ASTM D2462-90(1995)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene
Standard Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool, garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and rovings, by distillation with toluene.
1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis used in the calculation and report must always be stated.
1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is suspected that such matter is present, the method should be used with caution.
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this standard.
Note 1—The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is covered in Test Method D1576 and for textile materials in general in Test Methods D2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautionary statements, see Section 8.
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Designation: D 2462 – 90 (Reapproved 1995)
Standard Test Method for
Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2462; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 2654 Test Methods for Moisture in Textiles
D 3333 Practice for Sampling Man-Made Staple Fibers,
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
of moisture present in grease wool, scoured wool, carded wool,
E 123 Specification for Apparatus for Determination of
garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and
Water by Distillation
rovings, by distillation with toluene.
1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water
3. Terminology
present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture
3.1 Definitions:
regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis
3.1.1 grease wool, n.—wool taken from the living sheep and
used in the calculation and report must always be stated.
which has not been commercially scoured.
1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to
3.1.2 moisture content, n.—the amount of moisture in a
contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is
material determined under prescribed conditions and expressed
suspected that such matter is present, the method should be
as a percentage of the mass of the moist material, that is, the
used with caution.
original mass comprising the oven-dried substance plus any
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for
moisture present.
toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The term “mass” is the correct desig-
standard.
nation for the property commonly designated as “weight.” A
NOTE 1—The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is
slight amount of residual moisture may not be removed from a
covered in Test Method D 1576 and for textile materials in general in Test
specimen subjected to oven drying because of the relative
Methods D 2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of
humidity of the ambient air. The amount of moisture retained
moisture in wool is covered in Practice D 2525.
by a specimen may be estimated from published data. There
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
may also be a slight additional loss in mass caused by the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
evaporation of volatile material other than water, the amount
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
depending on the characteristics of any added oils or emul-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
sions.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety
3.1.3 moisture-free, adj.—the condition of a material that
hazard statements, see Section 8.
has been exposed in an atmosphere of desiccated air until there
is no further significant change in its mass (see Discussion
2. Referenced Documents
under 3.1.2)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Heating the material and the desiccated
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
air to temperatures as high as 110°C increases the rate of
D 1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack-
moisture loss but does not change the final equilibrium mass of
ages for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber
the moisture-free material.
Present
3.1.4 moisture regain, n.—the amount of moisture in a
D 1576 Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying
material determined under prescribed conditions and expressed
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
as a percentage of the mass of the moisture-free material (see
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
moisture content).
D 2495 Test Method for Moisture in Cotton by Oven-
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In this test method, the material is
Drying
considered to be oven-dried after drying as described in
D 2525 Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture
Section 10.
3.1.5 oven-dried, adj.—the condition of a material that has
been heated under prescribed conditions of temperature and
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on
Textiles, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool
Felt.
Current edition approved Aug. 31, 1990. Published October 1990. Originally
published as D 2462–66. Last previous edition D 2462 – 77 (1983). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2462
humidity until there is no further significant change in its mass 4.2 The specimen is immersed in water-saturated toluene
(see 3.1.2). which is then heated, the distilled water vapor and solvent
3.1.5.1 Discussion—An oven-dried material will retain a vapor are condensed and collected in a graduated trap, wherein
small amount of moisutre which is dependent on the tempera- the water separates and settles to the bottom. After cooling in
ture and relative humidity of the atmosphere in contact with the a water bath to achieve a specified temperature, the volume of
material during the drying process. An oven-dried material will water collected in the trap is read from the graduated trap and
only be moisture-free when the air supplied to the drying oven converted to its equivalent weight.
has been previously desiccated. 4.3 Results are calculated as percent moisture content or
3.1.6 pulled wool, n.—wool taken from the pelt of a percent moisture regain using the appropriate equation.
slaughtered sheep and which has not been commercially
5. Significance and Use
scoured. (syn. slipe wool, skin wool).
3.1.7 raw wool, n.—wool or hair of the sheep in the grease,
5.1 Test Method D 2462 for testing for moisture in wool is
pulled, or scoured state. (See also scoured wool.)
considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial
3.1.8 recycled wool, n.—as defined in the Wool Products
shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory pre-
Labeling Act as amended in 1980, “the resulting fiber when
cision are acceptable.
wool has been woven or felted into a wool product which,
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
without ever having been utilized in any way by the ultimate
reported test results when using Test Method D 2462 for
consumer, subsequently has been made into a fibrous state, or
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
the resulting fiber when wool or reprocessed wool has been
the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if
spun, woven, knitted, or felted into a wool product which, after
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
having been used in any way by the ultimate consumer,
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
subsequently has been made into a fibrous state.”
the bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of
3.1.8.1 Discussion—In the amended Act of 1980, the term
test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are
“recycled wool” replaced the terms “reprocessed wool” and
from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens
“reused wool.”
should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for
3.1.9 scoured wool, n.—wool from which the bulk of
testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be
impurities has been removed by an aqueous or solvent washing
compared using Student’s t-Test for unpaired data and an
process.
acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before
3.1.9.1 Discussion—Although it is no longer in its original
the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be
raw state, scoured wool is generally accepted as raw wool.
found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must
3.1.10 virgin wool, n.—as defined in the Wool Products
agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
Labeling Act, “the terms 8virgin’ or 8new’ as descriptive of a
5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitable
wool product, or any fiber or part thereof, shall not be used
samples of wool where it is important to obtain a result free
when the product or part so described is not composed wholly
from the possible biases, introduced by the conditions dis-
of new or virgin fiber which has never been reclaimed from any
cussed in 5.3 and 5.4.
spun, woven, knitted, felted, braided, bonded, or otherwise
5.3 This test method is free from the interferences caused by
manufactured or used product.”
different conditions of ambient atmosphere such as might affect
3.1.11 wool, n.—the fibrous covering of sheep, Ovis spe-
the results of oven-drying. A slight amount of residual moisture
cies.
may be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-drying
3.1.11.1 Discussion—For the purposes of this method, the
because of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however,
word wool is used in the generic sense, and includes both wool
the amount of moisture retained may be estimated from
as defined in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939 as well
published data.
as recycled wool as defined in the amended Act of 1980.
5.4 This test method is free from the interference caused by
3.1.12 wool, n. —as defined in the Wool Products Labeling
nonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, is
Act of 1939, “the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb, or
erroneously measured as moisture by oven-drying methods, the
hair of the Angora goat or Cashmere goat (and may include the
extent of the error depending upon the amount and character-
so called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca,
istics of any added oils or finishes.
llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any
5.5 This test method is relatively cumbersome, time con-
woven or felted wool product.
suming, and costly compared to oven-drying, and is not
3.1.13 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
recommended for routine process control, in-plant evaluations,
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
or for other purposes where a high degree of accuracy is not
necessary. The cost of operation can be reduced somewhat by
4. Summary of Test Method
redistilling the used toluene, which is then suitable for reuse
4.1 A sample or specimen of wool or material made of wool
without further treatment.
is weighed, then stabilized in the laboratory atmosphere in
which the specimen is prepared, and reweighed. Any resulting
change in mass is used to calculate the original moisture
Toner, R. K., Bowen, C. F., and Whitwell, J. C., “Equilibrium Moisture
content of the sample or specimen from the results observed on
Relations for Textile Fibers,” Textile Research Journal, Vol 17, January 1947, pp.
the stabilized specimen. 7–18.
D 2462
5.6 Unlike an oven-drying method, any moisture gained or toluene in the flask to be water-saturated and store in glass-
lost by a specimen after its mass has been determined will stoppered bottles until used.
appear as a direct error in the final result. Since one of the
7.2 Potassium Dichromate Cleaning Solution—Prepare this
principal uses of the method is to determine the average
solution by mixing 35 cm (mL) of a saturated (at room
moisture present in large lots of wool or wool products exposed 3
temperature) potassium dichromate solution with 1000 cm
to variable atmospheric conditions, numerous laboratory
(mL) of concentrated sulfuric acid.
samples and test specimens are common. To avoid errors of the
type mentioned above, this procedure includes provisions for
8. Hazards
stabilizing the sample(s) in the laboratory atmosphere so that,
8.1 Toluene is flammable and slightly toxic. It should be
during the time necessary for selecting, weighing, and trans-
used in a well-ventilated area, for example, under a hood, to
ferring the specimens to flasks, gain or loss of moisture which
prevent accumulation of vapors.
cannot be accounted for will be minimized. A further advan-
tage of the stabilizing process is realized in cases where the
interest is solely in the average moisture content of the sample, 9. Sampling
and the actual moisture content within the sample is highly
9.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
variable. By stabilizing the sample before selecting the speci-
take at random the number of shipping containers directed in
mens, equal precision can be achieved with fewer specimens.
applicable material specification or other agreement between
the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to use
6. Apparatus
3 Practice D 2525 for bales of fiber and containers of top or
6.1 Flask, Erlenmeyer, wide-mouth, 1000 cm (mL) capac-
6 sliver or to use Practice D 2258 for beams or cases of yarn.
ity (takes a No. 11 stopper).
Consider shipping containers to be the primary sampling unit.
6.2 Distilling Receiver, Dean & Stark,10cm (mL) capac-
3 7
ity, graduated in 0.1 cm (mL).
NOTE 4—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability between
NOTE 2—The tolerance on the accuracy of the graduations specified in
shipping containers, between laboratory sampling units within a shipping
Specification E 123 for this apparatus is 6 0.1 cm . If greater accuracy is
container, and test specimens within a laboratory sampling unit to produce
required for a test result, the graduated trap(s) used should be calibrated.
a sample plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk,
NOTE 3—Illustrations of acceptable forms of the glass apparatus
required by this method appear in Specification E 123. acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
6.3 Condenser, Liebig, sealed, with 500-mm jacket.
9.2 Use extreme care to prevent gain or loss of moisture
6.4 Balance, capacity of at least 500 g with a sensitivity of
during the sampling operation and in the transfer of material to
0.05 g.
the sampling container. Weigh each portion of the sample and
6.5 Heater, for distillation apparatus, electrical with vari-
its container immediately after sampling. Subtract the tare
able heat control, and arranged so that the surface of the flask
mass of the container to obtain the net mass at time of
above the lowest solution level is not heated by direct
sampling, M.
radiation.
9.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
6.6 Water Bath, with thermostatic controls, maintained at a
tance testing, proceed as foll
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