ASTM C429-01(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this test method is to determine the particle size distribution of the glass raw materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sieve analysis of common raw materials for glass manufacture, such as sand, soda-ash, limestone, alkali-alumina silicates, and other granular materials used in glass batch.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: C429 − 01(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Sieve Analysis of Raw Materials for Glass Manufacture
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C429; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 sublot—a fraction of a shipment of bagged material,
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such as ⁄10 or ⁄20 of the lot.
1.1 This test method covers the sieve analysis of common
3.1.3 gross sample—the total number of sample increments
raw materials for glass manufacture, such as sand, soda-ash,
taken from the lot.
limestone,alkali-aluminasilicates,andothergranularmaterials
used in glass batch.
3.1.4 sample increment—an individual portion of the gross
sampletakenfromthelotatadefinitetimeorlocation,orboth;
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
increments shall be of nearly equal weight or volume, or both.
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—A 2.2 to 4.5-kg (5 to 10-lb) increment
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
generally is satisfactory in sampling raw materials for glass
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
manufacture, for determining particle size distribution.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.5 laboratory sample—a 0.9 to 1.8-kg (2 to 4-lb) repre-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
sentative fraction of the gross sample.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.6 test specimen—a 100 to 150-g representative fraction
2. Referenced Documents
of the laboratory sample.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C92Test Methods for Sieve Analysis and Water Content of 4. Significance and Use
Refractory Materials
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine the
C325Guide for Wet Sieve Analysis of Ceramic Whiteware
particle size distribution of the glass raw materials.
Clays
C371Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Non-
5. Apparatus
plastic Ceramic Powders
5.1 Testing Sieves:
D346Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke
5.1.1 Sieves shall conform to Specification E11 with par-
Samples for Laboratory Analysis
ticular reference to Table1 and Section 4 on Frames. Sieves
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
shall be designated by the U. S. Standard Series of sieve
Sieves
numbers and shall vary in opening size by the ratio of the
E105Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
=2:1, in accordance with frames 1 in. (25 mm) deep (half
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
height) are recommended for mechanical shaking.The follow-
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
ing sieves shall be provided:
Lot or Process
Sieve Designation Sieve Designation
3. Terminology
No. 8 (2.36-mm) No. 50 (300-µm)
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
No. 12 (1.70-mm) No. 70 (212-µm)
No. 16 (1.18-mm) No. 100 (150-µm)
3.1.1 unit for sampling—a carload lot or truckload lot of
No. 20 (850-µm) No. 140 (106-µm)
bulk material, or the entire shipment of bagged material.
No. 30 (600-µm) No. 200 (75-µm)
No. 40 (425-µm)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass
5.1.2 Standard Matched Sieves—Areferencesetofstandard
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.02 on
matched sieves shall be provided for use in checking the set of
Chemical Properties and Analysis.
sieves used in the actual sieve analysis of samples. The sieves
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originally
for use in sieve analysis of samples may also be standard
approvedin1959.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2006asC429–01(2006).DOI:
10.1520/C0429-01R06.
matched sieves or may be unmatched sieves conforming to
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1.1, provided that such sieves will give results that differ by
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
not more than 5% from those obtained with the reference set
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. when the two sets are compared in accordance with Section 6.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C429 − 01 (2011)
5.2 Sieve Shaker—A mechanically operated sieve shaker minimumtestshallbetotakethreegrosssamplesofmaterials,
that imparts to the set of sieves a rotary motion and tapping weighing 45 kg (100 lb) or more, with different particle size
action of uniform speed shall be provided. The number of taps distribution,andobtainfourlaboratory-sizesamplesofeachby
per minute shall be between 140 and 150. The sieve shaker repeatedsplitting.Thelaboratorysamplesshallberiffledtotest
shall be fitted with a wooden plug or rubber stopper to receive size and sieved. The same set of sieves shall be used for all
the impact of the tapper. Other types of mechanical shakers tests.Duplicationofresultswithineachgroupshouldbe5%or
maybeused,providedtheycanbeadjustedtoduplicatewithin better.
5% results obtained by the type specified above, when tested
7. Care and Cleaning of Testing Sieves
withthesamesampleandstandardmatchedsieves.Theshaker
shall be equipped with an automatic timer accurate to ⁄2 min.
7.1 Testingsievesmustbeproperlycaredforifreproducible
and reliable results are to be obtained from them. The life of a
5.3 Sample Splitters:
sieve is materially lengthened by proper care and careful
5.3.1 For the reduction of the gross sample to laboratory
handling. It is inevitable that some particles will become
size, either a large riffle with 25-mm (1-in.) openings or a
fastened in the sieve cloth, but excessive clogging can be
sample splitter of the type that cuts out a fractional part (for
controlled by brushing the underside of the wire cloth with a
example, a twelfth or a sixteenth) of the gross sample may be
stiffbristleorbronzewirebrusheverytimethesieveisusedin
used. Sample splitters are available commercially or may be
testing.Anylonbristlepaintbrush51mm(2in.)inwidth,with
constructed by the user. The criterion for their use is that they
the bristles cut back to about 25 mm (1 in.) long, is recom-
shall produce a representative sample.
mended for brushing, although any short-bristle brush that will
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5.3.2 Riffleswithopeningsof6.4to13mm( ⁄4to ⁄2in.)are
not stick in the wire cloth is satisfactory. A bronze wire brush
required for reducing the laboratory sample to test size. The
should be used only for sieves No. 60 and coarser. Brushing
riffle opening must be at least three times the width of the
shall be firm enough to remove the majority of clogging
largest particle diameter. This restricts use of a riffle with
particlesbutnotsovigorousastodistortthesievecloth.Sieves
6.4-mm openings to materials passing a No. 8 sieve.
shall be washed periodically with a mild detergent or soap,
5.4 Balance—Asuitable balance or scale capable of weigh-
brushing on the underside of the cloth.They should be washed
ing accurately to 0.1 g shall be used.Amore sensitive balance
immediatelyaftersievinghygroscopicmaterials,suchasalkali
may be used for weighing small fractions when they are
carbonates, and dried before storing. They may be dried in a
considered critical.
dryingovenat105to110°C.Aproperlycaredforsievewillbe
clean and free of patina. It will have a minimum of clogged
6. Testing of Sieves and Sample Splitters
openings. The wire cloth will be taut in the frame and free of
6.1 Since standard matched sieves are specified for the distortion.The solder joint will be firm.Aloosened joint on an
purpose of this test method, calibration as such by the tester is otherwise satisfactory sieve may be repaired by carefully
obviated. However, the tester must have a method to check the resoldering with resin-core solder. Additional cleaning meth-
precision of the sieves. This shall be accomplished by having
ods are contained in ASTM STP 447B.
available at least two sets of sieves: a reference set and a
8. Sampling
working set. The reference set shall consist of standard
matched sieves and shall be reserved for testing the working
8.1 General Considerations—Followtheprinciplesofprob-
set. The working set also may consist of standard matched
abilitysamplingasgiveninPracticeE105.Toestimatethesize
sieves or of sieves the tester has proven to be satisfactory (see
(mass and number of increments) of the gross sample, follow
6.2). The testing of the working sieves is necessary because
PracticeE122.Themethodsusedforothernecessarystatistical
sieves will gradually change their characteristics after long
calculations are given in ASTM STP 15D.
usage from clogging and wear. The working set should be
8.2 Sampling Plan—The sampling plan shall be such that
tested after every 100 to 150 sieve analyses. The test shall be
the sample obtained will represent as nearly as practicable the
made by sieving a suitable test sample through the working set
average particle size distribution of the lot. Sampling bulk
asdirectedinSection10,andthensievingthesametestsample
material and bagged material will each present a different
through the reference set. The results shall be calculated and
problem.
compared.Alltestingsievesoftheworkingsetthatgiveresults
8.2.1 Some segregation or nonuniformity will always exist
within 10% of the reference set shall be considered satisfac-
in a bulk lot of material. At rest, this nonuniformity can and
tory for use. (See Appendix X1 for an example of this test.)
probably will be multidirectional, with some layers of segre-
6.2 A new unmatched sieve can be used if it is proven by
gationinthelotthatarenearlyperpendiculartoeachother.The
testing that it will produce results within 5% of a standard
exact degree is never completely known.To obtain a represen-
matched sieve. To test an unmatched sieve, it should be
tative cross section of the lot is difficult, if not impossible. In
substituted for the equivalent sieve in a standard matched set
motion, however, some mixing occurs, and segregation will
andasieveanalysismadewithasamplepreviouslysievedwith
tend to become unidirectional with layers of segregation
the complete matched set. If agreement is satisfactory, the new
unmatched sieve can be used as a working sieve.
ASTM STP 447B, Manual on Test Sieving Methods, ASTM, 1985.
6.3 Asample splitter for reducing a gross sample should be
ASTM STP 15D, Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis,
testedforreproducibilitybeforeitcanbeconsideredreliable.A ASTM, 1986.
C429 − 01 (2011)
NOTE 1—A critical particle size fraction is considered to be one upon
generally parallel to the direction of flow. Therefore, a sample
which a specification for purchase or use is based.
incrementtakenbyuniformlycuttingacrosstheflowingstream
isgenerallymuchmorenearlyrepresentativethananincrement
9. Reduction of the Sample for Analysis
taken with the material at rest.An entire lot should be sampled
9.1 The gross sample obtained by combining all of the
by taking a number of increments spaced at nearly equal
increments shall be reduced to laboratory sample size of 0.9 to
intervals during the whole time of loading or unloading of the
1.8 kg (2 to 4 lb) by use of a large riffle with 25-mm (1-in.)
carortruck.Totakefrequentcuts(sampleincrements)ofallof
openings or by a sample splitter. If the material is too moist to
the stream part of the time reduces the danger of a biased
flow freely in a small riffle, it shall be dried before further
sample. Furthermore, when sampling a moving stream, the
handling(9.1.2).Thelaboratorysampleshallbereducedtotest
requirementforrandomnessismorenearlymetatthetimeand
1 1
specimen size, using a riffle with 6.4 to 13-mm ( ⁄4 to ⁄2-in.)
place of sampling since the chance of taking one grain instead
openings.Itshallbedivideduntilthefractionalportionweighs
of another is about equal. The total number of increments
approximately100to150g.Thiswholefractionconstitutesthe
requiredforadesiredprecisioncanbeestimatedstatisticallyas
test specimen. An exception to the above weight for the test
inPracticeE122.Somesimpledeviceisrequiredtosamplethe
specimen is burned dolomite. Because of its light density, the
stream. This may consist of a box-type cutter for sampling the
dolomite shall be riffled to a test size weighing 50 to 75 g.The
stream discharging from the end of a belt or spout, or a scoop
test specimen shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g before
for sampling the stream being transported on the belt. (See
sieving.
Appendix X2 for illustrations of simple stream samplers.) For
9.1.1 When reduction of the gross sample or laboratory
the purpose of this test method, a sampling plan that provides
sample to test size by the means described in Section 8 is not
for sampling the moving stream is recommended. The sam-
feasible, hand reduction by the cone and quarter method may
pling of a car or truckload lot of material at rest, by shovel,
beused.Theapplicableportionsofthismethodasdescribedin
scoop and cylinder, or thief is not recommended.
Method D346 shall be followed.
8.2.2 In sampling bagged material, an added problem is
9.1.2 Most materials can be dried at 105 to 120°C.
presented—thatofchoosingwhichbagsofthelotwillbetaken
However, naturally hydrated materials such as gypsum, if
for sampling and how the bags taken are to be sampled. A
dried, must not be heated above the critical temperature of the
suitable plan for taking bags for sampling would be to divide
hydrate. Gypsum would best be dried in a stream of dry air or
the lot into sublots and then to take at random one bag from
a desiccator.
each sublot.This would afford a simple cross section of the lot
and a random selection in each sublot. The number of sublots
10. Procedure for Mechanical Sieving
in which to divide the lot should be calculated using the same
considerationsasforestimatingthenumberofincrementstobe 10.1 Assembleinordertheselectedsieves,whichshallvary
taken when sampling bulk material. The consideration of
=
in opening size by the ratio of 2:1 , with the coarsest on top
segregation within bags must not be overlooked. If a suitable
and a pan on the bottom. Place the test specimen on the top
sample splitter is available, the entire contents of the bag can
sieve,closethenestofsieveswithacover,andplacetheentire
be taken and segregation ignored. However, if the bag is
assembly on the shaker. Shake the sieves for the time specified
sampledwithathief,orbysomeothermethod,itmustbemad
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