ASTM D94-07(2012)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum Products
Standard Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Petroleum products can contain additives that react with alkali to form metal soaps. Fats are examples of such additives. Also, certain used engine oils, especially from turbine or internal combustion engines, can contain chemicals that will similarly react with alkali. The saponification number expresses the amount of base that will react with 1 g of sample when heated in a specific manner. This then gives an estimation of the amount of acid present in the sample, that is, any free acid originally present plus any combined (for example, in esters) that have been converted to metal soaps during the heating procedure.
5.2 Saponification numbers are also used in setting product specifications for lubricants and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of constituents in petroleum products such as lubricants, additives, and transmission fluids that will saponify under the conditions of the test. Note 1—Statements defining this test and its significance when applied to electrical insulating oils of mineral origin will be found in Guide D117. Experience has shown that for transformer oils, Test Method D94, modified by use of 0.1 M KOH solution and 0.1 M HCl, is more suitable.
1.1.1 Two test methods are described: Method A—Color Indicator Titration (Sections 6-13), and Method B—Potentiometric Titration (Sections 14-23).
1.2 Because compounds of sulfur, phosphorus, the halogens, and certain other elements that are sometimes added to petroleum products also consume alkali and acids, the results obtained indicate the effect of these extraneous materials in addition to the saponifiable material present. Results on products containing such materials, on used internal-combustion-engine crankcase oils, and on used turbine oils must be interpreted with caution. Note 2—The materials referred to above, which are not normally considered saponifiable matter, include inorganic or certain organic acids, most nonalkali soaps, and so forth. The presence of such materials increases the saponification number above that of fatty saponifiable materials for which the test method is primarily intended. The odor of hydrogen sulfide near the end of the back-titration in the saponification test is an indication that certain types of reactive sulfur compounds are present in the sample. In the case of other reactive sulfur, chlorine, and phosphorus compounds and other interfering materials, no simple indication is given during the test. A gravimetric determination of the actual amount of fatty acids is probably the most reliable method for such compounds. Test Methods D128 or IP Method 284/86 can be used to determine fatty acids gravimetrically.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, and 19.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D94 −07(Reapproved 2012)
Designation: 136S1/98, 136S2/99
Standard Test Methods for
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Saponification Number of Petroleum Products
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD94;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
amount of constituents in petroleum products such as
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
lubricants, additives, and transmission fluids that will saponify
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific hazard
under the conditions of the test.
statements, see Sections 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, and 19.
NOTE1—Statementsdefiningthistestanditssignificancewhenapplied
toelectricalinsulatingoilsofmineraloriginwillbefoundinGuideD117.
2. Referenced Documents
Experience has shown that for transformer oils, Test Method D94,
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
modified by use of 0.1 M KOH solution and 0.1 M HCl, is more suitable.
D117Guide for Sampling,Test Methods, and Specifications
1.1.1 Two test methods are described: Method A—Color
for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
Indicator Titration (Sections 6-13), and Method
D128Test Methods for Analysis of Lubricating Grease
B—Potentiometric Titration (Sections 14-23).
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
1.2 Because compounds of sulfur, phosphorus, the
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
halogens, and certain other elements that are sometimes added
Petroleum Products
to petroleum products also consume alkali and acids, the
D4177Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
results obtained indicate the effect of these extraneous materi-
Petroleum Products
als in addition to the saponifiable material present. Results on
D6299Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
products containing such materials, on used internal-
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
combustion-engine crankcase oils, and on used turbine oils
Measurement System Performance
must be interpreted with caution.
D6792Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Products
NOTE 2—The materials referred to above, which are not normally and Lubricants Testing Laboratories
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considered saponifiable matter, include inorganic or certain organic acids,
2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
most nonalkali soaps, and so forth. The presence of such materials
IP 136Method of Test for Saponification Number of Petro-
increases the saponification number above that of fatty saponifiable
leum Products
materials for which the test method is primarily intended. The odor of
hydrogen sulfide near the end of the back-titration in the saponification IP 284Method of Test for Fatty Acids
test is an indication that certain types of reactive sulfur compounds are
present in the sample. In the case of other reactive sulfur, chlorine, and
3. Terminology
phosphorus compounds and other interfering materials, no simple indica-
3.1 Definitions:
tion is given during the test. A gravimetric determination of the actual
amount of fatty acids is probably the most reliable method for such
3.1.1 saponification number, n—the number of milligrams
compounds. Test Methods D128 or IP Method284/86 can be used to
ofpotassiumhydroxideconsumedby1gofasampleunderthe
determine fatty acids gravimetrically.
conditions of the test.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Thevalueofthesaponificationnumber
standard.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
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These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
tee D02.06 on Analysis of Lubricants. the ASTM website.
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Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally Available from Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W.I.,
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D94–07. DOI: England.Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG
10.1520/D0094-07R12. 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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