ASTM D7099-04(2010)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Frozen Soil and Rock
Standard Terminology Relating to Frozen Soil and Rock
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This terminology can be used to find the definitions of all of those terms which are used in association with frozen materials, including rocks, soils, and water.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology includes all of those terms which relate to frozen soils and rocks.
1.2 It is based on: a list of definitions drawn up by ASTM Sub-Committee D18.19; ASTM standards; a list of definitions drawn up by the Canadian Geomorphology Research Group (CGRG); the Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice Terms developed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), at the University of Colorado, at Boulder; the Keys to Soil Taxonomy of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); and contributions by a number of individuals.
1.3 For all of the terms included, the source is included in parentheses after the definition.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D7099 − 04 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Frozen Soil and Rock
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7099; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope lated Ground-Ice Terms, National Snow and Ice Data
Center/World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder, Colo-
1.1 This terminology includes all of those terms which
rado
relate to frozen soils and rocks.
NationalSnowandIceDataCenter,2003,EnglishLanguage
1.2 It is based on: a list of definitions drawn up by ASTM
Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice Terms,
Sub-Committee D18.19;ASTM standards; a list of definitions
Boulder, Colorado, http://nsdic.org/fgdc/glossary/
drawn up by the Canadian Geomorphology Research Group
english.html
(CGRG); the Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice
Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States De-
Terms developed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center
partment of Agriculture,Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Ninth
(NSIDC), at the University of Colorado, at Boulder; the Keys
Edition, 2003, 331 pp., http://soils.usda.gov/technical/
to Soil Taxonomy of the United States Department ofAgricul-
classication/tax_keys
ture (USDA); and contributions by a number of individuals.
Permafrost Map of the USSR (1:2,500,000), 1996,Depart-
1.3 For all of the terms included, the source is included in mentofGeocryology,MoscowStateUniversity,16sheets
parentheses after the definition.
3. Significance and Use
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 This terminology can be used to find the definitions of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
all of those terms which are used in association with frozen
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
materials, including rocks, soils, and water.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Definitions:
4.1.1 Allofthedefinitionsareconsistentwiththoselistedin
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Terminology D653.
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
active layer—the top layer of ground that is subject to annual
Fluids
freezing and thawing. (In the zone of discontinuous
D4083Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-
permafrost, the active layer is often underlain by unfrozen
Manual Procedure)
ground.)
2.2 Other References:
Harris, S. A., French, H. M., Heginbottom, J. A., Johnston,
active layer failure—any of several possible forms of slope
G. H., Ladanyi, B., Sego, D. C., and van Everdingen, R.
failure in the active layer. NSIDC
O., 1988,Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice
active layer thickness—the thickness of the top layer of
Terms, Technical Memorandum,Associate Committee on
ground that is subject to annual freezing and thawing.
Geotechnical Research, Ottawa, Canada
NSIDC
Everdingen, Robert van, ed., 1998, revised January,
2002,Multi-Language Glossary of Permafrost and Re-
active rock glacier—a mass of rock fragments and finer
material, on a slope, that contains an ice core or interstitial
ice,andwhichshowsevidenceofrecentmovement. NSIDC
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils
adfreeze shear strength—the shear stress required to separate
and Rock.
two objects that are bonded together by ice.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2010. Published March 2010. Originally
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D7099–04. DOI:
adfreeze tensile strength—the tensile stress required to sepa-
10.1520/D7099-04R10.
2 rate two objects that are bonded together by ice. NSIDC
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
adfreezing—theprocessbywhichobjectsarebondedtogether
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. by the ice formed between them. NSIDC
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7099 − 04 (2010)
aggradation of permafrost—see permafrost aggradation. bottom temperature of snow cover—temperature measured
at the base of the snow cover during mid- to late-winter
aggradational ice—newly formed ice lenses, especially in the
(February/March). The measurements are used in the BTS
lower part of the active layer, which become incorporated
method to predict the presence or absence of permafrost.
intothepermafrostduetoaraisingofthepermafrosttableor
NSIDC
a lowering of the permafrost base.
BTS method—a method to predict the presence or absence of
air freezing index—see freezing index.
permafrost in a mountainous area, using measurements of
the bottom temperature of the snow in mid- to late-winter.
air thawing index—see thawing index.
NSIDC
albedo—the fraction of the total solar radiation incident on a
buried ice—ice formed on the ground surface and later
body that is reflected by it.
covered by sediments.
alpine permafrost—permafrost developed in temperate cli-
candled ice—ice that has rotted or otherwise formed, by
mate mountainous areas.
meltingduringthespring,intolongcolumnarcrystalswhich
altitudinal permafrost limit—the lowest altitude at which
are very loosely bonded together. A distinctive “chiming”
mountainpermafrostoccursinahighlandareaoutsideofthe
sound accompanies movement during “ice-out.”
general permafrost region. NSIDC
cave ice—ice formed in an open or closed cave. NSIDC
altitudinal permafrost zonation—the vertical subdivision of
clear ice—ice that is transparent and contains only a moderate
mountain permafrost into zones based on mean annual
number of air bubbles.
temperatures. NSIDC
closed-cavity ice—ice formed in a closed space, cavity, or
apparent heat capacity—the amount of heat required to raise
cave, in permafrost. NSIDC
the temperature of a unit mass of frozen ground by one
degree.ItisexpressedinJoulesperkgperdegreeK. NSIDC
closed-system freezing—freezingthatoccursunderconditions
thatprecludethegainorlossofwaterbythesystem. NSIDC
approximate freezing index—the cumulative number of
degree-days below 0°C for a given period, calculated from
closed-system pingo—a pingo formed by the doming of
the mean monthly temperatures for a given station without
frozen ground due to the freezing of injected water. The
making corrections for positive degree-days in the spring
water is provided by the expulsion of pore water during the
and fall. NSIDC
growth of permafrost. Closed-system pingos are found in
poorly-drained terrain in the continuous permafrost zone.
approximate thawing index—the cumulative number of
NSIDC
degree-days above 0°C for a given period, calculated from
the mean monthly temperatures for a given station without
closed talik—a body of unfrozen ground occupying a depres-
making corrections for negative degree-days in the spring
sion in the permafrost table below a lake or river. NSIDC
and fall.
cloudy ice—ice that is translucent or relatively opaque due to
artificial ground freezing—the process of freezing earth
the content of air or for other reasons, but which is
materials by artificial means.
essentially sound and nonpervious.
banded cryogenic fabric—a distinct soil morphology in
coefficient of compressibility—the change in volume per unit
whichsoilparticlesformsubhorizontallayersastheresultof
volume of a substance per unit increase in effective com-
freezing and thawing. NSIDC
pressive stress, under isothermal conditions. NSIDC
barrens—areas of discontinuous vegetation cover in the polar
collapse scar—thatpartofapeatlandwherethewhole,orpart,
semi-desert of the High Arctic. NSIDC
ofapeatplateauhasthawedandcollapsedtothelevelofthe
surroundingland.Collapsesscarsarenotdepressionsbutare
basal cryopeg—a layer of unfrozen ground, forming the basal
portion of permafrost, in which the temperature is perenni- marked by vegetation different from the peatland that was
not underlain by permafrost. NSIDC
ally below 0°C (32°F). NSIDC
basal cryostructure—the structural characteristics of a frozen composite wedge—a wedge, containing both soil and ice, that
deposit of boulders that is saturated with ice. NSIDC shows evidence of both primary and secondary filling.
NSIDC
basal-layered cryostructure—the structural characteristics of
a frozen layered deposit of gravel and boulders that is compressive strength—the load per unit area at which an
unconfined cylindrical specimen of soil or rock will fail in a
saturated with ice. NSIDC
simple compression test. Commonly the failure load is the
beaded stream—a characteristic pattern of small streams
maximum that the specimen can withstand in the test. D653
underlain by ice wedges. “Beads,” or pools, occur at
junctions of wedges. The pools are linked by narrow conglomeric cryogenic fabric—a distinct soil micromorphol-
channels. NSIDC ogy resulting from the effects of freezing and thawing, in
D7099 − 04 (2010)
which coarser soil particles form compound arrangements. cryolithology—the study of the genesis, structure, and lithol-
NSIDC ogy of frozen earth materials. NSIDC
construction methods in permafrost—special procedures of cryopedology—the study of soils at temperatures below 0°C.
design and construction that are required when engineering
cryopeg—alayerofunfrozengroundinwhichthetemperature
works are undertaken in areas of permafrost.
is perennially below 0°C. In general, the freezing of such
contemporary permafrost—(1) newly formed permafrost in
layers is prevented due to the depression of the freezing
an area where surface temperatures have fallen below 0°C point by solids dissolved in the pore water.
(32°F); (2)permafrostthatisinthermalequilibriumwiththe
cryoplanation—the process through which cryoplanation ter-
existing mean annual surface or sea-bottom temperature and
races form. NSIDC
the geothermal heat flux.
cryoplanation terraces—hillside benches or table-like sum-
continuous permafrost—permafrost occurring everywhere
mitsurfaceswhicharethoughttohaveresultedfromintense
beneath the exposed land surface throughout a geographic
frost wedging associated with snowbanks.These are usually
region, with the exception of widely scattered sites, such as
underlain by permafrost and are considered by some as
newly-deposited unconsolidated sediments, where the cli-
diagnostic landforms of permafrost terrain. NSIDC
mate has just begun to impose its influence on the ground
thermal regime and will cause the formation of continuous
cryosol—soilwithin1to2mofthesurfaceinwhichthemean
permafrost.
annual ground temperature is below 0°C. NSIDC
continuous permafrost zone—a major subdivision of a per-
cryosphere—that part of the Earth’s crust, hydrosphere, and
mafrost region, in which permafrost occurs everywhere
atmosphere subject, for at least a part of each year, to
beneath the land surface, with the possible exception of
temperatures below 0°C (32°F). NSIDC
widely scattered sites; both in North American (GPRGIT)
cryostructure—the structural characteristics of frozen earth
andinRussian(PermafrostMapoftheUSSR)usage:>80%
materials. NSIDC
of area underlain by permafrost.
cryosuction—a suction which develops in freezing or
convection tube—a closed single-phase heat transfer device
partially-frozen fine-grained materials due to temperature-
that removes heat from the ground whenever conditions are
dependent differences in unfrozen water content. NSIDC
appropriate to drive the internal convection cell.
cryotexture—the textural characteristics of frozen earth ma-
creep of frozen ground—the slow deformation that results
from long-term application of a stress too small to produce terials cemented together with ice. NSIDC
failure in the frozen material.
cryotic ground—soil or rock in which the temperatures are
creep strength—the failure strength of a material at a given 0°C, or below. NSIDC
rate of strain or after a given period under deviatoric stress.
cryoturbate—a body of earth material moved or disturbed by
NSIDC
the action of frost. NSIDC
crust-like cryostructure—thestructuralpropertiesofafrozen
cryoturbation—(1) a collective term to describe all soil
deposit of angular blocks that are coated with ice, while
movements due to frost action; (2) irregular structures
large spaces between the blocks are not filled with ice.
formed in earth materials by deep frost penetration and frost
NSIDC
action processes. NSIDC
cryofront—the boundary between frozen and unfrozen
debris flow—a sudden and destructive form of landslide, in
ground, as indicated by the position of the 0°C isotherm in
which loose materials on a slope, with at least half of the
the ground. NSIDC
particles being larger than sand, are mobilized by saturation
cryogenesis—the combination of thermophysical, physico- and flow downwards. NSIDC
chemical, and physico-mechanical processes that occur in
deformability—the ability of a material to change its shape or
freezing, frozen, and thawing earth materials. NSIDC
size under the influence of an external or internal agency.
cryogenic aquiclude—a frozen layer of ground with suffi- NSIDC
ciently low permeability as to act as a confining bed for an
degree-day—a unit of heat measurement equal to one degree
aquifer. NSIDC
of the variation of the mean temperature for a day from a
cryogenic fabric—the distinct soil micromorphology which given reference (or, base) temperature.
results from the effects of freezing and thawing processes.
degree of saturation—(1) the total degree of saturation of
NSIDC
frozen soil is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the
cryogenic temperature—the term can apply to temperatures volume of ice and unfrozen water in the soil pores to the
below−50°Cbutisusuallyusedforthosetemperaturesclose volume of the pores; (2) the degree of saturation of frozen
to absolute zero (−273°C). NSIDC soil by ice, expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of the
D7099 − 04 (2010)
volume of ice in the soil pores to the volume of the pores. dry density—the mass of a unit volume of dried material.
NSIDC NSIDC
density of frozen ground—the ratio of mass per unit of
dry frozen ground—frozengroundwithaverylowtotalwater
volume of frozen earth materials.
content, consisting almost completely of interfacial water,
and not cemented by ice. NSIDC
depth of seasonal frost penetration—themaximumthickness
of the seasonally frozen layer.
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