ASTM C914-95(1999)

Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories by Wax Immersion

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the basic procedure for determining bulk density and volume of refractory shapes. This test is applicable to all refractory shapes or monoliths, burned or unburned, independent of composition or forming method, including materials that slake and hydrate. It is particularly suitable for determining bulk density and volume of complex shapes after forming, since results may be obtained in a matter of minutes.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For a specific hazard statement, see Note 2.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-1998
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: C08 - Refractories
• Drafting Committee: C08.03 - Physical Properties

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM C914-95(2004) - Standard Test Method for Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories by Wax Immersion
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C134-95(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-1999
• Referred By: ASTM C863-00(2022) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Oxidation Resistance of Silicon Carbide Refractories at Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-1999

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 914 – 95 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Test Method for
Bulk Density and Volume of Solid Refractories by Wax
Immersion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope should be heated to only slightly above the melting point to
avoid flashing of the wax vapors and to permit quickly forming
1.1 This test method covers the basic procedure for deter-
a uniform surface coating of wax.
mining bulk density and volume of refractory shapes. This test
is applicable to all refractory shapes or monoliths, burned or
NOTE 2—Caution: Vapors given off by molten wax ignite spontane-
unburned, independent of composition or forming method, ously at above 400°F (205°C) and should not be allowed to come in
contact with the heating element or open flame.
including materials that slake and hydrate. It is particularly
suitable for determining bulk density and volume of complex
3.3 Balance, capable of determining the weights of the
shapes after forming, since results may be obtained in a matter
specimens to four significant figures. Thus, specimens weigh-
of minutes.
ing from 100 to 999 g should be weighed to one decimal place,
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
those from 10 to 99 g should be weighed to two decimal places,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
and so forth.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Sampling
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
4.1 At least five representative specimens should be chosen
hazard statement, see Note 2.
of the refractory to be characterized. These may be whole
shapes or broken pieces, depending on the purpose of the test.
2. Significance and Use
5. Procedure
2.1 This test method may be used to quickly determine
volume and bulk density of a refractory of any shape, provided
5.1 Preparation of Specimens—The test specimens shall be
it has sufficient structural integrity to permit handling. Thus it
dried to a constant weight by heating to 220 to 230°F (105 to
may be used on unfired or fired, strong or friable shapes.
110°C) to remove entrapped moisture, which would affect the
2.2 Since the test may be performed quickly, it has found
bulk density determination. This drying process may be omit-
application as manufacturing in-process control as well as in
ted when specimens are known to be dry or when it is desired
characterizing finished refractory products. Also it may be used
to make density determinations on moisture-containing speci-
to examine specimens after other test or service exposure.
mens, such as brick shapes, immediately after forming.
5.2 Initial Weight,W—Determine the initial weight, W,of
3. Apparatus
each test specimen in grams to four significant figures.
3.1 Paraffın Wax, fully refined, that has a known constant
5.3 Coating the Test Specimen:
density, K, that does not change after repeated melting and
5.3.1 Coat the specimen with wax by dipping the specimen
cooling cycles.
into the container of melted wax. The coating is easily applied
by holding one end of the specimen and immersing one half to
NOTE 1—The paraffin waxes generally used are commercially available
two thirds of it. Then, hold the waxed end, and immerse the
and have density values in the range 0.87 to 0.91 g/cm . Also, these waxes
melt at approximately 135°F (57°C).
unwaxed portion plus a small overlap into the wax to provide
a complete coating.
3.2 Wax-Melting Container, used to melt the wax but should
5.3.2 Take care not to entrap air bubbles under the wax. If
not allow the wax to overheat. A container heated by hot water,
found, press these bubbles out so the wax conforms exactly to
preferably thermostatically controlled, is satisfactory. The wax
the surface of the specimen. Close holes in the wax coating by
additional dipping in wax so the surface can be completely
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-8 on
sealed.
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
5.4 Wax-Coated Weight,P—Determine the weight of the
Tests and Properties.
wax-coated specimen, P, in grams to four significant figures.
Current edition approved May 15, 1995. Published July 1995. Originally
5.5 Suspended Weight, S:
published as C 914 – 79. Last previous edition C 914 – 94.
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C 914 – 95 (1999)
TABLE 1 Volume Measurement
Precision
Standard Deviation
Material Average Within Laboratories, Sr Between Laboratories, SL Repeatability Interval, Ir Reproducibility Interval, IR
A 397.17 0.695 0.377 1.965 1.066
B 408.51 0.592 0.245 1.674 0.693
C 408.82 0.859 0.307 2.429 0.868
D 410.56 0.801 0.370 2.265 1.046
E 411.80 0.885 0.494 2.503 1.397
Grand Average 407.37 0.766 0.359 2.167 2.933
Relative Precision
Coefficient of Variance
Material Average Within Laboratories, Between Laboratories, Relative Repeatability Relative Reproducibility
%Vr %VL Interval, % Ir Interval, % IR
A 397.17 0.175 0.095 0.495 0.269
B 408.51 0.145 0.060 0.410 0.170
C 408.82 0.210 0.075 0.594 0.212
D 410.56 0.195 0.090 0.552 0.255
E 411.80 0.215 0.120 0.608 0.339
Grand Average 407.37 0.188 0.088 0.532 0.249
5.5.1 Determine the weight of the wax-coated specimen 7. Report
suspended in water, S, in grams to four significant figures.
7.1 For each propert
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