ASTM D1094-07
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
Standard Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
When applied to aviation gasoline, water reaction volume change using the technique reveals the presence of water–soluble components such as alcohols. When applied to aviation turbine fuels, water reaction interface rating using the technique is not reliable in revealing the presence of surfactants which disarm filter-separators quickly and allow free water and particulates to pass; but can reveal the presence of other types of contaminants. Other tests, such as Test Method D 3948, are capable of detecting surfactants in aviation fuels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the presence of water-miscible components in aviation gasoline and turbine fuels, and the effect of these components on volume change and on the fuel-water interface.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard involves the use of hazardous chemicals identified in Section 7. Before using this standard, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.
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Designation: D1094 − 07 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Test Method for
1
Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1094; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope* 2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP Standard Test Methods Vol 2, Appendix B, Specification
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pres-
for Petroleum Spirits
ence of water-miscible components in aviation gasoline and
turbine fuels, and the effect of these components on volume
3. Terminology
change and on the fuel-water interface.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.1 film, n—thin, translucent layer that does not adhere to
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
the wall of the glass cylinder.
standard.
3.1.2 lace, n—fibers thicker than hairlike shred or of which
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
more than 10 % are interlocking, or both.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 loose lace or slight scum, or both (Table 2, Rating 3),
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
n—an assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
covered with more than 10 % but less than 50 % of lace or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard
scum that does not extend into either of the two layers.
involvestheuseofhazardouschemicalsidentifiedinSection7.
3.1.4 scum, n—layer thicker than film or that adheres to the
Before using this standard, refer to suppliers’ safety labels,
wall of the glass cylinder, or both.
Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.
3.1.5 shred, n—hairlike fibers of which less than 10 % are
2. Referenced Documents interlocking.
2
3.1.6 shred, lace or film at interface (Table 2, Rating 2),
2.1 ASTM Standards:
n—an assessment that fuel/buffer solution interface contains
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
more than 50 % clear bubbles or some but less than 10 %
ration
shred, lace, film or both.
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline
Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
3.1.7 tight lace or heavy scum, or both (Table 2, Rating 4),
D1836 Specification for Commercial Hexanes
n—an assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface is
D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark- covered with more than 50 % of lace or scum, or both, that
Ignition Engine Fuel
extends into either of the two layers or forms an emulsion, or
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark- both.
Ignition Engine Fuel
3.1.8 water reaction interface conditions rating, n—a quali-
D3948 TestMethodforDeterminingWaterSeparationChar-
tative assessment of the tendency of a mixture of water and
acteristicsofAviationTurbineFuelsbyPortableSeparom-
aviation turbine fuel to form interface films or precipitates.
eter
3.1.9 water reaction separation rating, n—a qualitative
assessment of the tendency of insufficiently cleaned glassware
to produce emulsions or precipitates, or both, in separated fuel
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
and water layers.
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3.1.10 water reaction volume change, n—a qualitative indi-
D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
cation of the presence in aviation gasoline of water-soluble
approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1094–00(2005).
components.
DOI: 10.1520/D1094-07.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D1094 − 07
4. Summary of Test Method (KH PO ) in 100 mL of water. Larger volumes of the phos-
2 4
phate buffer solution may be prepared provided the concentra-
4.1 A sample of the fuel is shaken, using a standardized
tion of K HPO
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D1094–00 (Reapproved 2005) Designation:D1094–07
Standard Test Method for
1
Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1094; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the presence of water-miscible components in aviation gasoline and turbine
fuels, and the effect of these components on volume change and on the fuel-water interface.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. This standard involves the use of hazardous chemicals identified in Section 7. Before using this standard,
refer to suppliers’ safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D 611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
D 1836 Specification for Commercial Hexanes
D 2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D 2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D 3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer
2.2 IP Standard: Energy Institute Standard:
3
IP Standard Test Methods Vol 2, Appendix B, Specification for Petroleum Spirits
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 film, n—thin, translucent layer that does not adhere to the wall of the glass cylinder.
3.1.2 lace, n—fibers thicker than hairlike shred or of which more than 10 % are interlocking, or both.
3.1.3 loose lace or slight scum, or both (Table 2, Rating 3), n—an assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface is covered
with more than 10 % but less than 50 % of lace or scum that does not extend into either of the two layers.
3.1.4 scum, n—layer thicker than film or that adheres to the wall of the glass cylinder, or both.
3.1.5 shred, n—hairlike fibers of which less than 10 % are interlocking.
3.1.6 shred, lace or film at interface (Table 2, Rating 2), n—an assessment that fuel/buffer solution interface contains more than
50 % clear bubbles or some but less than 10 % shred, lace, film or both.
3.1.7 tight lace or heavy scum, or both (Table 2, Rating 4), n—an assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface is covered
with more than 50 % of lace or scum, or both, that extends into either of the two layers or forms an emulsion, or both.
3.1.8 water reaction interface conditions rating, n—a qualitative assessment of the tendency of a mixture of water and aviation
turbine fuel to form interface films or precipitates.
3.1.9 water reaction separation rating, n— a qualitative assessment of the tendency of insufficiently cleaned glassware to
produce emulsions or precipitates, or both, in separated fuel and water layers.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.J0.05
on Aviation Fuels.Fuel Cleanliness.
Current edition approved Nov.Dec. 1, 2005.2007. Published November 2005.January 2008. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 20002005 as
D1094–00.D 1094–00(2005).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from the Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1M 8AR.
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
...
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