ASTM D1987-07(2012)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters
Standard Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is performance oriented for determining if, and to what degree, different liquids create biological activity on geotextile filters thereby reducing their flow capability. The use of the method is primarily oriented toward landfill leachates but can be performed with any liquid coming from a particular site or synthesized from a predetermined mixture of biological microorganisms.
5.2 The test can be used to compare the flow capability of different types of geotextiles or soil/geotextile combinations.
5.3 This test will usually take considerable time, for example, up to 1000 h, for the biological activity to initiate, grow, and reach an equilibrium condition. The curves resulting from the test are intended to indicate the in situ behavior of a geotextile or soil/geotextile filter.
5.4 The test specimen can be incubated under non-saturated drained conditions between readings, or kept saturated at all times. The first case allows for air penetration into the flow column and thus aerobic conditions. The second case can result in the absence of air, thus it may simulate anaerobic conditions.
5.5 The flow rate can be determined using either a constant head test procedure or on the basis of a falling head test procedure. In either case the flow column containing the geotextile or soil/geotextile is the same, only the head control devices change.Note 1—It has been found that once biological clogging initiates, constant head tests often pass inadequate quantities of liquid to accurately measure. It thus becomes necessary to use falling head tests which can be measured on the basis of time of movement of a relatively small quantity of liquid between two designated points on a clear plastic standpipe.
5.6 If the establishment of an unacceptably high degree of clogging is seen in the flow rate curves, the device allows for backflushing with water or with water containing a biocide.
5.7 The resulting flow rate curves are intended for use i...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the potential for, and relative degree of, biological growth which can accumulate on geotextile or geotextile/soil filters.
1.2 This test method uses the measurement of flow rates over an extended period of time to determine the amount of clogging.
1.3 This test method can be adapted for nonsaturated as well as saturated conditions.
1.4 This test method can use constant head or falling head measurement techniques.
1.5 This test method can also be used to give an indication as to the possibility of backflushing and/or biocide treatment for remediation purposes if biological clogging does occur.
1.6 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in inch-pound units are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D1987 − 07(Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
Biological Clogging of Geotextile or Soil/Geotextile Filters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5101Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compat-
ibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
1.1 This test method is used to determine the potential for,
G22Practice for Determining Resistance of Plastics to
andrelativedegreeof,biologicalgrowthwhichcanaccumulate
Bacteria (Withdrawn 2002)
on geotextile or geotextile/soil filters.
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2 This test method uses the measurement of flow rates
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
over an extended period of time to determine the amount of
clogging. 3. Terminology
1.3 Thistestmethodcanbeadaptedfornonsaturatedaswell
3.1 Definitions:
as saturated conditions. 3.1.1 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
solely of textiles.
1.4 This test method can use constant head or falling head
3.1.2 permeability, n—the rate of flow of a liquid under a
measurement techniques.
differential pressure through a material.
1.5 This test method can also be used to give an indication
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In geotextiles, permeability refers to
as to the possibility of backflushing and/or biocide treatment
hydraulic conductivity.
for remediation purposes if biological clogging does occur.
−1
3.1.3 permittivity,(Ψ)(t ),n—ofgeotextiles,thevolumetric
1.6 ThevaluesinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.
flow rate of water per unit, in a cross sectional area head under
The values provided in inch-pound units are for information
laminar flow conditions.
only.
3.1.4 aerobic,n—aconditioninwhichameasurablevolume
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of air is present in the incubation chamber or system.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Ingeotextiles,thisconditioncanpoten-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tially contribute to the growth of micro-organisms.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.5 anaerobic, n—a condition in which no measurable
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
volume of air is present in the incubation chamber or system.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—In geotextiles, this condition cannot
2. Referenced Documents
2 contribute to the growth of microorganisms.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.6 back flushing, n—a process by which liquid is forced
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
in the reverse direction to the flow direction.
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
3.1.6.1 Discussion—In other drainage application areas,
D4354Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
this process is commonly used to free clogged drainage
Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
systemsofmaterialsthatimpedetheintendeddirectionofflow.
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4491Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles
3.1.7 biocide, n—a chemical used to kill bacteria and other
by Permittivity
microorganisms.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,
refer to Terminology D123 and D4439.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-
4. Summary of Test Method
ance Properties.
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2012.PublishedJuly2012.Originallyapproved
4.1 A geotextile filter specimen or geotextile/soil filter
in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1987–07. DOI: 10.1520/
composite specimen is positioned in a flow column so that a
D1987-07R12.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1987 − 07 (2012)
designated liquid flows through it under either constant or the geotextile specimen along with upper and lower flow tubes
falling head conditions. to allow for uniform flow trajectories (see Fig. 1). The flow
4.1.1 The designated liquid might contain micro-organisms tubes are each sealed with end caps which have entry and exit
from which biological growth can occur. tubing connections (see Fig. 1). The upper tube can be made
sufficientlylongsoastoprovideforasoilcolumntobeplaced
4.2 Flow rate is measured over time, converted to either
above the geotextile. When this type of combined soil/
permittivity or permeability, and reported according.
geotextile cross section is used, however, it is difficult to
4.2.1 Betweenreadings,thetestspecimencanbeallowedto
distinguish which material is clogging, for example, the soil or
be in either nonsaturated or saturated conditions.
the geotextile. It does however simulate many existing filtra-
4.2.2 Back flushing can be introduced from the direction
tion systems. In such cases, a separate test setup with the
opposite to the intended flow direction and evaluated accord-
geotextile by itself will be required as a control test and the
ingly.
difference in behavior between the two tests will give an
4.2.3 Biocide can be introduced with the back flushing
indication as to the contribution of soil clogging to the flow
liquid, or introduced within the test specimen, and evaluated
reduction.
accordingly.
NOTE 2—If piezoemetric heads in the material (soil or solid waste)
located above the filter are desired, the upper flow column of the
5. Significance and Use
permeameter can be modified to accommodate such measurements.
5.1 This test method is performance oriented for determin-
Recommended are ports immediately above the filter (as close to it as
1 1 3
possible), and at ⁄4, ⁄2, ⁄4 and above the soil or solid waste in question.
ing if, and to what degree, different liquids create biological
Duplicate ports on each side of the permeameter at the above elevations
activity on geotextile filters thereby reducing their flow capa-
are considered good practice in measurements of this type. Other
bility. The use of the method is primarily oriented toward
configurations are at the option of the parties involved.
landfill leachates but can be performed with any liquid coming
The ports are connected by flexible tubing to a manometer board for
from a particular site or synthesized from a predetermined readingsinamannerthatistypicalformeasurementsofthistype.SeeTest
Method D5101, the Gradient Ratio test, for additional details.
mixture of biological microorganisms.
6.2 Hydraulic head control devices, are required at both the
5.2 The test can be used to compare the flow capability of
inlet and outlet ends of the flow column. Fig. 2 shows the
different types of geotextiles or soil/geotextile combinations.
complete setup based on constant hydraulic head monitoring
5.3 This test will usually take considerable time, for
where concentric plastic cylinders are used with the inner
example, up to 1000 h, for the biological activity to initiate,
cylinders being at the elevation from which head is measured.
grow,andreachanequilibriumcondition.Thecurvesresulting
The elevation difference between the inner cylinder at the inlet
from the test are intended to indicate the in situ behavior of a
end and the inner cylinder at the outlet end is the total head
geotextile or soil/geotextile filter.
across the geotextile test specimen (or soil/geotextile test
5.4 The test specimen can be incubated under non-saturated
specimeninthecaseofacombinedtestcolumn).Notethatthe
drained conditions between readings, or kept saturated at all
elevation of the outlet must be above the elevation of the
times. The first case allows for air penetration into the flow geotextile.
columnandthusaerobicconditions.Thesecondcasecanresult
intheabsenceofair,thusitmaysimulateanaerobicconditions.
5.5 The flow rate can be determined using either a constant
head test procedure or on the basis of a falling head test
procedure. In either case the flow column containing the
geotextile or soil/geotextile is the same, only the head control
devices change.
NOTE 1—It has been found that once biological clogging initiates,
constant head tests often pass inadequate quantities of liquid to accurately
measure. It thus becomes necessary to use falling head tests which can be
measured on the basis of time of movement of a relatively small quantity
of liquid between two designated points on a clear plastic standpipe.
5.6 If the establishment of an unacceptably high degree of
clogging is seen in the flow rate curves, the device allows for
backflushing with water or with water containing a biocide.
5.7 Theresultingflowratecurvesareintendedforuseinthe
design of full scale geotextile or soil/geotextile filtration
systems and possible remediation schemes in the case of
landfill lechate collection and removal systems.
6. Apparatus
6.1 The flow column and specimen mount, consists of a 100
mm(4.0in.)insidediametercontainmentringforplacementof FIG. 1 Flow Column to Contain Geotextile Test Specimen
D1987 − 07 (2012)
NOTE 3—Asynthesized liquid which has been used in determining the
resistanceofplasticstobacteriaisPseudomonasaeruginosaATCC13388
or MYCO B1468. Specific details must be agreed upon by the parties
involved. See also Practice G22.
7. Sampling
7.1 Lot Sample—Divide the product into lots and take the
lot sample as directed in Practice D4354.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For the laboratory sample, take a
swatch extending the full width of the geotextile of sufficient
length along the selvage from each sample roll so that the
requirements of the following section can be met. Take a
samplethatwillexcludematerialfromtheouterwrapandinner
wrap around the core unless the sample is taken at the
production site, then inner and outer wrap material may be
used.
7.3 Test Specimens—From the laboratory sample select the
number of specimens as per the number of flow columns to be
FIG. 2 Flow Column with Inlet and Outlet Hydraulic Head Control
evaluated. Space the specimens along a diagonal on the unit of
Devices for Constant Head Test
thelaboratorysample.Takenospecimensnearertheselvageor
edge of the laboratory sample than 10% of the width of the
6.3 A hydraulic head standpipe , above the flow column is
laboratorysample.Theminimumspecimendiametershouldbe
required for falling hydraulic head monitoring. Fig. 3 shows
100 mm (4.0 in.) so that full fixity can be achieved around the
thistypeoftestconfigurationinwhichaclearplasticstandpipe
inside of the flow column.
is placed above the flow column. Liquid movement is moni-
toredforthetimeofflightbetweentwomarksonthestandpipe.
8. Conditioning
Note that the elevation of the outlet must be above the
8.1 Thereisnoconditioningofthegeotextiletestspecimen,
elevation of the geotextile.
per se, since this test method is a hydraulic one and the
6.4 The overall test system, dimensions are sufficiently
conditionsofthepermeatingfluidwillbethecontrollingfactor.
small so that either of the above mentioned units can be used
See also Practice D1776.
at a field site if desirable.They can either be kept stationary in
8.2 The relative humidity should be 100% except during
the laboratory or in the field, or they can be transported from
times of air drying between nonsaturated test readings. For
the laboratory to the field site when required.
saturated conditions the relative humidity should always be
6.5 The permeating liquid, is generally site specific and
100%.
often comprises landfill leachate. Other liquids for which
8.3 The temperature of the test over its entire duration is
biological clogging is of concern can also be evaluated. The
important. It is desirable to track temperature continuously. If
liquid can be synthesized on an as-required basis.
notpossible,frequentreadingsatregularintervalsarerequired.
9. Procedure
9.1 Procedure A—Constant Head Test:
9.1.1 Select and properly prepare the geotextile test speci-
men. Trim the specimen to the exact and full diameter of the
inside of the flow column.
9.1.2 Fix the geotextile test specimen to the inside of the
containment ring. If a water insoluble glue is used be sure that
any excess does not extend into the flow area of the geotextile.
9.1.3 Caulk the upper surface of the geotextile to the inside
of the containment ring using a silicon based caulk and allow
it to completely cure.The caulk must be carefully placed so as
not to restrict flow through the geotextile.
9.1.4 Insert the upper and lower tubes into the containment
ring and create a seal. If polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing and
fittings are being used, first a cleaner and then a solvent wipe
is used to make the bond.
Available from American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive,
FIG. 3 Flow Column with Standpipe for Variable (Falling) Head Rockville, MD 20852.
Test Available from Mycological Services, P.O. Box 126, Amherst, MA 01002.
D1987 − 07 (2012)
9.1.5 If a screen or gravel of approximately 50 mm (2 in.) 9.2.5 If a screen or a gravel of approximately 50 cm (2 in.)
size is necessary to support the geotextile it must be placed size is necessary to support the geotextile it must be placed
with the device in an inverted position. with the device in an inverted position.
9.2.6 Placethelowerendcaponthedeviceandmakeitseal.
9.1.6 Place the lower end cap on the device and make its
9.2.7 If soil is to be placed over the geotextile, place it at
seal.
this time. The soil should be placed at its targeted moisture
9.1.7 If soil is to be placed over the geotextile, place it at
content and density taking care not to dislodge or damage the
this time. Place the soil at its targeted moisture content and
geotextile beneath.
density taking care not to dislodge or damage the geotextile
9.2.8 Placetheupperendcaponthedeviceandmakeaseal.
beneath.
9.2.9 Attach a clear, rigid plastic standpipe to the upper end
9.1.8 Place the upper end cap on the device and make a
cap. The standpipe should have clearly visible markings at
permanent seal.
regular intervals to monitor the movement of liquid. At this
9.1.9 Connectflexibleplastictubingfromtheflowcolumn’s
point the system should appear as shown in the photograph of
top and bottom to the head control devices. At this point the
Fig. 3.
sys
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