the
6.9 Vacuum Cleaner, when applicable, for cleaning dust and
slit made by the knife and the upper edge of the specimen is
fiber from sensor, or equivalent.
43.0 6 0.15 mm (1.69 6 0.005 in.) when the lower edge of the
63.0-mm (2.5 6 0.005 in.) wide specimen rests against the
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
bottom of the clamp.
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
6.1.2 With the pendulum in its initial position ready for a
randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directed
test, the two clamps are separated by a distance of 2.5 6 0.25
in an applicable material specification or other agreement
mm (0.1 6 0.01 in.) and are aligned such that the clamped
between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or
specimen lies in a plane parallel to the axis of the pendulum,
pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In the
the plane making an angle of 0.480 rad (27.5 6 0.5°) with the
perpendicular line joining the axis and the horizontal line
formed by the top edges of the clamping jaws. The distance
between the axis and the top edges of the clamping jaws is
1036 0.1 mm (4.055 6 0.004 in.). The clamping surface in
each jaw is at least 25 mm (1.0 in.) wide and 15.9 6 0.1 mm
(0.625 6 0.004 in.) deep.
6.1.3 The tester may have a pointer mounted on the same
axis as the pendulum to register the tearing force, or it may be
substituted by means of calculating and displaying the required
results without the use of a pointer, such as digital display and
Apparatus is commercially available. FIG. 1 Die Diagram for Cutting Notched Specimens
D1424 − 09 (2013)
scale force range is 20 to 80 %. For the high capacity test instrument, the
absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls
useable portion of the full scale force range is 20 to 60 %.
or pieces specified in Table 1.
8.2 When equipped with a registering sensor, examine the
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
scale and the complementary sensor, as applicable. Using care
purchaserandsupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetween
and without touching the sensor, vacuum away any loose fibers
rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll
orpieceoffabrictoprovideasamplingplanwithameaningfulproducer’s
and dust.
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
8.3 Examine the knife edge for sharpness, wear, and central
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a
alignment as directed in A1.5-A1.7.
swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
8.4 For air clamps, set the air gage pressure to the clamps to
m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll or piece in
about 550 kPa (80 psi).
the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will
8.4.1 Maximum gage pressure should be no more than 620
exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap
kPa (90 psi) and minimum gage pressure no less than 410 kPa
around the core of the roll of fabric.
(60 psi).
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
8.5 When using microprocessor automatic data gathering
take five specimens from the machine direction and five
systems, set the appropriate parameters as defined in the
specimens from the cross-machine direction, for each test
manufacturer’s instructions.
condition described in 9.1 and 9.2, as applicable to a material
specification or contract order.
8.6 Verifythecalibrationoftheselectedpendulumfullscale
7.3.1 Direction of Test—Consider the long direction of the force range using the procedure described in AnnexA2, unless
specimen as the direction of test.
otherwise specified.
7.3.2 Cutting Test Specimens—Take the specimens to be
9. Conditioning
used for the measurement of machine direction with the longer
dimension parallel to the machine direction. Take the speci-
9.1 Condition 1, Standard Testing Conditioning:
menstobeusedforthemeasurementofthecross-machinewith
9.1.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to ap-
the longer dimension parallel to the cross-machine direction.
proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for
Use the cutting die described in 6.3 and shown in Fig. 1(a) or
preconditioning textiles as directed in Practice D1776, unless
(b), as applicable. When specimens are to be tested wet, cut
otherwise directed in a material specification or contract order.
from areas adjacent to the dry test specimens. Label to
9.1.2 After preconditioning, bring the test specimens to
maintain specimen identity.
moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for
7.3.2.1 In cutting the woven fabric specimens, take care to
testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776 or, if applicable,
align the yarns running in the short direction parallel with the
in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be
die such that when the slit is cut, the subsequent tear will take
performed,unlessotherwisedirectedinamaterialspecification
placebetweentheseyarnsandnotacrossthem.Thisprecaution
or contract order.
is most important when testing bowed fabrics.
9.2 Condition 2, Wet Specimen Testing Conditioning:
7.3.2.2 Cut specimens representing a broad distribution
9.2.1 When desizing treatments are specified prior to wet
across the width and length, and preferably along the diagonal
testing, use desizing treatments that will not affect the normal
of the laboratory sample, and no nearer the edge than one-tenth
physical property of the fabric as directed in Test Method
its width. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or
D629.
wrinkles.Avoidgettingoil,water,grease,etc.onthespecimens
9.2.2 Submerge the specimens in a container of distilled or
when handling.
deionized water at ambient temperature until thoroughly
NOTE 3—The reading obtained is directly proportional to the length of
soaked (see 8.2.1.1).
the material torn, therefore, it is essential that the specimen be prepared to
9.2.2.1 The time of immersion must be sufficient to wet out
the exact size specified.
the specimens, as indicated by no significant change in tearing
force followed by longer periods of immersion. For most
8. Preparation of Apparatus and Calibration
fabrics this time period will be about 1 h. For fabrics not
8.1 Select test instrument force range, such that the tear
readily wet out with water, such as those treated with water-
occurs between 20 and 80 % or 20 and 60 % of the full-scale
repellent, or water resistant materials, add a 0.1 % solution of
range as applicable. Ensure the clamps are spaced as directed
a nonionic wetting agent
...
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