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ASTM D1894-14

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting (Withdrawn 2023)

Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting (Withdrawn 2023)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Measurements of frictional properties may be made on a film or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over another substance. The coefficients of friction are related to the slip properties of plastic films that are of wide interest in packaging applications. These methods yield empirical data for control purposes in film production. Correlation of test results with actual performance can usually be established.  
4.1.1 This test method includes testing at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane while the sled is at ambient temperature.  
4.2 Slip properties are generated by additives in some plastic films, for example, polyethylene. These additives have varying degrees of compatibility with the film matrix. Some of them bloom, or exude to the surface, lubricating it and making it more slippery. Because this blooming action may not always be uniform on all areas of the film surface, values from these tests may be limited in reproducibility.  
4.3 The frictional properties of plastic film and sheeting may be dependent on the uniformity of the rate of motion between the two surfaces. Care should be exercised to ensure that the rate of motion of the equipment is as carefully controlled as possible.  
4.4 Data obtained by these procedures may be extremely sensitive to the age of the film or sheet and the condition of the surfaces. The blooming action of many slip additives is time-dependent. For this reason, it is sometimes meaningless to compare slip and friction properties of films or sheets produced at different times, unless it is desired to study this effect.  
4.5 Frictional and slip properties of plastic film and sheeting are based on measurements of surface phenomena. Where products have been made by different processes, or even on different machines by the same process, their surfaces may be dependent on the equipment or its running conditions. Such factors must be weighed in evaluating data from these methods.  
4.6 The measure...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficients of starting and sliding friction of plastic film and sheeting when sliding over itself or other substances at specified test conditions. The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with a moving plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a given sample. Note 1—For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, see Test Method G143 under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50.  
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be run at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane while the sled is at ambient temperature.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see the end of 6.5.Note 2—This test method is not equivalent to ISO 8295–1995, and results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers determination of the coefficients of starting and sliding friction of plastic film and sheeting when sliding over itself or other substances at specified test conditions. The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with a moving plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a given sample.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D20 on Plastics, this test method was ...

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
28-Feb-2014
Withdrawal Date
02-Mar-2023
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.19 - Film, Sheeting, and Molded Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D1894-14 - Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting (Withdrawn 2023)ASTM D1894-14 - Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting (Withdrawn 2023)
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ASTM D1894-14 - Standard Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting (Withdrawn 2023)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1894 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and
1
Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of
1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficients
Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
of starting and sliding friction of plastic film and sheeting when
D3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials—Slab,
sliding over itself or other substances at specified test condi-
Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams
tions. The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
a moving plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both
als
procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
given sample.
ASTM Test Methods
NOTE 1—For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, see Test Method G143 under the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50.
G143 Test Method for Measurement of Web/Roller Friction
1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and
Characteristics
appropriate for use in engineering design.
2.2 ISO Standard:
3
1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be
ISO 8295–1995
run at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane
while the sled is at ambient temperature.
3. Terminology
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1 Definitions:
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1.1 friction, n—resistance to relative motion between two
only.
bodies in contact.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1.1 coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to move one surface over another to the total force applied
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
normal to those surfaces.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.1.2 kinetic coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
required to move one surface over another to the total force
precautionary statement, see the end of 6.5.
applied normal to those surfaces, once that motion is in
progress.
NOTE 2—This test method is not equivalent to ISO 8295–1995, and
results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
3.1.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force
required to move one surface over another to the total force
2. Referenced Documents
applied normal to those surfaces, at the instant motion starts.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
3.2.1 slip—in plastic films, lubricity of two surfaces sliding
in contact with each other.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and
4. Significance and Use
Molded Products.
Current edition approved March 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originally
4.1 Measurements of frictional properties may be made on a
ε1
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D1894 - 11 . DOI:
film or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over
10.1520/D1894-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1894 − 14
another substance. The coefficients of friction are related to the Density Test of Methods D3574. The pressure required to
slip properties of plastic films that are of wide interest in compress the foam 25 % shall be 85 6 15 kPa (12.5 6 2.5
...

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ASTM
ASTM D1709-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test Methods A and B are used to establish the weight of the dart when 50 % of the specimens fail under the conditions specified. Data obtained by one test method cannot be compared directly with the other test method nor with those obtained from tests employing different conditions of missile velocity, impinging surface diameter, effective specimen diameter, material construction and finish of the dart head, and film thickness. The values obtained by these test variables are highly dependent on the method of film fabrication.  
4.2 The results obtained by Test Methods A and B are greatly influenced by the quality of film under test. The confidence limits of data obtained by this procedure can, therefore, vary significantly, depending on the sample quality, uniformity of film gage, die marks, contaminants, etc.  
4.3 Test Methods A and B have been found useful for specification purposes.  
Note 4: With sufficient data, correlation between test results and field performance can usually be established.  
4.4 The impact resistance of plastic film, while partly dependent on thickness, has no simple correlation with sample thickness. Hence, impact values cannot be normalized over a range of thickness without producing misleading data as to the actual impact resistance of the material. Data from these test methods are comparable only for specimens that vary by no more than ±25 % from the nominal or average thickness of the specimens tested.  
4.5 Several impact test methods are used for film. It is sometimes desirable to know the relationships among test results derived by different test methods. A study was conducted in which four films made from two resins (polypropylene and linear low-density polyethylene), with two film thicknesses for each resin, were impacted using Test Methods D1709 (Method A), D3420 (Procedures A and B), and D4272. The test results are shown in the Appendix. Differences in results between Test Methods D1709 and D4272 are not unusual since...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the energy that causes plastic film to fail under specified conditions of impact of a free-falling dart. This energy is expressed in terms of the weight (mass) of the missile falling from a specified height which would result in 50 % failure of specimens tested.  
1.2 Two test methods are described:  
1.2.1 Test Method A employs a dart with a 38.10 ± 0.13-mm (1.500 ± 0.005-in.) diameter hemispherical head dropped from a height of 0.66 ± 0.01 m (26.0 ± 0.4 in.). This test method can be used for films whose impact resistances require masses of about 50 g to about 6 kg to fracture them.  
1.2.2 Test Method B employs a dart with a 50.80 ± 0.13-mm (2.000 ± 0.005-in.) diameter hemispherical head dropped from a height of 1.52 ± 0.03 m (60.0 + 0.25, −1.70 in.). Its range of applicability is from about 0.3 kg to about 6 kg.  
1.3 Two testing techniques are described:  
1.3.1 The standard technique is the staircase method. By this technique, the missile weight employed during the test is decreased or increased by uniform increments after the testing of each specimen, depending upon the result (fail or not fail) observed for the specimen.  
1.3.2 The alternative technique provides for testing specimens in successive groups of ten. One missile weight is employed for each group and the missile weight is varied in uniform increments from group to group.  
1.3.3 The staircase technique and the alternative technique give equivalent results both as to the values of impact failure weight which are obtained and as to the precisions with which they are determined.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: Tests on materials that do not break, for any reason, are not considered to be valid. It has been noted that certain materials may stretch so far as to bottom out at the base of certain ...

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off