ASTM A439/A439M-18(2022)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Austenitic Ductile Iron Castings
Standard Specification for Austenitic Ductile Iron Castings
ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic ductile iron castings used for their resistance to heat, corrosion and wear. The castings shall be melt processed using cupolas, air furnaces, electric furnaces or crucible furnaces. The iron castings shall undergo magnetic permeability test. Samples taken from test coupons, broken test specimens, or castings shall conform to the required chemical compositions of carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, nickel and chromium. Mechanical tests shall be performed wherein the iron casting specimens shall conform to the required values of tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic ductile iron castings, which are used primarily for their resistance to heat, corrosion, and wear, and for other special purposes.
1.2 Austenitic ductile iron, also known as austenitic nodular iron or austenitic spheroidal iron, is characterized by having its graphite substantially in a spheroidal form and substantially free of flake graphite. It contains some carbides and sufficient alloy content to produce an austenitic structure.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A439/A439M −18 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Specification for
Austenitic Ductile Iron Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA439/A439M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope E30 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Steel, Cast Iron,
Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron (Withdrawn 1995)
1.1 This specification covers austenitic ductile iron castings,
E59 Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination
which are used primarily for their resistance to heat, corrosion,
of Chemical Composition (Withdrawn 1996)
and wear, and for other special purposes.
E351 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Cast Iron—All
1.2 Austenitic ductile iron, also known as austenitic nodular
Types
iron or austenitic spheroidal iron, is characterized by having its
graphite substantially in a spheroidal form and substantially
3. Ordering Information
free of flake graphite. It contains some carbides and sufficient
3.1 Orders for material to this specification shall include the
alloy content to produce an austenitic structure.
following information:
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.1.1 ASTM designation,
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1.2 Type of austenitic ductile iron required (see 6.1),
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.3 Heat treatment options (see 4.3 – 4.6),
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.1.4 If repair of castings is permitted (see 4.7),
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
3.1.5 Size and number of test bars required (see 9.1 – 9.4
with the standard.
and 10.1),
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.1.6 Special tests, if required (see 12.1),
3.1.7 Certification, if required (see 14.1), and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 3.1.8 Different preparation for delivery requirements, if
needed (see 15.1).
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4. Manufacture
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 Melting may be done in any furnaces that produce
2. Referenced Documents
castings meeting the chemical and mechanical requirements
outlined in this specification. These include cupolas, air
2.1 ASTM Standards:
furnaces, electric furnaces, crucible furnaces, and so forth.
A247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
Nodularizing and inoculation practice shall be optional with
Graphite in Iron Castings
the foundry to produce a microstructure in accordance with 1.2
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
and Test Method A247.
of Steel Products
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
4.2 Austenitic ductile iron castings may be supplied in
terials
either the as-cast or the heat-treated condition.
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
4.3 By agreement between the manufacturer and the
purchaser, the castings may be stress relieved by heating to
1150 to 1200 °F [620 to 650 °C] for not less than 1 h and not
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
for more than 2 h per inch [25 mm] of thickness in the thickest
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and
section. Heating and cooling shall be uniform and shall not be
Ductile Iron Castings.
more than 400 °F⁄h [220 °C⁄h] for castings less than 1 in.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as A439/A439M – 18.
[25 mm] in maximum thickness and shall be not more than
DOI: 10.1520/A0439_A0439M-18R22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A439/A439M − 18 (2022)
400 °F⁄h [220 °C⁄h] divided by the maximum section thick- 6.2 Samples taken from test coupons, broken test
ness in inches [25 mm] for thicker castings. During the cooling specimens, or castings shall conform to the requirements as to
cycle, castings may be cooled in still air after the temperature
chemical composition prescribed in Table 1. Sampling shall be
has dropped to 600 °F [310 °C].
conducted in accordance with Practice E59 and chemical
analyses in accordance with Test Methods E351 and E30. Test
4.4 By agreement between the manufacturer and the
Methods E30 should only be used for analyzing those elements
purchaser, the castings may be in-mold stress relieved by
for which specific coverage is not provided for inTest Methods
allowing castings to cool slowly in the mold at a rate not
E351.
exceeding 400 °F⁄h [220 °C⁄h]. Once the temperature has
dropped below 600 °F [310 °C], castings can be removed from
6.3 Spectrometric techniques may also be used for analysis,
the mold and cooled in still air.
but should a dispute arise concerning chemical composition,
4.5 Whenever dimensional changes in high-temperature
Test Methods E351 and E30 shall be used for referee methods.
service are a problem, by agreement between the manufacturer
6.4 The chemical analysis for total carbon shall be made on
and the purchaser, the castings may be stabilized by heating at
either chilled cast pencil-type specimens or thin wafers ap-
1600 °F [870 °C] for a period of 1 h per inch [25 mm] of
proximately ⁄32 in. [1.0 mm] thick cut from test coupons.
section, with a minimum period of 1 h, followed by uniform
Drillings shall not be used because of attendant loss of
cooling, preferably in still air. Otherwise, the austenite, which
graphite.
is super saturated with respect to carbon, can reject carbon
during service and produce dimensional changes.
7. Mechanical Requirements
4.6 By agreement between the manufacturer and the
purchaser, castings with chilled edges or excessive carbides
7.1 Testspecimensofausteniticductileironmadeaccording
may be annealed at 1750 to 1900 °F [960 to 1040 °C] for 0.5 h
to this specification shall meet the test requirements prescribed
to 5 h followed by uniform cooling, preferably in still air.
in Table 2.
4.7 Repairbywelding,plugging,orotherapprovedmethods
7.2 The yield strength shall be determined in accordance
may be done only with written permission from the purchaser.
with Test Methods E8/E8M, using one of the following
procedures: the 0.2 % offset method or the extension-under-
5. Magnetic Properties
load method may be used, by agreement between the purchaser
5.1 In the event that nonmagnetic castings are specified, the
and the manufacturer.
magnetic permeability test shall be used. The maximum
7.3 Brinell hardness shall be determined as HBW 10/3000
magnetic permeability value shall be agreed upon between the
in accordance with Test Method E10.
manufacturer and the purchaser.
NOTE 1—Aconvenient shop test for differentiating the various types of
8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
austenitic ductile iron is based on the fact that a ground face of either the
test bar or the castings of Types D-2 and D-2C does not attract a small
8.1 The castings shall conform substantially to the dimen-
steel horseshoe-type magnet which is normally attracted to steel (Alnico
sions on the drawings furnished by the purchaser, or if no
magnet should not be used). Types D-3, D-3A, D-5, and D-5B are
drawing has been provided, to the dimensions predicated by
attracted,andtypesD-2B,D-2S,D-4,andD-5Sareslightlyattracted.This
the pattern supplied by the purchaser.The castings shall be free
nonmagnetic test is a convenient qualitative test only for Types D-2 and
D-2C, and shall not be used as a basis for acceptance.
of injurious defects. Surfaces of the castings shall be free of
burnt-on sand and shall be reasonably smooth. Runners, risers,
6. Chemical Requirements
fins, and other cast-on pieces shall be removed. In other
6.1 Many combinations of alloys can be used to obtain an respects, the castings shall conform to whatever points are
specifically agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
austenitic ductile iron. This specification includes ten general
types defined by the composition limits in Table 1. purchaser.
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Type
A A
Element D-2 D-2B D-2C D-2S D-3 D-3A D-4 D-5 D-5B D-5S
Composition, %
Total carbon, max 3.00 3.00 2.90 2.6 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.40 2.40 2.30
Silicon 1.50–3.00 1.50–3.00 1.00–3.00 4.80–5.80 1.00–2.80 1.00–2.80 5.00–6.00 1.00–2.80 1.00–2.80 4.90–5.50
B B B B B
Manganese 0.70–1.25 0.70–1.25 1.80–2.40 1.00 max 1.00 max 1.00 max 1.00 max 1.00 max 1.00 max 1.00 max
Phosphorus, max 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Nickel 1
...
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