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ASTM D1424-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) Apparatus

Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for the determination of tearing strength by the falling pendulum type apparatus is used in the trade for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabrics, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results on certain fabrics. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be needed.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of fabric of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
Microprocessor systems for automatic collection of data can provide economical and reliable results when properly calibrated. See Test Methods D 2261 and D 5587.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a fabric and using a falling-pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) apparatus.  
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag fabrics, provided the fabric does not tear in the direction crosswise to the direction of the force application during the test. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with, or without, wetting.
1.3 This test method is suitable only for the warp direction tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course direction of warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other knitted fabrics.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used independently of each other. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jan-2009
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1424-07a - Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) Apparatus
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Replaced By
ASTM D1424-09(2013) - Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM F2669-12(2018) - Standard Performance Specification for Protective Clothing Worn by Operators Applying Pesticides (Withdrawn 2023)
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM F1085-19 - Standard Specification for Mattress and Box Springs for Use in Berths in Marine Vessels
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM D5433-12(2019) - Standard Performance Specification for Towel Products for Institutional and Household Use
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM D3780-22 - Standard Performance Specification for Men's and Boys' Woven Dress Suit Fabrics and Woven Sportswear Jacket, Slack, and Trouser Fabrics
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM D7017-20 - Standard Performance Specification for Water-Resistant Rainwear and All-Purpose, Water-Repellent Coat Fabrics
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM D3785-20 - Standard Performance Specification for Woven Necktie and Scarf Fabrics
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4850-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM F1138-21 - Standard Specification for Spray Shields for Mechanical Joints
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4969-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Polytetrafluoroethylene–(PTFE) Coated Glass Fabric
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM D5431-08(2019) - Standard Performance Specification for Woven and Knitted Sheeting Products for Institutional and Household Use
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM F406-22 - Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Full-Size Baby Cribs/Play Yards
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM D5446-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4115-20 - Standard Performance Specification for Women's and Girls' Knitted and Woven Dress Glove Fabrics
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009

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ASTM D1424-09 - Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) ApparatusASTM D1424-09 - Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) Apparatus
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REDLINE ASTM D1424-09 - Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) ApparatusREDLINE ASTM D1424-09 - Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) Apparatus
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1424 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum
1
(Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force
Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-
required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a
Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
fabric and using a falling-pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) appa-
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
ratus.
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including 3
drawn 2008)
woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
fabrics, provided the fabric does not tear in the direction 3
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
crosswise to the direction of the force application during the
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
test. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated,
Related Properties of Textiles
resin-treated,orotherwisetreated.Instructionsareprovidedfor
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
testing specimens with, or without, wetting.
Methods
D5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by
1.3 This test method is suitable only for the warp direction
tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course Trapezoid Procedure
direction of warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other
3. Terminology
knitted fabrics.
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used
independently of each other. The U.S. customary units may be 3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and
Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
approximate.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cross-machine direction, CD, length of tear, machine direction,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
MD, tearing energy, tearing force, tear resistance, tearing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
strength, fabric.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
Terminology D123.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Aslit is centrally precut in a test specimen held between
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
two clamps and the specimen is torn through a fixed distance.
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
The resistance to tearing is in part factored into the scale
reading of the instrument and is computed from this reading
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and the pendulum capacity.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published January 2009. Originally
5.1 This test method for the determination of tearing
approved in 1956. Discontinued January 1995 and reinstated as D1424 – 96. Last
previous edition approved in 2007 as D1424–07a. DOI: 10.1520/D1424-09.
strength by the falling pendulum type apparatus is used in the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1424 − 09
trade for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of computer driven systems. Preferably the clamps may be air
fabrics, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get actuated, but manual clamping is permitted.
good agreement between results on certain fabrics. Compara- 6.1.4 The test instrument should be equipped to provide
tive tests as dir
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1424–07a Designation: D 1424 – 09
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type
1
(Elmendorf)(Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a fabric
and using a falling-pendulum type (Elmendorf)(Elmendorf-Type) apparatus.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag fabrics,
provided the fabric does not tear in the direction crosswise to the direction of the force application during the test.The fabrics may
be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with, or
without, wetting.
1.3 This test method is suitable only for the warp direction tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course direction
of warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other knitted fabrics.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used independently
of each other. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 2261 TestMethodforTearingStrengthofFabricsbytheTongue(SingleRip)Procedure(Constant-Rate-of-ExtensionTensile
Testing Machine)
D 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles
D 4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D 5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D 4850.
3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D 4848.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: cross-machine direction, CD, length of tear, machine direction, MD,
tearing energy, tearing force, tear resistance, tearing strength, fabric.
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D 123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Aslit is centrally precut in a test specimen held between two clamps and the specimen is torn through a fixed distance. The
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.60onFabricTestMethods,Specific.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007.Jan. 15, 2009. Published January 2008.2009. Originally approved in 1956. Discontinued January 1995 and reinstated as
D 1424 – 96. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 1424–07a.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1424–09
resistancetotearingisinpartfactoredintothescalereadingoftheinstrumentandiscomputedfromthisreadingandthependulum
capacity.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method for the determination of tearing strength by the falling pendulum type apparatus is used in the trade for
the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabrics, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement
between results on certain fabrics. Comparative tests as directed in
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1424–07a Designation: D 1424 – 09
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type
1
(Elmendorf)(Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a fabric
and using a falling-pendulum type (Elmendorf)(Elmendorf-Type) apparatus.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag fabrics,
provided the fabric does not tear in the direction crosswise to the direction of the force application during the test.The fabrics may
be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with, or
without, wetting.
1.3 This test method is suitable only for the warp direction tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course direction
of warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other knitted fabrics.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used independently
of each other. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 2261 TestMethodforTearingStrengthofFabricsbytheTongue(SingleRip)Procedure(Constant-Rate-of-ExtensionTensile
Testing Machine)
D 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles
D 4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D 5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D 4850.
3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D 4848.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: cross-machine direction, CD, length of tear, machine direction, MD,
tearing energy, tearing force, tear resistance, tearing strength, fabric.
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D 123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Aslit is centrally precut in a test specimen held between two clamps and the specimen is torn through a fixed distance. The
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.60onFabricTestMethods,Specific.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007.Jan. 15, 2009. Published January 2008.2009. Originally approved in 1956. Discontinued January 1995 and reinstated as
D 1424 – 96. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 1424–07a.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1424–09
resistancetotearingisinpartfactoredintothescalereadingoftheinstrumentandiscomputedfromthisreadingandthependulum
capacity.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method for the determination of tearing strength by the falling pendulum type apparatus is used in the trade for
the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabrics, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement
between results on certain fabrics. Comparative tests as directed in
...

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ASTM
ASTM D3786/D3786M-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textile Fabrics—Diaphragm Bursting Strength Tester Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method for the determination of diaphragm bursting strength of knitted, nonwoven and woven fabrics is being used by the textile industry for the evaluation of a wide variety of end uses.  
5.2 In cases where test results obtained using the procedures in Test Method D3786 have not been correlated with actual performance, Test Method D3786 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile fabrics for bursting strength since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases where disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using Test Method D3786 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
Note 2: The kind of load transfer and stretch that occur when knitted goods and nonwoven fabrics are worn are prevented by clamping them as described in this method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the resistance of textile fabrics to bursting using a hydraulic or pneumatic diaphragm bursting tester. This test method is generally applicable to a wide variety of textile products.  
1.2 This test method may also be applicable for stretch woven and woven industrial fabrics such as inflatable restraints. As new materials that may exceed the range of the instrument are developed, please refer to the reporting section and consider using Test Methods D3787 or D6797 instead.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: For the measurement of the bursting strength by means of a ball burst mechanism, refer to Test Method D3787.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3775-17(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for End (Warp) and Pick (Filling) Count of Woven Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because it has been used extensively in the trade for that purpose.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 This test method is suitable for use with narrow fabrics when the count across the total width is measured in the narrow direction and extrapolated to the number of yarns per centimeter (inch).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of end (warp) and pick (filling) count and is applicable to all types of woven fabrics.  
Note 1: Historically, the term fabric count has been used to describe the end and pick count of woven fabrics. The terms end count and pick count are replacing the term fabric count, to provide clarity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.2.1 Throughout this document, there will be some instances in which the units do not convert 1:1. This is to acknowledge that this is a global document and that different parts of the world use different units of measurement. Organizations using the metric system wil report the count per 1 cm. Organizations using the English system will report the count per 1 in.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: For a current test method for the wale and course count of weft knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D8007.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7507-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Woven High Stretch Fabrics Used in Apparel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Upon mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, woven high stretch fabrics used in apparel should meet all of the requirements listed in Table 1 of this specification. (A) See Note 3.  
4.2 It is recognized that, for purposes of fashion or aesthetics, the ultimate consumer of articles made from these fabrics may find acceptable products that do not conform to all of the requirements listed in Table 1. Therefore, one or more of the requirements in Table 1 may be modified by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
4.2.1 In such cases, any references to the specifications should specify that: “This product meets ASTM specifications XXXX except for the following characteristic(s).”  
4.3 Where no pre-purchase agreement has been reached between the purchaser and supplier, and in case of controversy, the requirements listed in Table 1 are intended to be used as a guide only. As noted in 4.2, ultimate consumer demands dictate varying performance parameters for a particular product.  
4.4 The uses and significance of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specified test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for woven high stretch fabrics used in apparel.  
1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this performance specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4157-13(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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