ASTM E460-12

Standard Practice for Determining Effect of Packaging on Food and Beverage Products During Storage

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is designed to determine the effects of different packaging materials whether of construction or systems (overpack, inert atmosphere, etc.), or both. Different packaging materials may require different packaging systems and thus detectable differences may not be experimentally separable from these influences. The practice then, is limited to those situations where comparative results are meaningful. This practice should be used where experimental materials or alternate storage conditions are evaluated against a known control, for example, a soft drink in cans with experimental liners versus known liners, or potato sticks in plastic bags versus coated paper bags. Accepted industry standard packages, such as glass bottles and metal cans may also be used as controls.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is designed to detect the changes in sensory attributes of foods and beverages stored in various packaging materials or systems, or both. It is not a practice intended to determine shelf-life.  
1.2 This practice may be used for testing a wide variety of materials in association with many kinds of products. There are many ways in which a packaging material may influence a product during storage. First, the packaging material may contaminate the product with off-flavors by direct transfer of packaging component compounds to the product. Second, the packaging material may adsorb components from the product which may then be further transferred to the atmosphere, thus reducing aroma intensity in the product. Third, external contaminants may permeate the package and possibly be transferred to the product. In addition to flavor influences, packaging materials may allow color or textural changes, or both, and many other measurable sensory effects.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Oct-2012
• ICS: 55.020 - Packaging and distribution of goods in general
• ICS: 67.250 - Materials and articles in contact with foodstuffs
• Technical Committee: E18 - Sensory Evaluation
• Drafting Committee: E18.05 - Method Applications - Specific Uses or Assessors

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E460 − 12
Standard Practice for
Determining Effect of Packaging on Food and Beverage
1
Products During Storage
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E460; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope asufficientnumberofreplicatesshouldbeused,takingcarenot
to introduce additional variables.
1.1 This practice is designed to detect the changes in
sensory attributes of foods and beverages stored in various 3.2 Design the study to specify all appropriate storage
packaging materials or systems, or both. It is not a practice
conditions, intervals between tests, and total length of study.A
intended to determine shelf-life. sufficient number of units of each packaging treatment are
stored under predetermined storage conditions to provide the
1.2 This practice may be used for testing a wide variety of
necessary material for panel testing.
materials in association with many kinds of products.There are
many ways in which a packaging material may influence a
3.3 Periodically, samples of all treatments are withdrawn
product during storage. First, the packaging material may and evaluated versus a designated control by a qualified panel.
contaminate the product with off-flavors by direct transfer of
Results are subjected to appropriate statistical analyses to
packaging component compounds to the product. Second, the determine whether there are significant differences among
packaging material may adsorb components from the product
treatments.
which may then be further transferred to the atmosphere, thus
3.4 Withdrawals are continued either through the originally
reducing aroma intensity in the product. Third, external con-
planned length of storage, or until definitive results are
taminants may permeate the package and possibly be trans-
obtained. Differences which are identified may not necessarily
ferred to the product. In addition to flavor influences, packag-
be detrimental to the product.
ing materials may allow color or textural changes, or both, and
many other measurable sensory effects.
4. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents 4.1 This practice is designed to determine the effects of
2 different packaging materials whether of construction or sys-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tems (overpack, inert atmosphere, etc.), or both. Different
E1885 Test Method for Sensory Analysis—Triangle Test
packaging materials may require different packaging systems
E2139 Test Method for Same-Different Test
and thus detectable differences may not be experimentally
E2164 Test Method for Directional Difference Test
separable from these influences.The practice then, is limited to
those situations where comparative results are meaningful.
3. Summary of Practice
This practice should be used where experimental materials or
3.1 A homogeneous lot of the product is packaged in the
alternate storage conditions are evaluated against a known
different ways to be considered in the test. Packaging opera-
control, for example, a soft drink in cans with experimental
tions must be controlled to ensure that all units are treated alike
liners versus known liners, or potato sticks in plastic bags
except for the differences inherent in the different packaging
versus coated paper bags. Accepted industry standard
materials. To reduce error from test product variability a single
packages, such as glass bottles and metal cans may also be
productionlotshouldbeused.Whereasinglelotisnotfeasible
used as controls.
5. Design of Study
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on Sensory
Evaluation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.05 on Sensory
5.1 Number of Treatments—The number of alternate pack-
Applications--General.
ages or systems that may be assessed is dependent upon panel
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2012. Published December 2012. Originally
capabilities. Preliminary testing should be used to determine
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E460 – 04. DOI:
10.1520/E0460-12.
theappropriatenumberofsamplesthatcanbepresentedduring
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
a single panel session without inducing assessor fatigue or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
adaptation and the number of panels that can be run within the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. project time frame.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E460 − 04 E460 − 12
Standard Practice for
Determining Effect of Packaging on Food and Beverage
1
Products During Storage
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E460; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice is designed to detect the changes in sensory attributes of foods and beverages stored in various packaging
materials or systems, or both. It is not a practice intended to determine shelf-life.
1.2 This practice may be used for testing a wide variety of materials in association with many kinds of products. There are many
ways in which a packaging material may influence a product during storage. First, the packaging material may contaminate the
product with off-flavors by direct transfer of packaging component compounds to the product. Second, the packaging material may
adsorb components from the product which may then be further transferred to the atmosphere, thus reducing aroma intensity in
the product. Third, external contaminants may permeate the package and possibly be transferred to the product. In addition to flavor
influences, packaging materials may allow color or textural changes, or both, and many other measurable sensory effects.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E253 Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Materials and Products
E1885 Test Method for Sensory Analysis—Triangle Test
E2139 Test Method for Same-Different Test
E2164 Test Method for Directional Difference Test
2.2 ASTM Manuals:
Manual 26 Sensory Testing Methods, 2nd Edition
3. Summary of Practice
3.1 A homogeneous lot of the product is packaged in the different ways to be considered in the test. Packaging operations must
be controlled to ensure that all units are treated alike except for the differences inherent in the different packaging materials. To
reduce error from test product variability a single production lot should be used. Where a single lot is not feasible a sufficient
number of replicates should be used, taking care not to introduce additional variables.
3.2 Design the study to specify all appropriate storage conditions, intervals between tests, and total length of study. A sufficient
number of units of each packaging treatment are stored under predetermined storage conditions to provide the necessary material
for panel testing.
3.3 Periodically, samples of all treatments are withdrawn and evaluated versus a designated control by a qualified panel. Results
are subjected to appropriate statistical analyses to determine whether there are significant differences among treatments.
3.4 Withdrawals are continued either through the originally planned length of storage, or until definitive results are obtained.
Differences which are identified may not necessarily be detrimental to the product.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice is designed to determine the effects of different packaging materials whether of construction or systems
(overpack, inert atmosphere, etc.), or both. Different packaging materials may require different packaging systems and thus
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on Sensory Evaluation of Materials and Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E18.05
on Sensory Applications—GeneralApplications--General.
Current edition approved May 1, 2004Oct. 15, 2012. Published May 2004December 2012. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20032004 as
ε1
E460 – 88 (2003)E460 – 04. . DOI: 10.1520/E0460-04.10.1520/E0460-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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E460 − 12
detectable differences may not be experimentally separable from these influences. The practice then, is limited to those situations
where comparative results are meaningful. This practice should be used where experimental materials or alternate storage
conditions are evaluated against a known control, for example, a soft drink in cans with experimental lin
...