ASTM C830-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of refractory shapes:
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
1.1.4 Bulk density.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory shapes except those that chemically react with both water and mineral spirits. When testing a material capable of hydration or other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemically react with mineral spirits, mineral spirits is substituted for water and appropriate corrections for the density differences are applied when making calculations.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1-Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of refractories that are not attacked by water.
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Designation: C 830 – 00
Standard Test Methods for
Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific
Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum
Pressure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 830; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
following properties of refractory shapes:
3. Significance and Use
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,
gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and
shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and
1.1.4 Bulk density.
comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory
selection and use of refractory products in a variety of
shapes except those that chemically react with both water and
industrial applications. These test methods are used for deter-
mineralspirits.Whentestingamaterialcapableofhydrationor
mininganyorallofthesepropertiesandareparticularlyuseful
other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemi-
for testing hydratable products.
callyreactwithmineralspirits,mineralspiritsissubstitutedfor
3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods that
water and appropriate corrections for the density differences
are suitable for use in quality control, research and develop-
are applied when making calculations.
ment, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
specifications, and providing data for design purposes.
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided
3.3 Fundamentalassumptionsinherentinthesetestmethods
for information only.
are:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.3.1 The test specimens conform to the requirements for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
size, configuration, and original faces,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.3.2 Theopenporesofthetestspecimensarefullyimpreg-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
nated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3.3 The blotting of the saturated test specimens is per-
NOTE 1—Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of
formed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to
refractories that are not attacked by water.
avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores.
3.3.4 Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely
2. Referenced Documents
affects the test results.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.4 Inlaboratorystudiesinvolvingcastablespecimen,abias
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorp-
was noted between formed2X2X 2–in (50 X 50 X 50–mm)
tion, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of
and specimens quartered from larger 9 X 4.5 X 2.5–in (228 X
Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
114 X 64–mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the
C134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,
apparent porosity determination was found on castables when-
and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating
ever the specimens were heated to 1500°F (816°C) and then
Firebrick
exposed to water as a saturation media. The error was
attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent
re-hydration of cement phases. The higher the cement level of
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-8 on
the castable, the greater the error noted. It was concluded that
Refractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
an error in porosity values could occur for refractory materials
Tests.
Current edition approved April 10, 2000. Published June 2000. Originally
published as C830–76. Last previous edition C830–93 (1998).
2 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 830–00
having a potential to form hydrated species with water.Testing after the suspended weight, S, and the saturated weight, W,
under the same conditions in kerosene produced results that have been determined as described in 5.3 and 5.4. Use this
were believed to be more accurate, but the data suggested that second dry weight in all appropriate calculations.
the kerosene might not have saturated the open pores of cast
5.2 Saturation—Place the test specimens in a suitable
specimen as readily as water. Supporting data were filed at
vacuum-pressure vessel (Note 2) which shall be closed, se-
ASTM headquarters and can be obtained by requesting re-
cured, and pumped down to an absolute pressure of not more
search report 1014.
than 1.9 in. Hg (6.4 kPa). Hold this pressure for 30 min.Allow
3.5 Certain precautions must be exercised in interpreting
the water or mineral spirits (see 1.2) to enter the vessel while
and using results from these test methods. All four property
maintaining the vacuum for 5 min.Then close the vacuum line
values are interrelated by at least two of the three base data
and pressurize the vessel by means of compressed air or a
valuesgeneratedduringtesting.Thus,anerrorinanybasedata
pressure pump. Maintain this pressure at 30 psi (207 kPa) or
valuewillcauseanerrorinatleastthreeofthepropertyvalues
more for 60 min. Then release the pressure; the saturated
for a given test specimen. Certain of the properties, that is,
specimens are now ready for weighing.
apparent specific gravity and bulk density, are functions of
NOTE 2—The vacuum-pressure vessel should be capable of withstand-
other factors such as product composition, compositional
ing an absolute pressure of 1.0 in. Hg (3.4 kPa) or a pressure of 65 to 70
variability within the same product, impervious porosity, and
psi(448to483kPa)withoutdeformingorrupturing.Itshouldbeprovided
total porosity. Generalizations on or comparisons of property
with gages or manometers for indicating vacuum or pressure and a relief
valuesshouldbejudiciouslymadebetweenlikeproductstested
valve, as well as vacuum, pressure, and liquid lines. The liquid may be
by these test methods or with full recognition of potentially introducedatthebottom,inwhichcaseadual-actingvalvewillsufficefor
both filling and draining the vessel.
inherent differences between the products being compared or
the test method used.
5.3 Determination of Suspended Weight, S:
3.6 When a liquid other than water is used, such as types of
5.3.1 Determine the weight, S, of each test specimen in
kerosene or mineral spirits, specific gravity must be known by
grams to the nearest 0.1 g after saturation and while suspended
either determination or monitoring on a controlled basis.
in liquid.
Specific gravity will change due to different grades of liquids,
5.3.2 This weighing is usually accomplished by suspending
evaporation, or contamination with dirt or foreign material.
the specimen in a loop or halter ofAWG Gage-22 (0.643-mm)
The test should not be run if the liquid becomes dirty, foamy,
copper wire hung from one arm of the balance. The balance
orchangescolor,becauseforeignparticlescanblockporesand
shallbepreviouslycounter-balancedwiththewireinplaceand
prevent impregnation of the sample.
immersed in liquid to the same depth as is used when the
refractory specimens are in place.
4. Test Specimens
5.4 Determination of Saturated Weight, W—Afterdetermin-
4.1 When testing 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick, use a
ing the suspended weight, blot each specimen lightly with a
quarter-brick specimen obtained by halving the brick along a
moistened smooth linen or cotton cloth to remove all drops of
plane parallel to the 9 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm)
liquidfromthesurface,anddeterminethesaturatedweight, W,
1 1
face and along a plane parallel to the 4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 or 3-in. (114
in grams to the nearest 0.1 g by weighing in air. Perform the
by 64 or 76-mm) face. Four of the surfaces of the resultant
blotting operation by rolling the specimen lightly on the wet
quarter-brick specimen include part of the original molded
cloth, which has previously been saturated with liquid, and
faces.
thenpressonlyenoughtoremovesuchliquidaswilldripfrom
4.2 When testing other refractory shapes, cut drill, or break
the cloth. Excessive blotting will induce error by withdrawing
fromeachshapeaspecimenhavingavolumeofapproximately
3 3
liquid from the pores of the specimen.
25 to 30 in. (410 to 490 cm ). The specimen shall include
5.5 Determination of Exterior Volume, V—Obtain the vol-
interior and exterior portions of the shape.
ume, V, of the test specimens in cubic centimetres by subtract-
4.3 Remove all loosely adhering particles from each speci-
ing the suspended weight from the saturated weight, both in
men.
grams, as follows:
5. Procedures
V,cm 5 W 2 S
5.1 Determination of Dry Weight, D:
5.1.1 Dry the test specimens to constant weight by heating (1)
to 220 to 230°F (105 to 110°C) and determine the dry weight,
NOTE 3—This assumes that 1 cm of water weighs 1 g. This is true
D, in grams to the nearest 0.1 g.
within about 3 parts in 1000 for water at room temperature.
5.1.2 The drying procedure may be omitted only when the
NOTE 4—When substituting mineral spirits for water, make the follow-
test specimens are known to be dry, as may be the case with
ing correction:
samples taken directly from kilns.
V,cm 5 ~W 2 S!/densityofliquid
5.1.3 The drying of the specimens to constant weight and
thedeterminati
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