ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of Coal and Designating Coal Size
Standard Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of Coal and Designating Coal Size
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method concerns the sieving of coal into designated size fractions for the purpose of characterizing the material as to its particle size distribution for further processing or for commercial purposes. This is covered in Part A of this standard. Raw, as well as prepared (crushed, cleaned, or screened), coals can be tested by this test method.
4.2 This test method is applicable for all types of coals, except for pulverized coals (see Method D197) such as fed into steam boilers. Low rank coals, that is, lignites, subbituminous, and high volatile bituminous C, must be dried with caution and handled with care to minimize deterioration or size degradation during sieving.
4.3 This test method is applicable for the wet or dry-sieving of coal at sizes from 200 mm [8 in.] to 38 μm [No. 400 U.S.A. Standard]. Methods for sizing materials below 38 μm are outside the scope of this test method.
Note 2: The sizing of material that passes the 38 μm sieve is normally performed by optical microscopy, sedimentation, centrifugation, light scattering or obfuscation, surface area measurement, or other such methods. Subsieve techniques are also used sometimes.
4.4 This test method also concerns the designation of a coal sample as to its upper (nominal top-size) and lower (nominal bottom-size) limiting sizes for the purpose of characterizing the material for further processing or for commercial purposes. This is covered in Part B of this test method. Anthracite coal is further designated by a one word descriptive term (see 14.4).
4.5 Enough material may not be collected by this test method to meet subsequent test procedures, such as washability analyses (Test Method D4371).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the sieve analysis of coal and designating the size of coal from sieve analysis data. Raw as well as prepared (crushed, cleaned or screened) coals can be tested by this test method.
1.2 This test method explains how to designate coal sizes from the results of sieve analysis data in order to represent the condition of the coal as sold. In the case of special mixtures or coals with noncontinuous ranges of sizes, a sufficiently complete sieve analysis must be made to properly describe the size distribution.
1.3 This test method is not applicable for determining the sieve analysis nor for designating the size of pulverized coal. (See Note 1.) Size fractions down to and including 38 μm [No. 400 U.S.A. Standard Series] can be treated by the methods discussed in this test method. Methods for handling size fractions below 38 μm [No. 400] will be developed by this committee.
Note 1: For powdered or pulverized coal as is fired into steam boilers, refer to Test Method D197.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D4749/D4749M − 87 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Performing the Sieve Analysis of Coal and Designating Coal
Size
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4749/D4749M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—The designation was editorially updated to dual and other editorial changes were made throughout in December
2019.
1. Scope 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
sieve analysis of coal and designating the size of coal from
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
sieve analysis data. Raw as well as prepared (crushed, cleaned
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
or screened) coals can be tested by this test method.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 This test method explains how to designate coal sizes
from the results of sieve analysis data in order to represent the
2. Referenced Documents
condition of the coal as sold. In the case of special mixtures or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
coals with noncontinuous ranges of sizes, a sufficiently com-
D197Test Method for Sampling and Fineness Test of
plete sieve analysis must be made to properly describe the size
Pulverized Coal
distribution.
D346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke
1.3 This test method is not applicable for determining the
Samples for Laboratory Analysis
sieve analysis nor for designating the size of pulverized coal.
D388Classification of Coals by Rank
(See Note 1.) Size fractions down to and including 38 µm [No.
D2013Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
400 U.S.A. Standard Series] can be treated by the methods
D2234/D2234MPractice for Collection of a Gross Sample
discussed in this test method. Methods for handling size
of Coal
fractions below 38 µm [No. 400] will be developed by this
D3302Test Method for Total Moisture in Coal
committee.
D4371Test Method for Determining the Washability Char-
acteristics of Coal
NOTE1—Forpowderedorpulverizedcoalasisfiredintosteamboilers,
refer to Test Method D197. E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
Sieves
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
E323Specification for Perforated-Plate Sieves for Testing
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Purposes
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be 2.2 Other Document:
used independently of the other, and values from the two
SpecificationC-80CommonwealthofPennsylvania,Depart-
systems shall not be combined. ment of General Services, Bureau of Purchases, Specifi-
cation for Coal:Anthracite
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Descriptions of Terms Specific to this Standard
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1 as-mined coal—same as ROM coal (3.8).
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on Physical contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Characteristics of Coal. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4749–87(2012). Available from Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Dept. of General Services,
DOI: 10.1520/D4749_D4749M-87R19E01. Bureau of Purchases, 414 N. Office Building, Harrisburg, PA 17125.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4749/D4749M − 87 (2019)
3.2 as-shipped or produced coal—raw or prepared coal in 3.10 wet sieving—for the purposes of this test method, the
any state or condition at which it leaves the mine property or testmethodforthesievingofcoalthatuseswaterasamedium
loading facility. forfacilitatingthesegregationofthesampleintoparticlesizes;
this is generally used when testing coal particles 600 µm [No.
3.3 bottomsize, nominal—the sieve designating the lower
30 U.S.A. Standard Series] or smaller.
limit or bottomsize shall be that sieve of the series given in
Section 6 with the largest openings through which passes a
4. Significance and Use
total of less than 15% of the sample. This defined bottomsize
is not to be confused with the size of the smallest particles in 4.1 This test method concerns the sieving of coal into
the lot. (Warning—In the case of a commercial, double- designated size fractions for the purpose of characterizing the
screenedproduct,forexample,37.5mmby9.5mm[1 ⁄2in.by materialastoitsparticlesizedistributionforfurtherprocessing
⁄8 in.], this designation may not be valid. In such commercial or for commercial purposes. This is covered in Part A of this
or contractual situations, the amount of allowable material standard. Raw, as well as prepared (crushed, cleaned, or
smaller than the bottomsize (for example, 9.5 mm) must be screened), coals can be tested by this test method.
specified by the contract under which the coal is bought and
4.2 This test method is applicable for all types of coals,
sold.)
exceptforpulverizedcoals(seeMethodD197)suchasfedinto
steam boilers. Low rank coals, that is, lignites, subbituminous,
3.4 dry sieving—forthepurposesofthistestmethod,thetest
method for the sieving of coal after the sample has been andhighvolatilebituminousC,mustbedriedwithcautionand
handledwithcaretominimizedeteriorationorsizedegradation
air-dried under prescribed conditions; this is generally used
when testing with coal particles larger than 600 µm [No. 30 during sieving.
U.S.A. Standard Sieve Series].
4.3 This test method is applicable for the wet or dry-sieving
of coal at sizes from 200 mm [8 in.] to 38 µm [No. 400 U.S.A.
3.5 opening—for the purpose of this test method, openings
Standard]. Methods for sizing materials below 38 µm are
and apertures shall be regarded as synonomous terms. Dimen-
outside the scope of this test method.
sions for round and square openings shall be determined as
follows: for round holes, dimensions shall refer to the opening
NOTE2—Thesizingofmaterialthatpassesthe38µmsieveisnormally
diameter; for square holes, dimensions shall refer to the
performed by optical microscopy, sedimentation, centrifugation, light
distance between parallel wires. scattering or obfuscation, surface area measurement, or other such
methods. Subsieve techniques are also used sometimes.
3.6 prepared coal—any coal, regardless of its topsize, that
4.4 This test method also concerns the designation of a coal
hasbeenmanuallyormechanicallycleaned.Thisincludescoal
sample as to its upper (nominal top-size) and lower (nominal
that has been processed over a picking table or air tables,
bottom-size)limitingsizesforthepurposeofcharacterizingthe
through a breaker, jig, or other device which segregates
material for further processing or for commercial purposes.
according to size or density (specific gravity).
This is covered in Part B of this test method.Anthracite coal is
3.7 raw coal—any coal, regardless of its topsize, that has
further designated by a one word descriptive term (see 14.4).
not been manually or mechanically cleaned. Crushed coal that
4.5 Enough material may not be collected by this test
has not been mechanically cleaned (including coal that has not
method to meet subsequent test procedures, such as washabil-
been through a breaker which normally rejects oversize) is
ity analyses (Test Method D4371).
considered to be raw coal. Coal delivered to the surface from
an underground mine is considered to be raw coal even when
PART A. SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COAL
crushing and grinding is done underground. Coal removed
fromthepitofasurfacemineisconsideredtoberawcoaleven
5. Apparatus
when breaking and crushing facilities are provided in the pit.
5.1 Sieves:
3.8 run-of-mine (ROM) coal—inthecaseofanunderground
5.1.1 Wire Cloth Sieves:
mine, it is that coal delivered to the surface by a slope belt,
5.1.1.1 Standard test sieves that conform to Specification
hoist,etc.Inthecaseofasurfacemine,itisthatcoalasitexists
E11 shall always be used.
afterithasbeenremovedfromthepitandplacedintotheinitial
5.1.1.2 Formostsievetests,wherethelargestparticleinthe
means of transportation whether it be an on-the-road or
sampledoesnotexceed25mm[1in.],standard203mm[8in.]
off-the-roadhaultruck,dumphopperwhichfeedsapit-to-plant
diameter, 50mm [2in.] deep sieves or sieves with larger
conveyor, etc. For both underground and surface mines, ROM
diameters (for example 300 mm [12 in.] or 450 mm [18in.])
coal is as-mined and has not been exposed to any treatment
are recommended. For special cases, and with small samples,
such as breaking, crushing, or cleaning except for that done by
75mm [3in.] and 150mm [6in.] diameter sieves are avail-
thenormaloperationsusedtoextractthecoalfromtheground,
able.
that is, blasting, ripping, loading, cutting, etc.
5.1.1.3 Standard test sieves shall be made from either brass
3.9 topsize, nominal—the sieve designating the upper limit or stainless steel frames and either brass, phosphor bronze, or
stainless steel cloth.
or topsize shall be that sieve of the series given in Section 6
withthesmallestopeningsuponwhichiscumulativelyretained 5.1.1.4 In general, these square mesh sieves are used when
a total of less than 5% of the sample. This defined topsize is sizing with sieves with openings smaller than 6.3 mm [ ⁄4 in.].
nottobeconfusedwiththesizeofthelargestparticleinthelot. U.S.A. Standard Sieve Designations shall be used.
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5.1.1.5 For more complete details of standard test sieves, 5.2.4 Mechanical sieve shakers can generally be classified
including methods of checking and calibrating the sieves, see into two types: batch (acceptable) and continuous (unaccept-
Specification E11. able).
5.1.2 Perforated Plate Sieves: 5.2.4.1 Batch—Batch mechanical sieve shakers are those in
5.1.2.1 Perforated plate sieves, made to conform to Speci- which a controlled quantity of coal is placed into the apparatus
fication E323, are available with square apertures and mechanical action is initiated. After a controlled time
from125mm[5in.]to3.36mm[0.132in.]andwithstaggered period, mechanical action is completed and the size fractions
round apertures from 125mm [5 in.] to 1 mm [0.038 in.]. The are removed from the horizontal sieves. These types of
sizesofsuccessiveaperturesintheseriesfollowthesameratio mechanical sieve shakers are acceptable.
as in Specification E11 for sieves.
5.2.4.2 Continuous—Continuous mechanical sieve shakers
5.1.2.2 Standard frames for perforated plate sieves with are unacceptable for the purpose of this test method. Continu-
apertures4.00mmandlargeraremadeofhardwoodorsteelto ous mechanical sieve shakers are those in which a continuous
hold 300mm [12in.], 400mm [16in.], or 450mm [18in.] stream of coal is fed into the apparatus and over a set of
square sieve plates. For apertures smaller than 4.00 mm, inclined sieves. The retention time on these sieves depends
203mm [8in.] circular frames as well as the above larger upon the degree of inclination, the throw of the sieves, and the
square frames may be used. frequency of mechanical action. The various size fractions are
collected in individual containers in a continuous stream.
5.1.2.3 In general, round hole sieves with staggered open-
ings are used when sizing with sieves with opening diameters
of 6.3 mm [ ⁄4 in.] or larger. 6. Standard Series of Sieves
5.1.2.4 Where perforated sieves and wire cloth sieves are
6.1 Crushed Bituminous, Subbituminous, and Lignitic
usedinthesametest(forexample,inananalysisfrom125mm
Coals:
[5 in.] to 250 µm [No. 60]) or where results with perforated
6.1.1 For crushed bituminous, subbituminous, and lignitic
sieves are to be compared with results with wire cloth sieves,
coals, the standard series of sieves shall utilize round-hole
it is better to use only square aperture sieves.
perforated plate sieves for sieves with opening diameters of
NOTE 3—This action should be taken primarily while performing 6.3 mm [ ⁄4 in.] or larger and wire-cloth (U.S.A. Standard)
sieving analyses on noncommercial samples, as, for instance, in prepara-
sieves with square openings for sieves with openings smaller
tion plant component studies (see 6.5.1). In commerce, mixed series are
than 6.3 mm [ ⁄4 in.].
still customary (see 6.1.1 and 6.3.1).
6.1.2 For the purpose of simplifying communication be-
5.1.2.5 Results with a given square aperture and with the
tweenconcernedparties,thefollowingseriesofsievesshallbe
same diameter round aperture are not compatible. Therefore,
considered as the standard series for crushed bituminous,
all reports of sieve analysis data are incomplete without
subbituminous and lignitic coals:
designation as to the type of sieves employed (round or square
Round Hole Perforated Plate Sieves
openings).
200 mm [8 in.] 37.5 mm [1 ⁄2 in.]
5.1.2.6 Aperture sizes of some sieves for anthracitic coal
150 mm [6 in.] 31.5 mm [1 ⁄4 in.]
(6.3.2.1) do not conform to Specification E323.
125 mm [5 in.] 25.0 mm [1 in.]
100 mm [4 in.] 19.0 mm [ ⁄4 in.]
5.2 Mechanical Sieve Shaker:
75 mm [3 in.] 12.5 mm [ ⁄2 in.]
1 3
5.2.1 Mechanical sieve shakers are used in practically all
63 mm [2 ⁄2 in.] 9.5 mm [ ⁄8 in.]
50 mm [2 in.] 6.3 mm [ ⁄4 in.]
laboratories where frequent tests are made. They not only
eliminate tedious hand labor, but, when properly used, will
Wire Cloth (U.S.A. Standard) Sieves with Square Openings
produce more consistent results than hand sieving. They can,
4.75 mm [No. 4] 300 µm [No. 50]
however, result in excessive sample degradation when proper
2.36 mm [No. 8] 150 µm [No. 100]
precautions are not taken.Therefore it is important to establish
1.18 mm [No. 16] 75 µm [No. 200]
and to monitor the sieving amplitude and the sieving time.
600 µm [No. 30] 38 µm [No. 400]
5.2.2 There are several general types of mechanical sieve
6.1.3 For crushed bituminous, subbituminous, and lignitic
shakers. One type is designed to simulate hand sieving by
coals, an alternate standard series of sieves can utilize square-
using a circular motion combined with a tapping action. This
hole perforated plate or steel-wire sieves for sieves with
type of mechanical sieve shaker is acceptable.
openings of 6.3 mm [ ⁄4 in.] or larger and wire cloth (U.S.A.
5.2.3 A type of sieve shaker which will handle a stack of
Standard) sieves for sieves with openings smaller than 6.3 mm
either round or rectangularly framed sieves and produces a 1
[ ⁄4 in.]. This alternate series shall use sieves with openings of
vigorous agitation is especially suitable for handling large
the same dimensions as those given in 6.1.2. When this
samples of coarse material. This type of mechanical sieve
alternate series of square openings is used, the report must
shaker is acceptable for handling large samples provided it is
include this information.
not overloaded and provided agitation time is limited so that
6.1.3.1 Since round hole 6.3mm [ ⁄4in.] perforated plate
degradation of the coal being sieved does not occur (see
sievesproduceundersizeofapproximatelythesameamountas
11.3.5).
4.75mm [No. 4 U.S.A. Standard] wire cloth sieves, that is,
these sieves are nearly equivalent, it is not necessary to utilize
NOTE 4—Some manufacturers can supply machines with reduced
amplitude of vibration or variable speeds, or both, for soft materials. both 6.3mm [ ⁄4 in. round] perforated plate and 4.75mm
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TABLE 2 Comparison Table of U.S.A. Standard with Tyler Sieve
[No.4 U.S.A. Standard] wire cloth sieves simultaneously. The
Series
selection of either will be sufficient.
U.S.A. Standard Series
6.2 Coal Used as Coke Oven Charge: Tyler
Standard Alternate
6.2.1 For coal that will be used as a coke oven charge, the
1 1
5.60 mm No. 3 ⁄2 3 ⁄2 mesh
standard series of sieves shall utilize square-hole perforated
4.75 mm No. 4 4 mesh
plate or steel-wire sieves with openings of 6.3 mm [ ⁄4 in.] or 4.00 mm No. 5 5 mesh
3.35 mm No. 6 6 mesh
larger and wire cloth (U.S.A. Standard) sieves for sieves with
2.80 mm No. 7 7 mesh
openings smaller than 6.3 mm [ ⁄4 in.].
2.36 mm No. 8 8 mesh
6.2.1.1 Typical coke oven charge is 80% minus 3.2 mm 2.00 mm No. 10 9 mesh
1.70 mm No. 12 10 mesh
[ ⁄8in. round]. For the purpose of identifying compliance with
1.40 mm No. 14 12 mesh
this criteria of 80% passing ⁄8in. round, it should not be
1.18 mm No. 16 14 mesh
1.00 mm No. 18 16 mesh
necessary to use sieves larger than 4.75 mm [No. 4 U.S.A.
850 µm No. 20 20 mesh
Standard]. To designate the topsize of this charge according to
710 µm No. 25 24 mesh
Part B of this test method (Section 14), it may be necessary to
600 µm No. 30 28 mesh
500 µm No. 35 32 mesh
use larger sieves. It is recommended that sieving be done
425 µm No. 40 35 mesh
initially at 4.75 mm [No. 4 U.S.A. Standard], then progres-
355 µm No. 45 42 mesh
sively sieve the oversize through the next larger sieve until the
300 µm No. 50 48 mesh
250 µm No. 60 60 mesh
5% criteria of 4.8 is met.
212 µm No. 70 65 mesh
6.2.2 For the purpose of simplifying communication be-
180 µm No. 80 80 mesh
tweenconcernedparties,thefollowingseriesofsievesshallbe
150 µm No. 100 100 mesh
125 µm No. 120 115 mesh
considered as the standard series for coal that will be used as
106 µm No. 140 150 mesh
a coke oven charge:
90 µm No. 170 170 mesh
75 µm No. 200 200 mesh
Square Hole Perforated Plate Sieves
63 µm No. 230 250 mesh
50.0mm[2in.] 53 µm No. 270 270 mesh
37.5mm[1 ⁄2 in.] 45 µm No. 325 325 mesh
25.0mm[1in.] 38 µm No. 400 400 mesh
19.0mm[ ⁄4 in.]
12.5mm[ ⁄2 in.]
9.5mm[ ⁄8 in.]
6.3mm[ ⁄4 in.]
Round Hole Perforated Plate Sieves
6.2.2.1 Smaller sizes shall conform to specifications for
83 mm [3 ⁄4 in.]
wire-cloth sieves (U.S.A. Standard) with square openings, and
A
76 mm [3 in.]
are the same as those in 6.1.2. 62 mm [2 ⁄16 in.]
41 mm [1 ⁄8 in.]
6.3 Anthracitic Coal:
21 mm [ ⁄16 in.]
14 mm [ ⁄16 in.]
6.3.1 For anthracitic coal, the standard series of sieves shall
A
8mm[ ⁄16 in.]
utilize round-hole perforated plate sieves.
A
4.8mm[ ⁄16 in.]
6.3.1.1 Sieve plates mounted in hardwood or steel box 3
2.4mm[ ⁄32 in.]
1.2mm[ ⁄64 in.]
frames 40.6cm to 50.8 cm [16in. to 20 in.] square are
satisfactory for testing chestnut, pea, and buckwheat sizes of
A
Listed in Specification E323.
anthracitic coal. For egg and stove sizes (see Table 1), it is
more convenient to use sieves with frames that are square or
6.3.2.1 These standard anthracitic coal sieve sizes are those
2 2 2
rectangularinshapehavinganareaof0.37m to0.56m [4ft
specified by Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Specification
to 6ft ].
C-80.
6.3.2 For the purpose of simplifying communication be-
6.4 Additional Sieves—Additional sieves are required if a
tweenconcernedparties,thefollowingseriesofsievesshallbe
discontinuity(ies) or deviation(s), or both, from a normal
considered as the standard series for anthracitic coal:
gradation of sizes is (are) found. For sieves below 6.3 mm
[ ⁄4in.],additionalwire-clothsievescanbeselectedfromTable
TABLE 1 Size Designation, Anthracitic Coal
1 of Specification E11. For sieves above 6.3 mm [ ⁄4in.],
Size of Round-Hole Openings in Testing
additional round or square hole perforated plate sieves may be
Sieves, mm [in.]
Size
selected from Table 1 of Specification E323.
Passing Retained On
A
1 7
Egg 83 [3 ⁄4 ] 62 [2 ⁄16 ]
6.5 Other Shapes—Other opening shapes can more fully
7 5
Stove 62 [2 ⁄16]41[1 ⁄8 ]
characterize the coal (oval, rectangular, etc.). They shall only
5 13
Chestnut 41 [1 ⁄8]21[ ⁄16 ]
13 9 be used by agreement between the concerned parties.
Pea 21 [ ⁄16]14[ ⁄16 ]
A
9 5
Buckwheat #1 14 [ ⁄16]8[ ⁄16 ]
6.5.1 Theuseofroundholesievesinplantsizingoperations
A A
5 3
Buckwheat #2 (Rice) 8 [ ⁄16 ] 4.8 [ ⁄16 ]
has been a common practice and much data has been estab-
3 A 3
Buckwheat #3 (Barley) 4.8 [ ⁄16 ] 2.4 [ ⁄32 ]
3 3 lished. However, newer plants, most coking operations, and
Buckwheat #4 2.4 [ ⁄32 ] 1.2 [ ⁄64 ]
A mathematical treatment of comminution studies use the square
Listed in Specification E323, Table 1.
hole sieves. For comparison purposes, round hole openings
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D4749/D4749M − 87 (2019)
maybecalculatedtoanapproximationofthesquareopeningin and removing all coal from a transverse section of it, or by
accordance with the following formula: momentarily inserting a suitable container into the stream and
withdrawing the sample. When it is impracticable to collect
roundopening, mm
5 squareopening, mm (1)
increments the full width and thickness of the coal stream,
1.25
collect the increments systematically from all portions of the
6.5.1.1 Due to differences in particle shape peculiar to
stream.
individual coal types, 1.25 is not always the best factor to use
7.6 The method of collection of the gross sample shall be
when converting between round hole and square hole open-
such as to produce a minimum of degradation.
ings.The normal range for this factor varies from 1.17 to 1.26.
7.7 The probability of collecting representative portions
It is best to determine this conversion factor for any coal in
(samples) for sieve analysis is less from the surface of coal in
question by determining the sieve analysis alternatively using
piles or from loaded cars or bins than from a moving stream of
first round and then square openings.
coal. Where possible, sample such that the full volume of coal
6.5.1.2 When specifying preparation plant components that
in the lot being sampled is represented in the final sample.
utilize wire mesh, Tyler mesh designations are often used
rather than U.S.A. Standard. Table 2 shows the comparison of
8. Weight of Gross Sample
Tyler mesh designations with the U.S.A. Standard designation
based on the aperture sizes of each type. U.S.A. Standard
8.1 The weight of the gross sample collected shall conform
Series designations shall always be used. Tyler mesh designa-
to the general principles of Practice D2234/D2234M. Usually
tions are also to be given where necessary for clarity.
theminimummassestobecollectedarethosegiveninTable3.
For lots of coal greater than 10000 tons, the interested parties
6.6 Frames conforming to criteria in Specification E11 or
shallagreeonthemethodtobeusedforcollectionanddivision
Specification E323 shall be used with applicable sieves.
of the gross sample prior to sieve analysis. In such cases, the
6.7 Suitable pans and covers as applicable to fit specific
following information shall be included on the analysis report:
sieves shall be used as required by Specification E11 or
8.1.1 Total weight of lot sampled.
Specification E323.
8.1.2 Number of sampling increments taken.
8.1.3 Total weight of sample taken. (Warning—Enough
7. Gross Sample
material may not be collected by this method to meet subse-
7.1 Collect the gross sample in accordance with the prin-
quent test procedures, such as determining the washability
ciples of Practice D2234/D2234M.
characteristics of coal (Test Method D4371). See the weight
required by proposed subsequent test methods prior to sam-
NOTE 5—ASTM methods for collection of gross samples from
stockpiles, cartops, etc. (stationary sampling) are being developed. When
pling for the sieve analysis.)
these methods are available, application of those standards will be
required for stationary sampling.
9. Preparation and Division of Gross Sample into Test
7.2 Accurate sampling is of the greatest importance and is Sample for Sieving
the basic requirement for reliable sieve analyses. Take great
9.1 When necessary for proper handling and division, air-
caretoobtainsamplesthatarerepresentativeofthebatchorlot
dry the gross sample in accordance with Method D2013.
being tested. The greatest cause of inconsistencies in test
9.2 In order to divide the gross sample into test samples, do
results is improper sampling that does not represent the
sample division in accordance with the procedures outlined in
material being tested. Therefore, once a sampling procedure
Method D2013 or Practice D2234/D2234M. Warning—
has been established, this same procedure is followed during
Never reduce the topsize of a sample to be used for size
subsequent sampling.
analysis, that is, decreasing the quantity of a sample is allowed
7.3 The quantity or mass of a gross sample will depend on
as long as the remaining portion is representative of the
the character of the material and the form in which it is
material sampled, but reduction in topsize is never allowed.
available and also on whether the test is to determine the
particle size distribution of a pile, batch, shipment, day’s
production, or a short span of time for production control. The
TABLE 3 Gross Sample Quantity to be Collected for Crushed
range of quantity or mass of a gross sample can be as much as
A
Coals Other than Anthracitic Coal
several thousand kilograms or it may be as little as a fraction
Type of Coal Minimum Mass Required
of a kilogram.
Run-of-mine-coal Not less than 1800 kg [4000 lb]
Screened coal with upper limit larger than Not less than 1800 kg [4000 lb]
7.4 Collect increments regularly and systematically, so that
100 mm [4 in.] round
the entire quantity of coal sampled will be represented propor-
Coal smaller than 100 mm [4 in.] round Not less than 900 kg [2000 lb]
tionately in the gross sample, and with such frequency that a
Coal smaller than 50 mm [2 in.] round Not less than 450 kg [1000 lb]
Coal smaller than 25 mm [1 in.] round Not less than 215 kg [500 lb]
grosssampleoftherequiredamountshallbecollected.Collect
Coal smaller than 12.5 mm [ ⁄2 in.] round Not less than 45 kg [100 lb]
not less than the number of increments specified in Table 2 of
Coal smaller than 2.36 mm [No. 8 mesh, Not less than 4.5 kg [10 lb]
Practice D2234/D2234M. U.S.A. Standard]
Coal smaller than 600 µm [No. 30 mesh, Not less than 0.5 kg [1 lb].
7.5 When the coal is passing over a conveyor or through a
U.S.A. Standard]
chute, take increments which include the full width and A
For anthracitic coal, see 9.4.
thicknessofthestreamofcoal,eitherbystoppingtheconveyor
´1
D4749/D4749M − 87 (2019)
9.3 Samples may be divided according to the following 10.3 When necessary, do sample division in accordance
schedule: with the procedures outlined in Method D2013 or Practice
9.3.1 Coal Larger than 25 mm [1 in.] Round—Sievewithout D2234/D2234M.
mixing or dividing.
10.4 When subsequent testing or analysis, or both, is
9.3.2 Coal Smaller than 25 mm [1 in.] Round—Divide in
required, use careful judgement to ensure that sufficient mate-
amount to not less than 56.6 kg [125 lb] by riffling or by
rial is present in all fractions.
arranging the sample in a long, flat pile and successively
halving it or quartering
...
Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of Coal and Designating Coal Size". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 This test method concerns the sieving of coal into designated size fractions for the purpose of characterizing the material as to its particle size distribution for further processing or for commercial purposes. This is covered in Part A of this standard. Raw, as well as prepared (crushed, cleaned, or screened), coals can be tested by this test method. 4.2 This test method is applicable for all types of coals, except for pulverized coals (see Method D197) such as fed into steam boilers. Low rank coals, that is, lignites, subbituminous, and high volatile bituminous C, must be dried with caution and handled with care to minimize deterioration or size degradation during sieving. 4.3 This test method is applicable for the wet or dry-sieving of coal at sizes from 200 mm [8 in.] to 38 μm [No. 400 U.S.A. Standard]. Methods for sizing materials below 38 μm are outside the scope of this test method. Note 2: The sizing of material that passes the 38 μm sieve is normally performed by optical microscopy, sedimentation, centrifugation, light scattering or obfuscation, surface area measurement, or other such methods. Subsieve techniques are also used sometimes. 4.4 This test method also concerns the designation of a coal sample as to its upper (nominal top-size) and lower (nominal bottom-size) limiting sizes for the purpose of characterizing the material for further processing or for commercial purposes. This is covered in Part B of this test method. Anthracite coal is further designated by a one word descriptive term (see 14.4). 4.5 Enough material may not be collected by this test method to meet subsequent test procedures, such as washability analyses (Test Method D4371). SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the sieve analysis of coal and designating the size of coal from sieve analysis data. Raw as well as prepared (crushed, cleaned or screened) coals can be tested by this test method. 1.2 This test method explains how to designate coal sizes from the results of sieve analysis data in order to represent the condition of the coal as sold. In the case of special mixtures or coals with noncontinuous ranges of sizes, a sufficiently complete sieve analysis must be made to properly describe the size distribution. 1.3 This test method is not applicable for determining the sieve analysis nor for designating the size of pulverized coal. (See Note 1.) Size fractions down to and including 38 μm [No. 400 U.S.A. Standard Series] can be treated by the methods discussed in this test method. Methods for handling size fractions below 38 μm [No. 400] will be developed by this committee. Note 1: For powdered or pulverized coal as is fired into steam boilers, refer to Test Method D197. 1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 This test method concerns the sieving of coal into designated size fractions for the purpose of characterizing the material as to its particle size distribution for further processing or for commercial purposes. This is covered in Part A of this standard. Raw, as well as prepared (crushed, cleaned, or screened), coals can be tested by this test method. 4.2 This test method is applicable for all types of coals, except for pulverized coals (see Method D197) such as fed into steam boilers. Low rank coals, that is, lignites, subbituminous, and high volatile bituminous C, must be dried with caution and handled with care to minimize deterioration or size degradation during sieving. 4.3 This test method is applicable for the wet or dry-sieving of coal at sizes from 200 mm [8 in.] to 38 μm [No. 400 U.S.A. Standard]. Methods for sizing materials below 38 μm are outside the scope of this test method. Note 2: The sizing of material that passes the 38 μm sieve is normally performed by optical microscopy, sedimentation, centrifugation, light scattering or obfuscation, surface area measurement, or other such methods. Subsieve techniques are also used sometimes. 4.4 This test method also concerns the designation of a coal sample as to its upper (nominal top-size) and lower (nominal bottom-size) limiting sizes for the purpose of characterizing the material for further processing or for commercial purposes. This is covered in Part B of this test method. Anthracite coal is further designated by a one word descriptive term (see 14.4). 4.5 Enough material may not be collected by this test method to meet subsequent test procedures, such as washability analyses (Test Method D4371). SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the sieve analysis of coal and designating the size of coal from sieve analysis data. Raw as well as prepared (crushed, cleaned or screened) coals can be tested by this test method. 1.2 This test method explains how to designate coal sizes from the results of sieve analysis data in order to represent the condition of the coal as sold. In the case of special mixtures or coals with noncontinuous ranges of sizes, a sufficiently complete sieve analysis must be made to properly describe the size distribution. 1.3 This test method is not applicable for determining the sieve analysis nor for designating the size of pulverized coal. (See Note 1.) Size fractions down to and including 38 μm [No. 400 U.S.A. Standard Series] can be treated by the methods discussed in this test method. Methods for handling size fractions below 38 μm [No. 400] will be developed by this committee. Note 1: For powdered or pulverized coal as is fired into steam boilers, refer to Test Method D197. 1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.160.10 - Solid fuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D4749-87(2012), ASTM D2234/D2234M-19, ASTM D197-19, ASTM D388-19, ASTM D388-18a, ASTM D388-18, ASTM D388-17a, ASTM D2234/D2234M-17, ASTM D388-17, ASTM D2234/D2234M-16, ASTM D388-15, ASTM E11-13, ASTM D197-87(2012), ASTM D4371-06(2012), ASTM D388-12. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
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The ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1 serves as a comprehensive standard test method for performing the sieve analysis of coal and designating coal size. Its primary scope encompasses the sieving of both raw and prepared coal, allowing for a detailed characterization of particle size distribution essential for further processing or commercial purposes. This versatility reinforces the standard's relevance, as it applies broadly across various coal types, accommodating diverse industry needs. One of the significant strengths of this standard is its clear applicability excluding pulverized coals, which streamlines the testing process for users who require accurate sizing for coals intended for specific applications, such as those fed into steam boilers. The guideline for drying low rank coals, including lignites and subbituminous coals, while minimizing deterioration, further exemplifies the standard's awareness of the sensitive nature of different coal variants and the precautions that must be taken during sieving. The rigorous methodology described within the standard is designed for both wet and dry-sieving of coals, ensuring effective categorization down to sizes as small as 38 µm [No. 400 U.S.A. Standard]. By providing a standard for designating the upper and lower limiting sizes based on sieve analysis data, the standard effectively facilitates the accurate representation of coal for commercial purposes, thus enhancing its practical application in the marketplace. Moreover, the inclusion of cautionary information regarding the collection of material for subsequent test procedures highlights the standard's thoroughness in guiding users through the analytical process. Overall, the ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1 stands as an indispensable resource within the coal industry, promoting standardized testing practices that ensure both quality and consistency in coal characterization and size designation.
このASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1の標準は、石炭のふるい分析を行い、そのサイズを指定するための方法を包含しており、重要な素材評価ツールとしての役割を果たします。この標準の重要性と適用範囲は明確に定義されており、原料としての石炭や、準備された（粉砕、洗浄、またはふるい分けされた）石炭の双方に適用可能です。特に、石炭の粒度分布を特定し、商業的利用やさらなる加工のための材料特性評価に役立ちます。 この標準の大きな強みは、200 mmから38 μmまでのサイズ範囲を対象とした湿式または乾式のふるい分けができる点にあります。これは、多様な石炭の特性に応じて、適切なサイズ分布を把握する上で非常に重要です。また、38 μm以下のサイズ範囲でも光学顕微鏡等の他の手法を使用することが言及されており、より詳細な分析を可能にするフレームワークを提供しています。 石炭のサイズの指定は、商業的利用においてその条件を表現するために重要であり、この標準はその方法を明確に説明しています。特に、特別な混合物や不連続的なサイズ範囲の場合、十分に完全なふるい分析が必要であるという点が強調されており、実際の使用においても非常に実用的です。 さらに、標準は原則として国際的に認められた標準化の原則に則って開発されているため、グローバルな市場においてもその信頼性と妥当性を持っています。全体として、ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1は、石炭のふるい分析を通じてその特性や商業的価値を的確に評価するための不可欠な標準の一つであり、産業界にとって非常に重要な役割を果たすといえます。
ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1 표준은 석탄의 체 분석 및 크기 지정을 위한 체걸이 시험 방법을 다루고 있으며, 이는 석탄의 입자 크기 분포를 특성화하기 위해 중요한 역할을 합니다. 이 표준의 강점은 모든 유형의 석탄, 즉 원자재는 물론 준비된 석탄(분쇄, 세척 또는 체질된 석탄)을 테스트할 수 있다는 점입니다. 특히, 이 표준은 200 mm에서 38 μm까지의 크기를 가진 석탄에 대해 습식 또는 건식 체걸이 방법을 적용할 수 있습니다. 이는 다양한 크기 범위를 처리할 수 있도록 하여 상업적 또는 추가 가공을 위해 석탄을 더 정밀하게 특성화할 수 있게 합니다. 또한, 석탄 샘플의 상한 및 하한 크기를 명확히 하여 제품의 상태를 구체적으로 나타낼 수 있는 점도 큰 장점입니다. 하지만 이 표준은 분쇄된 석탄의 체 분석을 포함하지 않으며, 따라서 이를 위해 별도의 방법이 필요합니다. 또한, 38 μm 이하의 크기 분석을 위한 기법이 진화 중이며, 별도의 절차로 다루어질 예정입니다. 이는 사용자가 적절한 안전 및 건강 관행을 수립해야 한다는 점에서 사용자에게 책임이 있음을 명시합니다. 결론적으로, ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1 표준은 석탄 산업에서 필수적인 도구로서 넓은 범위의 석탄 크기 분석을 가능하게 하며, 그 유효성과 적용성에서 큰 가치를 제공합니다.
Le document ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1 présente une méthode standardisée essentielle pour réaliser l'analyse granulométrique du charbon et pour désigner la taille du charbon en fonction des données issues de cette analyse. Ce standard couvre des procédures pour le criblage du charbon en fractions de taille désignées afin de caractériser le matériau selon sa distribution granulométrique, ce qui est crucial pour son traitement ultérieur ou à des fins commerciales. Parmi les points forts de cette norme, on souligne sa large applicabilité à tous les types de charbon, y compris le charbon brut et le charbon préparé (broyeur, nettoyé ou criblé). L'inclusion de méthodes d'analyse pour des tailles allant de 200 mm jusqu'à 38 μm garantit que les diverses dimensions du matériau peuvent être efficacement évaluées. Cependant, il est important de noter que la norme n'inclut pas les charbons pulvérisés, qui nécessitent un traitement spécifique selon la méthode D197. Le document assure également une approche prudente dans le traitement des charbons à faible rang, tels que les lignites et les subbitumineux, qui doivent être manipulés avec soin pour éviter la dégradation de leur taille lors du criblage. Cette considération pour la préservation de l'intégrité des échantillons fait de cette méthode un outil précieux pour les professionnels du secteur. La norme clarifie également le processus de désignation des tailles supérieures et inférieures du charbon, ce qui permet une compréhension précise des caractéristiques matérielles requises pour une utilisation commerciale ou pour des traitements supplémentaires. En outre, la distinction des charbons anthracites par un terme descriptif renforce la spécificité des classifications dans l'industrie. Enfin, la mention des unités de mesure et la recommandation de se conformer indépendamment aux systèmes soudainement proposés montrent l'engagement du document envers une standardisation internationale respectueuse des principes établis par l'Organisation mondiale du commerce. La prise en compte des aspects de sécurité et des pratiques environnementales, bien que non exhaustifs, souligne la responsabilité des utilisateurs de la norme pour assurer une application sécuritaire et réglementaire. En résumé, le document ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1 constitue un guide standardisé fondamental pour l'analyse granulométrique du charbon, caractérisant avec précision les matériaux et soutenant des processus de traitement efficaces dans le domaine commercial.
Die Norm ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1 bietet einen umfassenden Rahmen für die Siebanalyse von Kohle und die Bemessung der Kohlegrößen. Ihre Relevanz erstreckt sich über verschiedene Anwendungsbereiche in der Industrie, einschließlich der charakterisierenden Analyse von Kohlematerialien für kommerzielle Zwecke sowie für die Weiterverarbeitung. Ein besonders starkes Merkmal dieser Norm ist ihre Vielseitigkeit, die es erlaubt, sowohl rohe als auch aufbereitete Kohlen (z. B. zerkleinerte, gereinigte oder gesiebte Kohlen) zu testen. Die Standardisierung in Bezug auf die Siebgrößen von 200 mm bis 38 μm ermöglicht eine zeitgemäße und präzise Analyse der Partikelgrößenverteilung, was für die Qualitätssicherung und die optimale Nutzung von Kohle entscheidend ist. Zudem wird durch die Berücksichtigung verschiedener Kohlearten, mit Ausnahme von pulverisierten Kohlen, eine breite Anwendbarkeit gewährleistet. Dies ist besonders relevant, da der Umgang mit niedriggradigen Kohlen wie Ligniten und Subbituminosen spezielle Aufmerksamkeit erfordert, um eine Beeinträchtigung der Materialqualität zu verhindern. Die Norm geht zudem auf die Notwendigkeit ein, Kohleproben hinsichtlich ihrer oberen und unteren Größenbeschränkungen zu kennzeichnen, was für die Integration in weitere Verarbeitungsschritte von Bedeutung ist. Diese strukturelle Vorgehensweise sorgt nicht nur für eine klare Klassifizierung, sondern trägt auch zur Effizienz im gesamten Produktionsprozess bei. Die klaren, getrennten Werte in SI- und Zoll-Pfund-Einheiten bieten eine hohe Flexibilität für Benutzer in unterschiedlichen geografischen und industriellen Kontexten, während der Hinweis auf Sicherheits- und Umweltschutzpraktiken die Anwendung der Norm sicherer macht. Insgesamt ist die ASTM D4749/D4749M-87(2019)e1 eine essentielle Norm, die durch ihren strukturierten Ansatz zur Kohlesiebung und -größenbestimmung den Anforderungen der Industrie gerecht wird und als wichtiges Werkzeug für die Qualifizierung und Verwendung verschiedener Kohletsorten dient.
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