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ASTM D3745-95(2000)e1

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Installation of Prefabricated Asphalt Reservoir, Pond, Canal, and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)

Standard Practice for Installation of Prefabricated Asphalt Reservoir, Pond, Canal, and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the description of suitable materials and procedures for installing prefabricated asphalt reservoir, pond, canal, and ditch liner (exposed type).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1994
ICS
93.160 - Hydraulic construction
Technical Committee
D08 - Roofing and Waterproofing
Drafting Committee
D08.20 - Roofing Membrane Systems
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D3745-95(2006) - Standard Practice for Installation of Prefabricated Asphalt Reservoir, Pond, Canal, and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006

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ASTM D3745-95(2000)e1 - Standard Practice for Installation of Prefabricated Asphalt Reservoir, Pond, Canal, and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)ASTM D3745-95(2000)e1 - Standard Practice for Installation of Prefabricated Asphalt Reservoir, Pond, Canal, and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)
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ASTM D3745-95(2000)e1 - Standard Practice for Installation of Prefabricated Asphalt Reservoir, Pond, Canal, and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation:D3745–95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Practice for
Installation of Prefabricated Asphalt Reservoir, Pond, Canal,
and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3745; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Editorially switched from English dominant to SI dominant.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This practice covers the description of suitable materials 3.1 There are no terms in this practice that require new or
and procedures for installing prefabricated asphalt reservoir, other dictionary definitions.
pond, canal, and ditch liner (exposed type).
4. Significance and Use
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.1 The practices described are only for water bearing
reservoirs, ponds, canals, and ditches.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Materials
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 The materials needed for the installation consist of the
2. Referenced Documents
lining sheets, a joint sealant (either a hot-mopped asphalt or a
cold-applied asphalt mastic type), and batten or cover strips for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials the joints between sheets; all of which are manufactured for
compatibility to prevent exudation.
D 6 Test Method for Loss on Heating of Oil and Asphaltic
Compounds 5.2 The lining sheets should conform to Specification
D 2643.
D 36 Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-
and-Ball Apparatus) 5.3 The hot-mopped asphalt joint sealant should conform to
one of the following specifications:
D 92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
5.3.1 Specification D 312, Types II, III, or IV.
Open Cup
D 113 Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Materials 5.3.1.1 The choice of which type of roofing asphalt to use
for a particular application will be influenced by climatic
D 312 Specification for Asphalt Used in Roofing
D 2042 Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in conditions and must be determined by the installer.
5.3.2 An asphalt manufactured to the requirements in Table
Trichloroethylene
D 2643 Specification for Prefabricated Asphalt Reservoir, 1.
5.3.3 Test Methods— The properties specified in Table 1
Pond, Canal, and Ditch Liner (Exposed Type)
D 2822 Specification for Asphalt Roof Cement may be determined as follows:
5.3.3.1 Flash Point— Test Method D 92.
D 5295 Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for
Adhered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing Systems 5.3.3.2 Softening Point— Test Method D 36.
5.3.3.3 Penetration— Test Method D 5.
5.3.3.4 Ductility—Test Method D 113.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing,
5.3.3.5 Weight Loss— Test Method D 6.
Waterproofing, and Bituminous Materials and is the direct responsibility of
5.3.3.6 Asphalt Soluble in Trichloroethylene—Test Method
Subcommittee D08.20 on Roofing Membrane Systems.
D 2042.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1995. Published November 1995. Originally
published as D 3745 – 78. Last previous edition D 3745 – 78 (89).
5.4 The cold-applied joint sealant should meet the require-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
ments of Specification D 2822 and should have the approval of
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04.
the manufacturer of the lining material.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3745
TABLE 1 Requirements for Asphalt
8.2.1 Apply joint sealant along all joints at least as wide as
Property min max the cover strips. If sealant application is by any method other
than pouring (for example, mopping, troweling, or spraying),
Flash point, °C (°F) 218 (425) .
Softening point, °C (°F) 96 (205) 107 (225)
apply another coat of sealant to the underside of the cover
Penetration at 25°C (77°F), 100 g, 5 s 25 to 40
strips.
Penetration at 0°C (32°F), 200 g, 60 s 15 .
8.2.2 Position and press the cover strips immediately before
Penetration at 46°C (115°F), 50 g, 5 s . 75
Ductility at 25°C (77°F), 5 cm/min, cm 30 .
the joint sealant solidifies. Apply sufficient pressure to force
Mass loss at 163°C (325°F), 5 h, % . 1
out some of the sealant all along the edges.
Penetration at 25°C (77°F) of residue 60 .
8.2.3 Point the ends of the batten strips with cold asphalt
from
mass loss, compared to penetration
mastic or overmop with sealant.
before 25°C (7°F) of residue from
heating, %
9. Installation on Side Slope of a Reservoir or Pond
Asphalt soluble in trichloroethylene, % 98 .
9.1 Do not attempt this type of installation on inclines
greater than 50 % (1 unit of rise for each 2 horizontal units).
9.2 Position all sheets on slopes with their long dimension
5.5 The batten or cover strips should meet the requirements
parallel to the slope.
of Specification D 2643, except with a minimum thickness of
9.3 Layortrimallbottomsheetssothatalljointsareatleast
8 mm (5/16 in.) and a width of 203 mm (8 in.), unless other
0.3 m (1 ft) up the slope or 0.3 m from the end of the slope on
materials or thicknesses are recommended by the lining manu-
the bottom. The joint on the bottom is preferred.
facturer or agreed upon between the purchaser and seller.
9.4 Continue up the slope and at least1m(3ft) over the
berm, following the method of installation described in 8.1.2
6. Preparation of Subgrade
and 8.2.
6.1 Prepare the subgrade, whether soil, brick, concrete, or
other substrate, by whatever means are necessary to remove
10. Installation in Corners of Side Slopes of a Reservoir
any irregularities that might puncture or deform the lining.
or Pond
6.2 The subgrade should be designed to support the load of
10.1 Follow the same general procedure used with compo-
the particular installation under consideration. Compaction of
sition shingles in the valley area of a roof.
the soil to give a minimum 95 % modified proctor density is
10.2 Where the end of a sheet from one side meets the side
recommended.
of a sheet from the ad
...

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ASTM D6034-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) Determining the Efficiency of a Production Well in a Confined Aquifer from a Constant Rate Pumping Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice allows the user to compute the true hydraulic efficiency of a pumped well in a confined aquifer from a constant rate pumping field test. The procedures described constitute the only valid method of determining well efficiency. Some practitioners have confused well efficiency with percentage of head loss associated with laminar flow, a parameter commonly determined from a step-drawdown test. Well efficiency, however, cannot be determined from a step-drawdown test but only can be determined from a constant rate test.  
5.2 Assumptions:  
5.2.1 Control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
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5.2.5 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.3 Calculation Requirements—For the special case of partially penetrating wells, application of this practice may be computationally intensive. The function fs shown in Eq 6 should be evaluated using arbitrary input parameters. It is not practical to use existing, somewhat limited, tables of values for fs and, because this equation is rather formidable, it may not be tractable by hand. Because of this, it is assumed the practitioner using this practice will have available a computerized procedure for evaluating the function fs. This can be accomplished using commercially available mathematical software including some spreadsheet applications. If calculating fs is not practical, it is recommended to substitute the Kozeny equation for the Hantush equation as previously described.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes an analytical procedure for determining the hydraulic efficiency of a production well in a confined aquifer. It involves comparing the actual drawdown in the well to the theoretical minimum drawdown achievable and is based upon data and aquifer coefficients obtained from a constant rate pumping test.  
1.2 This analytical practice is used in conjunction with the field procedure, Test Method D4050.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, except as noted below. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard. The reporting of results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs.  
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ASTM D4106-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 Well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.1.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The nonleaky aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and aerially extensive. A nonleaky aquifer receives insignificant contribution of water from confining beds.  
5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well conditions are shown in Fig. 1.    
5.2.3 Application of Theis Method to Unconfined Aquifers:  
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5.2.3.3 Gravity Yield Effects—In unconfined aquifers, delayed gravity yield effects may invalidate measurements of drawdown during the early part of the test for application to the Theis method. Effects of delayed gravity yield are negligible in partially penetrating observation wells at and beyond a distance, r, from the control well, where:
After the time, t, as given in Eq 9 from Neuman (6).
     where:
  Sy  =  the specific yield. For fully penetrating observation wells, the effects of delayed yield are negligible at the distance, r, in Eq 8 after one tenth of the time given in the Eq 9.    
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1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a nonleaky confined aquifer. It is used to analyze data on water-level response collected during radial flow to or from a well of constant discharge or injection.  
1.2 This analytical procedure, along with others, is used in conjunction with the field procedure given in Test Method D4050.  
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ASTM D4105/D4105M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 Well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.1.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer, that is, the well is open to the full thickness of the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The nonleaky aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive. A nonleaky aquifer receives insignificant contribution of water from confining beds.  
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1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI Units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with...

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ASTM D5785/D5785M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Underdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 The assumptions of the physical system are given as follows:  
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6.1.2 The aquifer is of constant homogeneous porosity and matrix compressibility and of homogeneous and isotropic hydraulic conductivity.  
6.1.3 The origin of the cylindrical coordinate system is taken to be on the well-bore axis at the top of the aquifer.  
6.1.4 The aquifer is fully screened.  
6.2 The assumptions made in defining the momentum balance are as follows:  
6.2.1 The average water velocity in the well is approximately constant over the well-bore section.  
6.2.2 Flow is laminar and frictional head losses from flow across the well screen are negligible.  
6.2.3 Flow through the well screen is uniformly distributed over the entire aquifer thickness.  
6.2.4 Change in momentum from the water velocity changing from radial flow through the screen to vertical flow in the well are negligible.  
6.2.5 The system response is an exponentially decaying sinusoidal function.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers determination of transmissivity from the measurement of the damped oscillation about the equilibrium water level of a well-aquifer system to a sudden change of water level in a well. Underdamped response of water level in a well to a sudden change in water level is characterized by oscillatory fluctuation about the static water level with a decrease in the magnitude of fluctuation and recovery to initial water level. Underdamped response may occur in wells tapping highly transmissive confined aquifers and in deep wells having long water columns.  
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ASTM D5786-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Field Procedure) for Constant Drawdown Tests in Flowing Wells for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifer Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Constant drawdown test procedures are used with appropriate analytical procedures to determine transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and storage coefficient of aquifers.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methods for controlling drawdown and measuring discharge rates and head to analyze the hydraulic properties of an aquifer or aquifers.  
1.2 This practice is used in conjunction with analytical procedures such as those of Jacob and Lohman (1)/(2),2 and Hantush (3).  
1.3 The appropriate field and analytical procedures for determining hydraulic properties of aquifer systems are selected as described in Guide D4043.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D396-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ABSTRACT
This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8165-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Used in Hypoid Final-Drive Axles Operated under Low-Speed and High-Torque Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures a lubricant's ability to protect hypoid final drive axles from abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, and surface fatigue when subjected to low-speed, high-torque conditions. Lack of protection can lead to premature gear or bearing failure, or both.  
5.2 This test method is used, or referred to, in specifications and classifications of rear-axle gear lubricants such as:  
5.2.1 Specification D7450.  
5.2.2 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.  
5.2.3 SAE J308.  
5.2.4 SAE J2360.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the L-37-1 test, describes a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying capacity, wear performance, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.3  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment specification.
1.2.1.1 The drawing in Annex A6 is in inch-pound units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are provided in 7.2 and 10.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2170/D2170M-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The kinematic viscosity characterizes flow behavior. The method is used to determine the consistency of liquid asphalt as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply. The specifications are usually at temperatures of 60 and 135 °C.
Note 3: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts, road oils, and distillation residues of liquid asphalts all at 60 °C [140 °F] and of liquid asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] (see table notes, 11.1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 mm2/s [cSt].  
1.2 Results of this test method can be used to calculate viscosity when the density of the test material at the test temperature is known or can be determined. See Annex A1 for the method of calculation.  
Note 1: This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures and at lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on determinations on liquid asphalts and road oils at 60 °C [140 °F] and on asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 mm2/s [cSt].
Note 2: Modified asphalt binders or asphalt binders that have been conditioned or recovered are typically non-Newtonian under the conditions of this test. The viscosity determined from this method is under the assumption that asphalt binders behave as Newtonian fluids under the conditions of this test. When the flow is non-Newtonian in a capillary tube, the shear rate determined by this method may be invalid. The presence of non-Newtonian behavior for the test conditions can be verified by measuring the viscosity with viscometers having different-sized capillary tubes. The defined precision limits in 11.1 may not be applicable to non-Newtonian asphalt binders.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior ...

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ASTM
ASTM D1227/D1227M-13(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Emulsified Asphalt Used as a Protective Coating for Roofing

ABSTRACT
This specification covers emulsified asphalt suitable for use as a protective coating for built-up roofs and other exposed surfaces with specified inclines. The emulsified asphalts are grouped into three types, as follows: Type I, which contains fillers or fibers including asbestos; Type II, which contains fillers or fibers other than asbestos; and Type III, which do not contain any form of fibrous reinforcement. These types are further subdivided into two classes, as follows: Class 1, which is prepared with mineral colloid emulsifying agents; and Class 2, which is prepared with chemical emulsifying agents. Other than consistency and homogeneity of the final products, they shall also conform to specified physical property requirements such as weight, residue by evaporation, ash content of residue, water content flammability, firm set, flexibility, resistance to water, and behavior during heat and direct flame tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers emulsified asphalt suitable for use as a protective coating for built-up roofs and other exposed surfaces with inclines of not less than 4 % or 42 mm/m [1/2 in./ft].  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6416/D6416M-16(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Two-Dimensional Flexural Properties of Simply Supported Sandwich Composite Plates Subjected to a Distributed Load

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method simulates the hydrostatic loading conditions which are often present in actual sandwich structures, such as marine hulls. This test method can be used to compare the two-dimensional flexural stiffness of a sandwich composite made with different combinations of materials or with different fabrication processes. Since it is based on distributed loading rather than concentrated loading, it may also provide more realistic information on the failure mechanisms of sandwich structures loaded in a similar manner. Test data should be useful for design and engineering, material specification, quality assurance, and process development. In addition, data from this test method would be useful in refining predictive mathematical models or computer code for use as structural design tools. Properties that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Panel surface deflection at load,  
5.1.2 Panel face-sheet strain at load,  
5.1.3 Panel bending stiffness,  
5.1.4 Panel shear stiffness,  
5.1.5 Panel strength, and  
5.1.6 Panel failure modes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the two-dimensional flexural properties of sandwich composite plates subjected to a distributed load. The test fixture uses a relatively large square panel sample which is simply supported all around and has the distributed load provided by a water-filled bladder. This type of loading differs from the procedure of Test Method C393, where concentrated loads induce one-dimensional, simple bending in beam specimens.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to composite structures of the sandwich type which involve a relatively thick layer of core material bonded on both faces with an adhesive to thin-face sheets composed of a denser, higher-modulus material, typically, a polymer matrix reinforced with high-modulus fibers.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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