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ASTM D3418-12e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal analysis provides a rapid method for measuring transitions due to morphological or chemical changes, in a polymer as it is heated/cooled through a specified temperature range. Change in specific heat capacity, heat flow and temperature values are determined for these transitions. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to assist in identifying specific polymers, polymer alloys, and certain polymer additives, which exhibit thermal transitions. Chemical reactions that cause or affect certain transitions have been measured with the aid of this technique; such reactions include oxidation, curing of thermosetting resins, and thermal decomposition.  
5.2 This test method is useful for specification acceptance, process control, and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of transition temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of polymers by differential scanning calorimetry.Note 1—True heats of fusion are to be determined in conjunction with structure investigation, and frequently, specialized crystallization techniques are needed.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to polymers in granular form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible to cut appropriate specimens.  
1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from the cryogenic region to 600°C. Certain equipment allows the temperature range to be extended.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard. Note 2—This test method does not apply to all types of polymers as written (see 6.8).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 3—This standard is similar but not equivalent to ISO 11357-1, -2, -3. The ISO procedures provide additional information not supplied by this test method.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2012
ICS
83.080.01 - Plastics in general
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.30 - Thermal Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3418-12 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6604-00(2022) - Standard Practice for Glass Transition Temperatures of Hydrocarbon Resins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6434-12(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM F2026-23 - Standard Specification for Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Polymers for Surgical Implant Applications
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM D4101-17e1 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extrusion Materials
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM F1925-22 - Standard Specification for Semi-Crystalline Poly(lactide) Polymer and Copolymer Resins for Surgical Implants
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7611/D7611M-21 - Standard Practice for Coding Plastic Manufactured Articles for Resin Identification
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM D6835-23 - Standard Classification System for Thermoplastic Elastomer-Ether-Ester Molding and Extrusion Materials (TEEE)
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM E2069-19 - Standard Test Method for Temperature Calibration on Cooling of Differential Scanning Calorimeters
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM D4419-90(2021) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Transition Temperatures of Petroleum Waxes by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM D8366-21a - Standard Specification for Extruded and Compression Molded Shapes Made from Unfilled Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) PVDF
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM F3384-21 - Standard Specification for Polydioxanone Polymer Resins for Surgical Implants
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7471-19 - Standard Specification for CPT-Fluoropolymer Molding and Extrusion Materials
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM D4591-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Temperatures and Heats of Transitions of Fluoropolymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012
Referred By
ASTM D3159-22 - Standard Specification for Modified ETFE Fluoropolymer Molding and Extrusion Materials
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012

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ASTM D3418-12e1 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning CalorimetryASTM D3418-12e1 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
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ASTM D3418-12e1 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D3418 − 12
StandardTest Method for
Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and
Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning
1
Calorimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected Figure 2 in December 2012.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers determination of transition 2.1 ASTM Standards:
temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
polymers by differential scanning calorimetry. ology
NOTE 1—True heats of fusion are to be determined in conjunction with
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
structure investigation, and frequently, specialized crystallization tech-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
niques are needed.
E967 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differen-
1.2 This test method is applicable to polymers in granular
tial Scanning Calorimeters and Differential Thermal Ana-
form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible to cut
lyzers
appropriate specimens.
E968 Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential
Scanning Calorimeters
1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from the
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
cryogenic region to 600°C. Certain equipment allows the
E1953 Practice for Description of Thermal Analysis and
temperature range to be extended.
Rheology Apparatus
1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard.
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
NOTE 2—This test method does not apply to all types of polymers as
ISO 11357-1 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry
written (see 6.8).
(DSC)—Part 1: General Principles
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ISO 11357-2 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(DSC)—Part 2: Determination of Glass Transition Tem-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
perature
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ISO 11357-3 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(DSC)—Part 3: Determination of Temperature and En-
NOTE3—ThisstandardissimilarbutnotequivalenttoISO 11357-1,-2,
thalpy of Melting and Crystallization
-3. The ISO procedures provide additional information not supplied by
this test method.
3. Terminology
3.1 Specialized terms used in this test method are defined in
Terminologies E473 and E1142.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method consists of heating or cooling the test
material at a controlled rate under a specified purge gas at a
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
(Section D20.30.07). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2012. Published September 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3418 - 08. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D3418-12E01. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D3418 − 12
controlled flow rate and continuously monitoring with a 6.8 Not all polymers lend themselves to the exact terms of
suitable sensing device the difference in heat input between a this test method. For some polymers such as polyarylamides,
reference material and a test material due to energy changes in crystallization is only possible from solution. For other poly-
the material.Atransition is marked by absorption or release of mers such as crystallizable polystyrene, annealing is only
energy by the specimen resulting in a corresponding endother- possible above their glass transition temperatures. When this
mic or exothermic peak or baseline shift in the heating or test method is used for polymers of this type, carefully
cooling curve. Areas under the crystallization exotherm or annealed samples must be
...

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4.1 The test methods are intended to be rapid empirical tests which have been found to be useful in the relative comparison of materials having the same nominal thickness.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of volatile loss from a plastic material under defined conditions of time and temperature, using activated carbon as the immersion medium.  
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1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for gathering and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The tensile data generated is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastic material or composition using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.  
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1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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1.5 This test method also provides for testing flexible sheet or film materials, while supported vertically.  
1.6 This test method is also suitable, in some cases, for cellular materials having an apparent density of less than 15 kg/m3.
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing some other materials, the precision of the test method has not been determined for these materials, or for specimen geometries and test conditions outside those recommended herein.  
1.7 This test method measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 2: This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct oxygen concentration measurement.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D695-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the compressive properties of plastics when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity, yield stress, deformation beyond yield point, and compressive strength (unless the material merely flattens but does not fracture). Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not exhibit a yield point. In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Many plastic materials will continue to deform in compression until a flat disk is produced, the compressive stress (nominal) rising steadily in the process, without any well-defined fracture occurring. Compressive strength can have no real meaning in such cases.  
4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the ASTM specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: For compressive properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous, discontinuous, or cross-ply reinforcements, tests may be made in accordance with Test Method D3410/D3410M or D6641/D6641M.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 13.1.
Note 2: This standard is equivalent to ISO 604.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1929-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.  
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardous to personnel.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 871-2022 (Option 1) are similar in all technical details.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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