ASTM C1057-12

Standard Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and Thermesthesiometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures in this practice support the determination of the burn hazard potential for a heated surface. These procedures provide an estimate of the maximum skin contact temperature and must be used in conjunction with Guide C1055 to evaluate the surface hazard potential.  
5.2 The two procedures outlined herein are both based upon the same heat transfer principles. Method A uses a mathematical model to predict the contact temperature, while Method B uses a plastic rubber probe having similar heat transfer characteristics to the human finger to “measure” the contact temperature on real systems.  
5.3 These procedures serve as an estimate for the skin contact temperatures which might occur for the “average” individual. Unusual conditions of exposure, incorrect design assumptions, subject health conditions, or unforeseen operating conditions may negate the validity of the estimations.  
5.4 These procedures are limited to direct contact exposure only. Conditions of personal exposure to periods of high ambient temperatures, direct flame exposure, or high radiant fluxes may cause human injury in periods other than determined herein. Evaluation of exposures other than direct contact are beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.5 Cold Surface Exposure—No consensus criteria exists for the destruction of skin cells by freezing. If, at some future time, such criteria are developed, extrapolation of the techniques presented here will serve as a basis for cold surface exposure evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the skin contact temperature for heated surfaces. Two complimentary procedures are presented. The first is a purely mathematical approximation that can be used during design or for worst case evaluation. The second method describes the thermesthesiometer, an instrument that analogues the human sensory mechanism and can be used only on operating systems. Note 1—Both procedures listed herein are intended for use with Guide C1055. When used in conjunction with that guide, these procedures can determine the burn hazard potential for a heated surface.  
1.2 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the References at the end of Guide C1055. Thermesthesiometer and mathematical modeling references are provided in the References at the end of this practice (1-5).2  
1.3 This practice addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The analysis procedures contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the location of contact.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2012
• ICS: 13.100 - Occupational safety. Industrial hygiene
• Technical Committee: C16 - Thermal Insulation
• Drafting Committee: C16.30 - Thermal Measurement

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C1057-03(2010) - Standard Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated Surfaces Using A Mathematical Model and Thermesthesiometer
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C1055-20 - Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C1423-21 - Standard Guide for Selecting Jacketing Materials for Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM E1509-22 - Standard Specification for Room Heaters, Pellet Fuel-Burning Type
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM F3540-21 - Standard Guide for Hazards for Consideration when Designing Exoskeletons
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012
• Referred By: ASTM C680-23 - Standard Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1057 − 12
Standard Practice for
Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated
Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and
1
Thermesthesiometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1057; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the skin
C680Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the
contact temperature for heated surfaces. Two complimentary
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
procedures are presented. The first is a purely mathematical
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
approximationthatcanbeusedduringdesignorforworstcase
C1055Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that
evaluation. The second method describes the
Produce Contact Burn Injuries
thermesthesiometer, an instrument that analogues the human
sensorymechanismandcanbeusedonlyonoperatingsystems.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—Both procedures listed herein are intended for use with Guide
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
C1055. When used in conjunction with that guide, these procedures can
3.1.1 acceptable contact time—the limit of time of contact
determine the burn hazard potential for a heated surface.
for the heated surface and the exposed skin. Practice has
1.2 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and
suggested limits of 5 s for industrial processes and up to 60 s
surface hazard measurement is provided in the References at
for consumer items.
the end of Guide C1055. Thermesthesiometer and mathemati-
3.1.2 burns:
cal modeling references are provided in the References at the
2
3.1.2.1 first degree burn—thereactiontoanexposurewhere
end of this practice (1-5).
the intensity and duration is insufficient to cause complete
1.3 This practice addresses the skin contact temperature
necrosis of the epidermal layer. The normal response to this
determination for passive heated surfaces only. The analysis
level of exposure is dilation of the superficial blood vessels
procedures contained herein are not applicable to chemical, (reddening of the skin).
electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat genera-
3.1.2.2 second degree burn—the reaction to an exposure
tion source at the location of contact. where the intensity and duration is sufficient to cause complete
necrosis of the epidermis but no significant damage to the
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
dermis. The normal response to this exposure is blistering of
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
the epidermis.
standard.
3.1.2.3 third degree burns—the reaction to an exposure
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
where significant dermal necrosis occurs. Significant dermal
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the necrosishasbeendefinedintheliteratureasa75%destruction
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- of the dermis thickness. The normal response to this exposure
is open sores that leave permanent scar tissue upon healing.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 skin:
3.1.3.1 epidermis—the outermost layer of skin cells. This
layer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect the
outerskinlayers.Thethicknessofthislayeraverages0.08mm.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
Measurement.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published August 2013. Originally
3
approvedin1986.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2010asC1057–03(2010).DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/C1057-12. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this practice. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1057 − 12
3.1.3.2 dermis—the second layer of skin tissue. This layer 5.2 Thetwoproceduresoutlinedhereinarebothbasedupon
containsbloodvesselsandnerveendings.Thethicknessofthis the same heat transfer principles. MethodAuses a mathemati-
layer is about 2 mm. cal model to predict the contact temperature, while Method B
3.1.3.3 necrosis—localized death of
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1057 − 03 (Reapproved 2010) C1057 − 12
Standard Practice for
Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated
Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and
1
Thermesthesiometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1057; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for evaluating the skin contact temperature for heated surfaces. Two complimentary
procedures are presented. The first is a purely mathematical approximation that can be used during design or for worst case
evaluation. The second method describes the thermesthesiometer, an instrument that analogues the human sensory mechanism and
can be used only on operating systems.
NOTE 1—Both procedures listed herein are intended for use with Guide C1055. When used in conjunction with that guide, these procedures can
determine the burn hazard potential for a heated surface.
1.2 A bibliography of human burn evaluation studies and surface hazard measurement is provided in the References at the end
of Guide C1055. Thermesthesiometer and mathematical modeling references are provided in the References at the end of this
2
practice (1-5).
1.3 This practice addresses the skin contact temperature determination for passive heated surfaces only. The analysis procedures
contained herein are not applicable to chemical, electrical, or other similar hazards that provide a heat generation source at the
location of contact.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical
Systems by Use of Computer Programs
C1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 acceptable contact time—the limit of time of contact for the heated surface and the exposed skin. Practice has suggested
limits of 5 s for industrial processes and up to 60 s for consumer items.
3.1.2 burns:
3.1.2.1 first degree burn—the reaction to an exposure where the intensity and duration is insufficient to cause complete necrosis
of the epidermal layer. The normal response to this level of exposure is dilation of the superficial blood vessels (reddening of the
skin).
3.1.2.2 second degree burn—the reaction to an exposure where the intensity and duration is sufficient to cause complete necrosis
of the epidermis but no significant damage to the dermis. The normal response to this exposure is blistering of the epidermis.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal Measurement.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010Oct. 1, 2012. Published August 2010August 2013. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20032010 as
C1057C1057–03(2010).–03. DOI: 10.1520/C1057-03R10.10.1520/C1057-12.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this practice.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1057 − 12
3.1.2.3 third degree burns—the reaction to an exposure where significant dermal necrosis occurs. Significant dermal necrosis
has been defined in the literature as a 75 % destruction of the dermis thickness. The normal response to this exposure is open sores
that leave permanent scar tissue upon healing.
3.1.3 skin:
3.1.3.1 epidermis—the outermost layer of skin cells. This layer contains no vascular or nerve cells a
...