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ASTM C224-78(1999)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Sampling Glass Containers

Standard Practice for Sampling Glass Containers

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of glass containers (for example, bottles, jars, etc.) for performing such tests as mechanical strength, dimensions, and other measurable characteristics, and for visual examination.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-1999
ICS
81.040.30 - Glass products
Technical Committee
C14 - Glass and Glass Products
Drafting Committee
C14.07 - Glass Containers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C224-78(2004)e1 - Standard Practice for Sampling Glass Containers
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM C777-04(2019) - Standard Test Method for Sulfide Resistance of Ceramic Decorations on Glass
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM C149-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Shock Resistance of Glass Containers
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM C735-04(2019) - Standard Test Method for Acid Resistance of Ceramic Decorations on Returnable Beer and Beverage Glass Containers
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM C148-17(2022) - Standard Test Methods for Polariscopic Examination of Glass Containers
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM C147-86(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Internal Pressure Strength of Glass Containers
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999
Referred By
ASTM F2179-20 - Standard Specification for Annealed Soda-Lime-Silicate Glass Containers That Are Produced for Use as Candle Containers
Effective Date
10-Apr-1999

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ASTM C224-78(1999) - Standard Practice for Sampling Glass Containers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 224 – 78 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Glass Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 224; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope istic is the mold or mold cavity (as distinguished from the
furnace, feeder, or lehr), namely, capacity, dimensions.
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of glass containers
(for example, bottles, jars, etc.) for performing such tests as
4. Number of Specimens
mechanical strength, dimensions, and other measurable char-
4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the minimum number of
acteristics, and for visual examination.
specimens for the various classifications of Section 3 is given
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in Table 1.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Procedure
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 Continuous Process—Sampling from a continuous
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
manufacturing process shall be in accordance with a time
schedule. For those characteristics affected by the degree of
2. Referenced Documents
annealing, take the samples from the exit of the lehr (or from
2.1 ASTM Standards:
packed cases whose continuity in point of time is known). For
C 147 Test Methods for Internal Pressure Strength of Glass
those characteristics not affected by the degree of annealing,
Containers
quickly cooled samples may be taken ahead of the lehr.
C 149 Test Method for Thermal Shock Resistance of Glass
5.2 Lot—Select the sample from a lot by a procedure
Containers
consistent with the purpose of the sample. For some purposes,
2.2 Military Standard:
the sample may come from the lot as a whole; for other
MIL-STD 105 D Sampling Procedures and Tables for In-
3 purposes, it may be necessary to sort the lot before sampling.
spection by Attributes
Such sorting may be for the purpose of segregating lots based
3. Classification on style, color, size, manufacturer, or mold designation, as
examples. Take the specimens composing the sample accord-
3.1 For sampling purposes the pertinent characteristics of
ing to the principles of random sampling; for instance, do not
glass containers are classified as follows:
take all the specimens from the same side or location of the lot.
3.1.1 Grade of annealing (relative annealing stress).
If the containers are packed in cases, remove the cases from the
3.1.2 Hydrostatic pressure.
lot at random. Take specimens for evaluation, in turn, at
3.1.3 Thermal shock strength.
random from these cases. The minimum number of cases to be
3.1.4 Visible characteristics readily graded or judged by
selected shall be determined in accordance with MIL-STD
visual examination, namely, deformities.
105 D (see 5.2.1) or that number required to provide the
3.1.5 Mold characteristics of a structural character (as
number of individual containers to be evaluated (see 5.2.2),
distinguished from appearance) where the component part or
whichever quantity represents the larger number of cases. If
unit of the manufacturing process that controls the character-
more than one independent evaluation can be performed on the
same container, no additional sample is required for the
multiple evaluation.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-14 on Glass and
5.2.1 Minimum Number of Cases Determined in Accor-
Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.07 on Glass
dance with MIL-STD—Determine the number of cases in the
Containers.
Current edition approved Jan. 27, 1978. Published March 1978. Originally
lot and use this number as “lot size” for Table 1 of MIL-STD
e1
published as C 224 – 53. Last previous edition C 224 – 78 (1994) .
105 D. Find the corresponding sample size code letter (nor-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
mally Column II) of Table 1. Using the first and second
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS. columns of Table II-A, find the sample size corresponding to
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 224
TABLE 1 Minimum Number of Specimens for Sample
Classification (Test or Examination to be Made Continuous Production (Lehr) Lot, Minimum Number
on Specimen) of Containers
Minimum Number Time Schedule
A
Annealing 3 3 h or less 20
B C
Internal pressure 1 round 3 h or less 50
B D C
Thermal shock 1 round variable 50
E EF
Visible characteristics not applicable not applicable
G H
Dimensional characteristics 1 round variable 50
A
The three containers shall represent both sides and center of lehr.
B
A “round” is one container from each mold or mold cavity of the forming machine. Test to be made on pieces that have passed visual inspection.
C
For a pass test (attribute testing), 50 containers, randomly selected, but representative
...

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ASTM C1648-12(2023)(Guide)
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4.1 Measurement—The refractive index at any wavelength of a piece of homogeneous glass is a function, primarily, of its composition, and secondarily, of its state of annealing. The index of a glass can be altered over a range of up to 1×10-4 (that is, 1 in the fourth decimal place) by the changing of an annealing schedule. This is a critical consideration for optical glasses, that is, glasses intended for use in high performance optical instruments where the required value of an index can be as exact as 1×10-6. Compensation for minor variations of composition are made by controlled rates of annealing for such optical glasses; therefore, the ability to measure index to six decimal places can be a necessity; however, for most commercial and experimental glasses, standard annealing schedules appropriate to each are used to limit internal stress and less rigorous methods of test for refractive index are usually adequate. The refractive indices of glass ophthalmic lens pressings are held to 5×10-4 because the tools used for generating the figures of ophthalmic lenses are made to produce curvatures that are related to specific indices of refraction of the lens materials.  
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1.1 This guide identifies and describes seven test methods for measuring the index of refraction of glass, with comments relevant to their uses such that an appropriate choice of method can be made. Four additional methods are mentioned by name, and brief descriptive information is given in Annex A1. The choice of a test method will depend upon the accuracy required, the nature of the test specimen that can be provided, the instrumentation available, and (perhaps) the time required for, or the cost of, the analysis. Refractive index is a function of the wavelength of light; therefore, its measurement is made with narrow-bandwidth light. Dispersion is the physical phenomenon of the variation of refractive index with wavelength. The nature of the test-specimen refers to its size, form, and quality of finish, as described in each of the methods herein. The test methods described are mostly for the visible range of wavelengths (approximately 400 μm to 780 μm); however, some methods can be extended to the ultraviolet and near infrared, using radiation detectors other than the human eye.  
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ASTM C148-17(2022)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These two test methods are provided for evaluating the quality of annealing. These test methods can be used in the quality control of glass containers or other products made of similar glass compositions, where the degree of annealing must be verified to ensure quality products. These test methods apply to glass containers manufactured from commercial soda-lime-silica glass compositions.
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Sections  
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Using a Polariscope  
6 – 9  
Test Method B—Determination with Polarimeter  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.1 This test system has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems in the measurement of glass and glass-ceramics:  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elastic properties of glass and glass-ceramic materials. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonance frequencies which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, density, and mechanical resonance frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material can be measured. Young's modulus is determined using the resonance frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonance vibrations. Young's modulus and shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio, the factor of lateral contraction.  
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Note 1: Elastic here means that an application of stress within the elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause an instantaneous and uniform deformation, which will cease upon removal of the stress, with the body returning instantly to its original size and shape without an energy loss. Glass and glass-ceramic materials conform to this definition well enough that this test is meaningful.
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1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is determined for a piece with a particular geometry and density. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each piece need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonance frequency that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are within specified tolerances.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Thermal Shock Resistance of Glass Containers

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the relative thermal shock resistance of commercial bottles and jars and is intended to apply to all types of glass containers that are required to withstand sudden changes in temperature in service. The test apparatus consists essentially of a basket for holding the glassware upright, a hot water tank, a cold water tank, and a timed means for immersing and transferring the basket from the hot to the cold bath. Indicating controllers or dial thermometers should be used to maintain the temperatures of the baths. Test procedures included in this specification include pass tests, progressive tests to a predetermined percent of breakage, total progressive tests, and high-level tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative resistance of commercial glass containers (bottles and jars) to thermal shock and is intended to apply to all types of glass containers that are required to withstand sudden temperature changes (thermal shock) in service such as in washing, pasteurization, or hot pack processes, or in being transferred from a warm to a colder medium or vice versa.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C693-93(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density of Glass by Buoyancy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Density as a fundamental property of glass has basic significance. It is useful in the physical description of the glass and as essential data for research, development, engineering, and production.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of glasses at or near 25 °C, by buoyancy.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1048-18(Specification)
Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass

ABSTRACT
This specification covers heat-treated flat glass - kind HS, kind FT coated and uncoated glass used in general building construction. Glass furnished under this specification shall be of the following conditions: condition A - uncoated surfaces, condition B - spandrel glass, one surface ceramic coated, and condition C - other coated glass. Flat glass furnished under this specification shall be of the following kinds: kind HS - heat-strengthened glass shall be flat glass, either transparent or patterned, in accordance with the applicable requirements, and kind FT - fully tempered glass shall be flat glass, either transparent or patterned in accordance with the applicable requirements. All fabrication, such as cutting to overall dimensions, edgework, drilled holes, notching, grinding, sandblasting, and etching, shall be performed before strengthening or tempering and shall be as specified. Requirements for fittings and hardware shall be as specified. In heat-strengthened and fully tempered glass, a strain pattern, which is not normally visible, may become visible under certain light conditions. The support system and the amount of glass deflection for a given set of wind-load conditions must be considered for design purposes. Heat-treated flat glass cannot be cut after tempering. Heat-treated glass can be furnished with holes, notches, cutouts, and bevels. The expansion fit and porosity of the ceramic coating shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. Specimens for evaluation of resistance to alkali and acid shall be prepared and tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for monolithic flat heat-strengthened and fully tempered coated and uncoated glass produced on a horizontal tempering system used in general building construction and other applications.  
1.2 This specification does not address bent glass, or heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass manufactured on a vertical tempering system.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1300-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This practice is used to determine the LR of specified glass types and constructions exposed to uniform lateral loads.  
6.2 Use of this practice assumes:  
6.2.1 The glass is free of edge damage and is properly glazed.  
6.2.2 The glass has not been subjected to abuse.  
6.2.3 The surface condition of the glass is typical of glass that has been in service for several years, and is weaker than freshly manufactured glass due to minor abrasions on exposed surfaces.  
6.2.4 The glass edge support system is sufficiently stiff to limit the lateral deflections of the supported glass edges to no more than 1/175 of their lengths. The specified design load shall be used for this calculation.  
6.2.5 The deflection of glass or support system, or both, shall not result in loss of glass edge support. The glass bite reduction or pullout shall be considered using the method referenced in (1).3
Note 2: Glass deflections are to be reviewed. This practice does not address aesthetic issues caused by glass deflection.
Note 3: This practice does not consider the effects of deflection on insulating glass unit seal performance.
Note 4: The designer/engineer must determine what constitutes sufficient glass edge support based on Annex A1, Non-Factored Load Charts.  
6.3 Many other factors shall be considered in glass type and thickness selection. These factors include but are not limited to: thermal stresses, spontaneous breakage of tempered glass, the effects of windborne debris, excessive deflections, behavior of glass fragments after breakage, blast, seismic effects, building movement, heat flow, edge bite, noise abatement, and potential post-breakage consequences. In addition, considerations set forth in building codes along with criteria presented in safety-glazing standards and site-specific concerns may control the ultimate glass type and thickness selection.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures to determine the load resistance (LR) of specified glass types, including combinations of glass types used in a sealed insulating glass (IG) unit, exposed to a uniform lateral load of short or long duration, for a specified probability of breakage.  
1.2 This practice applies to vertical and sloped glazing in buildings for which the specified design loads consist of wind load, snow load and self-weight with a total combined magnitude less than or equal to 15 kPa (315 psf). This practice shall not apply to other applications including, but not limited to, balustrades, glass floor panels, aquariums, structural glass members, and glass shelves.  
1.3 This practice applies only to monolithic and laminated glass constructions of rectangular shape with continuous lateral support along one, two, three, or four edges. This practice assumes that (1) the supported glass edges for two, three, and four-sided support conditions are simply supported and free to slip in plane; (2) glass supported on two sides acts as a simply supported beam; and (3) glass supported on one side acts as a cantilever. For insulating glass units, this practice only applies to insulating glass units with four-sided edge support.  
1.4 This practice does not apply to any form of wired, patterned, sandblasted, drilled, notched, or grooved glass. This practice does not apply to glass with surface or edge treatments that reduce the glass strength.
Note 1: Ceramic enamel is known to affect glass load resistance. Consult the manufacturer for guidance.  
1.5 This practice addresses only the determination of the resistance of glass to uniform lateral loads. The final thickness and type of glass selected also depends upon a variety of other factors (see 6.3).  
1.6 Charts in this practice provide a means to determine approximate maximum lateral glass deflection. Appendix X1 provides additional procedures to determine maximu...

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  • Standard
    65 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off