ASTM D116-86(2006)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications
Standard Test Methods for Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
For any given ceramic composition, one or more of the properties covered herein may be of more importance for a given insulating application than the other properties. Thus, it may be appropriate that selected properties be specified for testing these ceramic materials.
Pertinent statements of the significance of individual properties may be found in the sections pertaining to such properties.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods outline procedures for testing samples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used as electrical insulation. Where specified limits are mentioned herein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits for completed insulators.
1.2 These test methods are intended to apply to unglazed specimens, but they may be equally suited for testing glazed specimens. The report section shall indicate whether glazed or unglazed specimens were tested.
1.3 The test methods appear as follows:
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precaution statements are given in 11.3, 13.5, and 15.3.
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Designation: D116 – 86 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Methods for
Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
1.1 These test methods outline procedures for testing
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
samples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used as
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
electrical insulation. Where specified limits are mentioned
C329 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Fired Ceramic
herein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits for
Whiteware Materials
completed insulators.
C373 Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density,
1.2 These test methods are intended to apply to unglazed
Apparent Porosity, andApparent Specific Gravity of Fired
specimens, but they may be equally suited for testing glazed
Whiteware Products
specimens. The report section shall indicate whether glazed or
C408 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Whiteware
unglazed specimens were tested.
Ceramics
1.3 The test methods appear as follows:
C539 Test Method for LinearThermal Expansion of Porce-
Procedure Section
lain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Ceramic Whiteware
Compressive strength 6 C773
Materials by Interferometric Method
Dielectric strength 13 D618, D149
C623 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus,
Elastic properties 8 C623
and Poisson’s Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by
Electrical resistivity 15 D618, D257, D1829
Flexural strength 7 C674, F417
Resonance
Hardness 9 C730, E18
C674 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Ceramic
Porosity 5 C373
Whiteware Materials
Relative permittivity and dissipation factor 14 D150, D2149, D2520
Specific gravity 4 C20, C329, F77
C730 TestMethodforKnoopIndentationHardnessofGlass
Thermal conductivity 10 C177, C408
C773 Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of
Thermal expansion 12 C539, E288
Thermal shock resistance 11 Fired Whiteware Materials
D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
at Commercial Power Frequencies
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
mittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insula-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specificprecaution
tion
statements are given in 11.3, 13.5, and 15.3.
D257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of
Insulating Materials
2. Referenced Documents
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
C20 TestMethodsforApparentPorosity,WaterAbsorption,
D1829 Test Method for Electrical Resistance of Ceramic
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
Materials at Elevated Temperatures
D2149 Test Method for Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)
1 And Dissipation Factor Of Solid Dielectrics At Frequen-
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of cies To 10 MHz And Temperatures To 500°C
Subcommittee C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
D2520 Test Methods for Complex Permittivity (Dielectric
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2006. Published February 2006. Originally
Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Mi-
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D116 – 86 (1999).
crowave Frequencies and Temperatures to 1650°C
DOI: 10.1520/D0116-86R06.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D116 – 86 (2006)
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma- 5.4.1 Apparatus—The apparatus shall consist of a suitable
terials pressure chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate the
E288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks testspecimenwhenimmersedinthedyesolutionwitharrange-
F77 Test Method for Apparent Density of Ceramics for ments for obtaining and maintaining the required pressure for
Electron Device and Semiconductor Application the required time.
F417 Test Method for Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rup- 5.4.2 Reagent—Afuchsinedyesolutionconsistingof1gof
ture) of Electronic-Grade Ceramics
basic fuchsine in 1 Lof 50% reagent ethyl alcohol is suitable.
5.4.3 Specimens—The specimens shall be freshly broken
3. Significance and Use
fragments of the ceramic body, having clean and apparently
3.1 For any given ceramic composition, one or more of the unshatteredsurfacesexposed.Atleast75%oftheareaofsuch
specimens should be free of glaze or other surface treatment.
properties covered herein may be of more importance for a
given insulating application than the other properties. Thus, it Fragments approximately 5 mm in the smallest dimension up
to 20 mm in the largest dimensions are recommended.
may be appropriate that selected properties be specified for
testing these ceramic materials. 5.4.4 Procedure:
3.2 Pertinent statements of the significance of individual
5.4.4.1 Place the specimen fragments in the pressure cham-
properties may be found in the sections pertaining to such ber and immerse completely in the fuchsine solution.
properties.
5.4.4.2 Apply a pressure of 28 MPa (4000 psi) 6 10% for
approximately 15 h. An optional pressure of 70 MPa (10000
4. Specific Gravity
psi) 6 10% for 6 h may be used.
4.1 Scope—Three methods are given, providing for accu- 5.4.4.3 At the conclusion of the application of the test
racy, convenience, or testing of small specimens. pressure, remove the specimens from the pressure chamber,
4.2 Significance and Use—Specific gravity measurements rinse and dry thoroughly, and break as soon as possible for
provide data indicating the control of quality of the ceramic visual examination.
material.The thermal maturity of specimens may be estimated
5.4.4.4 Porosity is indicated by penetration of the dye into
from such data. Specific gravity data are related to electrical, the ceramic body to an extent visible to the unaided eye.
thermal, and mechanical properties of ceramics.
Disregardanypenetrationintosmallfissuresformedinprepar-
4.3 Procedure: ing the test specimen.
4.3.1 Whenthedestructionofthespecimencanbetolerated
5.4.5 Report—The report shall include a statement of the
and the highest precision is required, determine the specific
observations recorded in accordance with the examination in
gravity in accordance with Test Method C329.
5.4.4.4.
4.3.2 When it is not desirable to destroy the specimen and
5.4.6 Precision and Bias—This method has been in use for
less precise values are acceptable, determine the specific
many years, but no statement for precision has been made and
gravity in accordance with Test Methods C20.
noactivityisplannedtodevelopsuchastatement.Astatement
4.3.3 When only a very small specimen is available, deter-
ofbiasisunavailableinviewofthelackofastandardreference
mine the specific gravity in accordance withTest Method F77.
material for this property.
5.5 Method C—Dye Penetration Under Atmospheric Pres-
5. Porosity
sure:
5.1 Scope—Three methods are given based on the relative
5.5.1 Apparatus—The apparatus shall consist of a suitable
porosity of the specimens.
open-air chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate the
5.2 Significance—Amountofporosityofaspecimenisused
test specimens when immersed in the dye solution.
as a check on structural reproducibility and integrity.
5.5.2 Reagent—The fuchsine solution of 5.4.2 is suitable.
5.3 Method A:
5.5.3 Specimens—The specimens of 5.4.3 are suitable.
5.3.1 In the case of relatively porous ceramics (water
5.5.4 Procedure:
absorptiongreaterthan0.1%),determinetheporosityaswater
5.5.4.1 Place the test specimens in the chamber and im-
absorption in accordance with Test Method C373.
merse completely in the fuchsine solution.
5.5.4.2 Permit the specimens to remain immersed for 5 min
NOTE 1—Test Method C373 has been found suitable for determining
water absorption in the range of 0.1%, although that method was derived or longer, remove, rinse, dry thoroughly and break as soon as
specifically for absorptions exceeding 3.0%.
possible for visual examination.
5.5.4.3 Porosity is indicated by penetration into the ceramic
5.3.2 An alternative to MethodA, using gas as a fluid, may
,
body to an extent visible with the unaided eye. Disregard any
be found in the literature.
penetration into small fissure formed in the preparation of the
5.4 Method B—Dye Penetration Under Pressure:
specimens.
5.5.5 Report—The report shall include a statement of the
observations recorded in accordance with the examination in
Wasburn, E. W. and Bunting, E. N., “The Determination of the Porosity of
HighlyVitrifiedBodies,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society,Vol5,1922,pp.
5.5.4.3.
527–535.
5.5.6 Precision and Bias—This method has been in use for
Navias,Louis,“MetalPorosimeterforDeterminingthePoreVolumeofHighly
many years, but no statement for precision has been made and
Vitrified Ware,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 8, 1925, pp.
816–821. noactivityisplannedtodevelopsuchastatement.Astatement
D116 – 86 (2006)
ofbiasisunavailableinviewofthelackofastandardreference 9.3.1 Method A—Determine the Rockwell superficial hard-
material for this property. ness in accordance with Test Methods E18. Use the Type N
Scale and a 45-kg major load.
6. Compressive Strength
9.3.2 Method B—Determine the Knoop hardness in accor-
6.1 Scope—Thesemethodsprovideforthedeterminationof
dance with Test Method C730. Use a polished surface and a
the compressive (crushing) strengths of the full range of
1-kg load.
ceramics from relatively weak to the very strongest.
6.2 Significance and Use—Since many ceramic insulators
10. Thermal Conductivity
are subjected to compressive stresses, knowledge of this
10.1 Scope—Therecommendedproceduresallowthedeter-
property is important. The test yields data that are useful for
minationofthethermalconductivityofceramicmaterialsfrom
purposesofdesign,specification,qualitycontrol,research,and
40 to 150°C (100 to 300°F).
in the comparison of ceramic materials.
10.2 Significance—A ceramic insulator may be subjected
6.3 Procedure—Determine compressive strength in accor-
frequentlytothermalshockorrequiredtodissipateheatenergy
dance with Test Method C773.
from electrically energized devices. Thermal conductivity
7. Flexural Strength
characteristics are useful in designing ceramic insulators for
service, research, quality control, and comparison of ceramic
7.1 Scope:
compositions.
7.1.1 This test method includes two procedures: for testing
10.3 Procedure—Determine the thermal conductivity in
a material for characterization purposes and for testing the
material constituting the finished ware. accordance with Test Method C408.
7.1.2 For the characterization of ceramic compositions,
NOTE 2—If thermal conductivity values over a broader temperature
when relatively large specimens may be easily produced,
range of a lower order of magnitude than those obtainable using Test
Method A is recommended. Method B is acceptable.
Method C408 are required, Test Method C177 may be used.
7.1.3 When specimens must be cut from a fired sample
Method B is recommended.
11. Thermal Shock Resistance
7.2 Significance and Use—Flexural strength correlates with
11.1 Scope—These thermal shock tests may be used for the
other mechanical strength properties and is generally the
determination of the resistance of a given ceramic material to
easiest and most economical test procedure available. The
simulated environmental heat service conditions.
values are useful for purposes of design, quality control,
11.2 Significance and Use—These tests serve as an evalu-
research, and the comparison of different ceramic composi-
ation of the resistance of a particular ceramic composition,
tions.
shape, and dimension to temperature stress relative to another
7.3 Procedure:
composition of the same shape and dimensions.
7.3.1 Method A—Determine the flexural strength in accor-
11.3 Hazards—(Warning—Acetone vapors are flammable
dance with Test Methods C674.
and poisonous and should not be breathed. The bath in 11.4.2
7.3.2 Method B—Microbar MOR Test—Determine the flex-
shall be operated in a vented hood with no open flames or
ural strength in accordance with Test Method F417.
sparks nearby.)
8. Elastic Properties
(Warning—Under certain conditions some ceramic speci-
mens can disintegrate explosively, sending out fragments at
8.1 Scope—This method obtains, as a function of tempera-
ture,Young’s modulus of elasticity, the shear modulus (modu- damage-producing velocities and causing splashing of bath
mediums.)
lus of rigidity), and Poisson’s ratio for vitrified ceramic
materials.
(Warning—Face shields, long-sleeve coat, and insulating
8.2 Significance and Use—The elastic properties of a ce-
gloves shall be worn by test personnel to prevent injury.)
ramic are important design parameters for load-bearing appli-
11.4 Apparatus:
cations and give indications of relative rigidity of a material.
11.4.1 Liquid Cold Bath, maintained at <1°C (1.8°F) and
8.3 Procedure—Determine the elastic properties in accor-
consisting of chopped ice and water.
dance with Test Method C623.
11.4.2 Liquid Cold Bath,maintainedat−75 62°C(−103 6
3.6°F) and consisting of acetone and chopped dry ice.
9. Hardness
11.4.3 Dry Cold Bath, maintained at any (usually simulated
9.1 Scope—Two methods are given. Method A requires
service) temperature desired, but controlled to 65°C (69°F)
little in the way of specimen preparation and has a limited
and consisting of a fluidized sand bath rolled gently with
capability of differentiating between samples. Method B re-
precooled dry air or nitrogen.
quires preparation of a polished secti
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