D08.20 - Roofing Membrane Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The solar reflectance of a building envelope surface affects surface temperature and near-surface ambient air temperature. Surfaces with low solar reflectance absorb a high fraction of the incoming solar energy. Sunlight absorbed by a roof or by other building envelope surfaces can be conducted into the building, increasing cooling load and decreasing heating load in a conditioned building, or raising indoor temperature in an unconditioned building. It can also warm the outside air by convection. Determination of solar reflectance can help designers and consumers choose appropriate materials for their buildings and communities.  
5.1.1 The solar reflectance of a new building envelope surface often changes within one to two years through deposition and retention of soot and dust; microbiological growth; exposure to sunlight, precipitation, and dew; and other processes of soiling and weathering. For example, light-colored “cool” envelope surfaces with high initial reflectance can experience substantial reflectance loss as they are covered with dark soiling agents. Current product rating programs require roofing manufacturers to report values of solar reflectance and thermal emittance measured after three years of natural exposure (2, 3). A rapid laboratory process for soiling and weathering that simulates the three-year-aged radiative properties of roof and other building envelope surface materials expedites the development, testing, and introduction to market of such products.  
5.2 Thermal emittance describes the efficiency with which a surface exchanges thermal radiation with its environment. High thermal emittance enhances the ability of a surface to stay cool in the sun. The thermal emittance of a bare metal surface is initially low, and often increases as it is soiled or oxidized (4). The thermal emittance of a typical non-metal surface is initially high, and remains high after soiling (5).  
5.3 This practice allows measurement of the solar reflectance a...
SCOPE
1.1 Practice D7897 applies to simulation of the effects of field exposure on the solar reflectance and thermal emittance of roof surface materials including but not limited to field-applied coatings, factory-applied coatings, single-ply membranes, modified bitumen products, shingles, tiles, and metal products. The solar reflectance and thermal emittance of roof surfacing materials can be changed by exposure to the outdoor environment. These changes are caused by three factors: deposition and retention of airborne pollutants, microbiological growth, and changes in physical or chemical properties. This practice applies to simulation of changes in solar reflectance and thermal emittance induced by deposition and retention of airborne pollutants and, to a limited extent, changes caused by microbiological growth.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is for the sampling and analysis of existing built-up roof systems. For roofs under construction, use Practice D3617/D3617M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a guide for removing test specimens from existing built-up roofing systems in the field and for determining the approximate quantities of the components of that specimen (Note 1). Components determined may be:  
1.1.1 Insulation components when they are part of the roof membrane system,  
1.1.2 Plies of roofing felt,  
1.1.3 Interply layers of bituminous material,  
1.1.4 Top coating, and  
1.1.5 Surfacing.  
Note 1: This procedure is for the investigation of existing roofs and is not intended for new construction inspection.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to both 914 mm [36 in.] and 1000 mm [393/8 in.] wide felt rolls.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary information, see 6.3.2.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating new roof membranes for resistance to specific impact energies. The method evaluates new roof membranes when first applied and also after simulated deterioration caused by the ultraviolet radiation and moisture.  
6.2 Use Class 2 for an impact resistance of 11.0 ± 0.3 J [8.1 ± 0.2 ft-lb] and Class 3 for an impact resistance of 19.4 ± 0.4 J [14.3 ± 0.3 ft-lb].
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of impact resistance of new low slope roof membranes when applied directly over rigid insulation or cover board, or structural concrete, lightweight insulating concrete, gypsum, cementitious wood fiber, or wood roof decks. The procedures were developed to determine the potential for puncture or fracture of the new roof membrane resulting from impacts by free-falling steel balls resulting in specific impact energies when the new roof membrane is applied over its tested substrate within an assembly.  
1.2 This test method is intended to verify that products as described will meet a specific stated condition of impact resistance performance. Testing of asphalt shingles is beyond the scope of this test method. The tests yield classification identified as Class 2 and Class 3.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dynamic mechanical analysis provides a measure of the rheological properties of roofing and waterproofing membrane materials.  
5.2 Thermogravimetry is used to characterize the thermal stability of roofing and waterproofing membrane materials under the specific temperature program and gaseous atmosphere conditions selected for the analysis.  
5.3 Both dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetry are used to evaluate the effect of either laboratory-simulated or in-service exposure on roofing and waterproofing membrane materials.  
5.4 Both dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetry can be applied to asphalt shingles. However, their application to asphalt shingles is beyond the scope of this practice, which is limited to low-slope membrane materials at this time.  
5.5 This practice can be useful in the development of performance criteria for roofing and waterproofing membrane materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers test procedures and conditions that are applicable when Test Methods D5023, D5024, D5026, D5279, and D5418 are used for conducting dynamic mechanical analysis of roofing and waterproofing membrane material in three-point bending, compression, tension, torsion, and dual cantilever modes, respectively. The specific method is selected by the analyst and depends on the membrane material and the operating principles of the individual instrument used for the analysis.  
1.2 This practice covers test procedures and conditions that are applicable when Test Method E1131 is used for conducting thermogravimetry of roofing and waterproofing membrane material.  
1.3 Membrane materials include bituminous built-up roofing, polymer-modified bitumen sheets, vulcanized rubbers, non-vulcanized polymeric sheets, and thermoplastics. The membrane materials can be either nonreinforced or reinforced.  
1.4 This practice is applicable to new membrane materials received from the supplier, those exposed artificially in the laboratory or outdoors on an exposure rack, and those sampled from field installations.  
1.5 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The wind resistance of ballasted membrane roof systems is determined largely by the size and weight of the ballast used. ANSI/SPRI RP-4 provides a method for the wind design of ballasted single-ply membrane roof systems and includes specific guidelines for the size and weight of aggregate used as ballast. The aggregate size classifications provided in this standard are intended for use with the guidelines provided in ANSI/SPRI RP-4 in designing the wind resistance of aggregate ballasted single-ply membrane roof systems.  
4.2 The aggregate size classifications provided in this classification are intended to provide a basis of compliance for contract documents that specify certain aggregate sizes for use on ballasted membrane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification defines the aggregate size designations and ranges in mechanical analyses for standard sizes of aggregate used as ballast for membrane roof systems.  
1.2 The text of this classification references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.3 With regard to sieve sizes and the size of aggregate as determined by the use of testing sieves, the values in inch-pound units are shown for the convenience of the user; however, the standard sieve designations shown in parentheses are the standard values as stated in Specification E11.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide outlines the general procedures necessary to evaluate and prepare a roof membrane for the application of a liquid surface coating.  
3.2 This guide is not all inclusive; this guide is intended to supplement detailed instructions from manufacturers and safety requirements required by law.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the procedures for evaluating and preparing non-aggregate surfaced membranes for the application of a coating. It does not address design, construction, or installation issues regarding the roof assembly or the roof membrane. It is not an application guide for roof coatings.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to aid those interested in the engineering properties of roofing and waterproofing sheet materials and membranes.  
5.2 This test method enables a researcher to measure the relative flexibility of roofing and waterproofing sheet materials and membranes under standard conditions in the laboratory.  
5.3 The data obtained from this test method will not permit prediction of the service life of a membrane. Membrane flexibility is important during application, and changes in flexibility are believed to be linked to the performance of roofing and waterproofing membranes, but the actual link between test data and performance is unknown and is dependent on the materials and exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the flexibility of roofing or waterproofing sheet materials or membranes by bending the test material over a block containing arcs of specific radii at a standard temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 An important factor affecting the performance of membrane roofing systems is their ability to resist dynamic puncture impacts. This test method provides a means to assess dynamic puncture resistance.  
5.2 This test method can be used to compare the dynamic puncture resistance of a single type of membrane as a function of a variety of insulation substrates or, conversely, to compare the resistance of a number of membrane specimens set on a single type of insulation.  
5.3 The effect of temperature on puncture resistance can be studied by conducting the test under controlled conditions using such equipment as an environmental chamber, oven, or freezer.  
5.4 The test method can be useful in developing performance criteria for membrane roofing systems.  
5.5 The test method can be useful in developing classifications of dynamic puncture resistance of membrane roofing systems.  
5.6 While it is considered that the results obtained by this laboratory test can afford a measure of the dynamic puncture resistance of membrane roofing systems in the field (provided that service loads and temperature conditions are known), no direct correlation has yet been established.  
5.7 This test method can be useful for evaluating the dynamic puncture resistance of membranes used in vegetative roof systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the dynamic puncture energy that roofing membrane specimens can withstand, without allowing the passage of water, when subjected to impact from a rigid object having a sharp edge.  
1.2 This laboratory test can be conducted at any desired temperature using membrane specimens manufactured in a factory or prepared in a laboratory.  
1.3 Roof membrane specimens to which the test method is applicable include bituminous built-up, polymer-modified bitumens, vulcanized rubbers, non-vulcanized polymeric, and thermoplastic materials.  
1.3.1 The applicability of this test method to these membrane specimens includes their use in vegetative roof systems.  
1.4 This test method is not applicable to aggregate-surfaced membrane specimens; however, it is applicable to specimens having factory-applied granules.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 An important factor affecting the performance of many membrane roofing systems is their ability to resist static puncture loads. This test method provides a means for assessing static puncture resistance.  
5.2 This test method can be used to compare the puncture resistance of a single type of membrane as a function of a variety of insulation substrates or, conversely, to compare the resistance of a number of membrane specimens set on a single type of insulation.  
5.3 The effect of temperature on puncture resistance can be studied by conducting the test under controlled conditions using such equipment as an environmental chamber, oven, or freezer.  
5.4 This test method can be useful for developing performance criteria for membrane roofing systems.  
5.5 This test method can be useful for developing classifications of the static puncture resistance of membrane roofing systems.  
5.6 While it is considered that the results obtained by this laboratory test can afford a measure of the static puncture resistance of membrane roofing systems in the field provided that service loads and temperature conditions are known, no direct correlation has yet been established.  
5.7 This test method can be useful for evaluating the static puncture resistance of membranes used in vegetative roof systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers evaluation of the maximum static puncture load that roofing membrane specimens can withstand without allowing the passage of water.  
1.2 This laboratory test is conducted at any desired temperature using sheet membrane specimens manufactured in a factory or prepared in a laboratory.  
1.3 Roof membrane specimens to which the test method is applicable include bituminous built-up, polymer-modified bitumens, vulcanized rubbers, non-vulcanized polymeric, and thermoplastic materials.  
1.3.1 The applicability of this test method to these membrane specimens includes their use in vegetative roof systems.  
1.4 This test method is not applicable to aggregate-surfaced membrane specimens, but it is applicable to specimens having factory-applied granules.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Since felts or sheet roofing or waterproofing materials are brought to the roof in a roll and unrolled, this test method simulates felt or membrane behavior under actual field conditions during the unrolling process.  
5.2 This test method is designed to aid those interested in the physical properties of roofing and waterproofing felts and sheet materials.  
5.3 This test method enables a researcher to measure the relative behavior of low-temperature unrolling of roofing and waterproofing felt or sheet materials under laboratory conditions.  
5.4 The data obtained from this test method will not permit service life prediction or the ability of the material to be installed at the tested temperature. Unrolling capabilities are important during application, and the temperature at the time of unrolling is believed to affect the performance of roofing and waterproofing membranes. However, the actual link between the test data and performance is unknown and is dependent on the materials and exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the physical testing and analysis of surface cracking due to low-temperature unrolling of roofing composed of bituminous impregnated felts and reinforced polymer-modified bituminous sheet materials. These products may employ various surfacing materials on one side.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the standard procedure for sampling, analysis, and removal of specimens in built-up bituminous roof systems during application, but before the application of flood coating and top surfacing, for determining the approximate quantities of the components and the possible presence of moisture, or dry spots between plies, in the field. These components may be composed of insulation (when part of the roof membrane system), plies of roofing felt, interply layers of bituminous material, and top coating (if present, before any surfacing aggregate has been applied). Appropriate calculation procedures are also indicated herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a guide for removing specimens for built-up bituminous roof systems during application, but before the application of flood coating and top surfacing, for determining the approximate quantities of the components and the possible presence of moisture, or dry spots between plies, in the field. Components may consist of:  
1.1.1 Insulation, when part of the roof membrane system,  
1.1.2 Plies of roofing felt,  
1.1.3 Interply layers of bituminous material, and  
1.1.4 Top coating, if present, before any surfacing aggregate has been applied.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to both 914 mm [36 in.] and 1000 mm [393/8 in.] wide felt rolls.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be useful in understanding the response of low-sloped membrane roof assemblies to air pressure differences induced across the assembly.  
5.2 This test method can be useful in understanding the role of different roofing components in providing resistance to air leakage through the roof assembly.  
5.3 When applying the results of tests by this test method, note that the performance of a roof or its components, or both, depends on proper installation.  
5.4 This test method does not purport to establish all criteria necessary for the consideration of air movement in the design of a roof assembly. Air intrusion in roofing systems is separate and distinct from air leakage in roofing systems. Test Method D7586/D7586M provides an air intrusion test method for mechanically attached roof assemblies. The results are intended to be used for comparison purposes and likely do not represent the field-installed performance of the roof assembly.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a laboratory technique for determining air leakage in low-sloped membrane roof assemblies under specified negative air pressure differences.  
1.2 This test method is intended to measure air leakage of a roof assembly with rooftop penetrations.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A roof assembly must work as a system. Any component of the roof assembly demonstrating an inherent weakness or inability to perform will diminish the roof system performance and service life expected. This guide lists minimum performance attributes required of low-slope roof assemblies. Products not previously used as roof membrane materials require additional tests beyond the scope of this document. This guide is not intended for use on in-service roofing materials. Roof membranes and other components should conform to ASTM product standards, if available.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide lists test methods intended to establish a minimum level of performance for insulated roof membrane assemblies, and lists pertinent design guidelines and installation methods in a unified manner. Material tests and evaluations are included with and without roof insulation.  
1.2 It is not possible to establish a precise correlation between laboratory tests on roof assemblies and natural weathering due to variations in geographical climate, design, material, and installation.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating roofing systems for resistance to impact loads of many kinds. It should also be useful in developing performance criteria for roofing systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of bituminous roofing systems to impact loads at any desired temperature, with a missile of the weight, size, and shape specified herein.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method offers a convenient alternative to solvent extraction for the approximate determination of top-coating bitumen and adhered aggregate in roofing samples, particularly when the bitumen is coal-tar pitch.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bitumen content of adhered aggregate surfacing on a roof, and the approximate mass per unit area of the flood coat and adhered aggregate.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Excess moisture trapped in roofing or waterproofing systems can adversely affect performance and lead to premature failure of roofing or waterproofing systems and its components. It also reduces thermal resistance, resulting in reduced energy efficiency and inflated energy costs. Impedance scans can be effective in identifying concealed and entrapped moisture within roofing or waterproofing systems.  
5.2 This practice is intended to be used at various stages of the roofing and waterproofing system’s life such as: during or at completion of installation of roofing or waterproofing system to determine if there was moisture intrusion into the roofing or waterproofing system or underlying materials; at regular intervals as part of a preventative maintenance program; and to aid in condition assessment, or before replacement or repair work, or combinations thereof, to assist in determining the extent of work and replacement materials.  
5.3 This practice alone does not determine the cause of moisture infiltration into roofing or waterproofing systems; however, it can be used to help tracing excess moisture to the point of ingress.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to techniques that use nondestructive electrical impedance (EI) scanners to locate moisture and evaluate the comparative moisture content within insulated low-slope roofing and waterproofing systems.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems wherein insulation is placed above the deck and positioned underneath and in contact with electrically nonconductive single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes and systems such as coal tar, asphalt, modified bitumen, thermoplastics, spray polyurethane foam, and similar electrically nonconductive membrane materials. This practice is also applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems without insulation placed above moisture absorbing decks such as wood, concrete, or gypsum, that are in contact with single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes as described above.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems incorporating electrically nonconductive rigid board insulation made from materials such as organic fibers, perlite, cork, fiberglass, wood-fiber, polyisocyanurate, polystyrene, phenolic foam, composite boards, gypsum substrate boards, and other electrically nonconductive roofing and waterproofing systems such as spray-applied polyurethane foam.  
1.4 This practice is not appropriate for all combinations of materials used in roofing and waterproofing systems.  
1.4.1 Metal and other electrically conductive surface coverings and near-surface embedded metallic components are not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners because of the electrical conductivity of these materials.  
1.4.2 This practice is not appropriate for use with black EPDM, any membranes containing black EPDM, or black EPDM coatings because black EPDM gives false positive readings.  
1.4.3 Aluminum foil on top-faced insulation, roofing, or waterproofing membranes gives a false positive reading and is not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners; however, liquid-applied aluminum pigmented emulsified asphalt-based coatings shall not normally affect impedance scanner readings.
1.4.3.1 This practice is not appropriate for use with aluminium foil faced modified bitumen membranes, as the electrical conductivity of the aluminium foil surface can give false positive readings.  
1.4.4 While their overburden remains in place, this practice is not appropriate for use with inverted roof membrane assemblies (IRMAs) or protected roof assemblies (PRMAs), which contain above the deck waterproof membrane and overburden that may include insulation, drainage components, pavers, aggregate, ballast, vegetation, or combinations thereof, because the impedance scanner will not differentiate between above and below the membrane moisture.  
1.4.5 S...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Quality assurance observation of roofing projects is an important process for determining if the removal, installation, repair, or maintenance of roofing materials or systems follows the scope and intent of the contract documents and are installed and executed in accordance with accepted roofing practices and the contract documents.  
4.2 This practice is applied to full-time quality assurance observation of roofing projects involving the removal, construction, and repair and maintenance of low and steep-slope roof systems and roofing-related accessories.  
4.3 This practice establishes the role and responsibilities of those performing quality assurance observation and includes qualifications of the quality assurance observer, as well as procedures for observation and documentation during the roof construction or repair process.  
4.4 If used, nothing in this practice shall be interpreted as precluding the use of all or parts of it while conducting full-time or part-time quality assurance observer (QAO) inspection.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for performing visual monitoring of roofing construction to:  
1.1.1 Establish guidelines for quality assurance observation practices; and  
1.1.2 Define the role and responsibilities of the quality assurance observer.  
1.2 This practice pertains to quality assurance observation of roofing projects and the report of information obtained from these observations. This practice is applicable to new construction or reroofing projects involving the installation of a new roof system, the removal of existing roofing and installation of a new roof system, or recovering an existing roof. It is also applicable to roofing projects involving repairs or scheduled maintenance to an existing roof.  
1.3 This practice contains the following information:  
1.3.1 The objectives of the quality assurance process;  
1.3.2 The responsibilities and qualifications of the individual(s) involved in the observations of the roof construction or repair;  
1.3.3 Identification and use of the basic tools or equipment required for the visual roof observation process; and  
1.3.4 Monitoring, recording, and reporting procedures.  
1.4 This practice addresses new construction or repair. This practice does not address the investigation, condition, or analysis of existing roofs.  
1.5 This practice does not address practices of roof investigation, condition reporting, or analysis of preexisting roofs.  
1.6 This practice does not pertain to quality control processes or techniques performed by persons or entities representing or under contract to the roofing contractor. The quality control process is separate and distinct from the quality assurance observation process.  
1.7 Assessment of safe work practices or safety monitoring procedures followed by the contractor is outside the scope of this practice.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating roof membranes, seams, and laps for resistance to water migration from standing water on the roof. This test method evaluates roof membranes when first applied and also after simulated deterioration caused by the ultraviolet energy of the sun.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of water migration resistance of roof membranes including built-up roof membranes, modified bitumen, and single-ply roof membranes. The procedures were developed to determine the potential for leakage of water through the roof membranes resulting from a standing head of water and when pressurized with air from the underside.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Solar reflectance is an important factor affecting the temperature of a sunlit surface and that of the near-surface ambient air temperature. The test method described herein measures the solar reflectance of surfaces in natural sunlight.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of solar reflectance of various horizontal and low-sloped surfaces and materials in the field, using an albedometer or pyranometer. The test method is intended for use when the sun angle to the normal from a surface is less than 45°.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Solar reflectance and thermal emittance are important factors affecting surface and near-surface ambient air temperature. Surfaces with low solar reflectance, absorb a high fraction of the incoming solar energy. A fraction of this absorbed energy is conducted into ground and buildings, a fraction is convected to air (leading to higher air temperatures), and a fraction is radiated to the sky. For equivalent conditions, the lower the emissivity of a surface the higher its steady-state temperature. Surfaces with low emissivity cannot effectively radiate to the sky and, therefore, get hot. Determination of solar reflectance and thermal emittance, and subsequent calculation of the relative temperature of the surfaces with respect to black and white reference temperature (defined as Solar Reflectance Index, SRI), may help designers and consumers to choose the proper materials to make their buildings and communities energy efficient. The method described here gives the SRI of surfaces based on measured solar reflectances and thermal emissivities of the surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation of the Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) of horizontal and low-sloped opaque surfaces at standard conditions. The method is intended to calculate SRI for surfaces with emissivity greater than 0.1.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This practice is for removing specimens from existing modified bitumen roof membranes for visual assessment and evaluation for abnormalities in the membrane.  
6.2 This practice is not intended for roofs under construction.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is for removing specimens from existing modified bitumen roof membranes for visual assessment and evaluation for abnormalities in the membrane. The roof membrane consists of one or more plies/sheet materials in which at least one ply is a modified bitumen (MB) sheet, and which is installed with one or more of the following methods: hot asphalt, heat welding (open flame torching or heated air), cold adhesive, or self-adhesive. The roof membrane may consist of one or more plies of the following:  
1.1.1 SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene), APP (attactic polypropylene), or other polymer, modified bitumen sheet materials.  
1.1.2 An exposed modified bitumen sheet material, that is, a modified cap sheet, covering multiple layers of built-up roofing (BUR) plies.  
1.1.3 Any adhesive or bitumen component used to install the roof membrane.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful to define the force needed to cause separation of the roofing or waterproofing system or components perpendicular to the plane of the system, and to define the weakest plane in the system.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the force needed to cause separation of the components of a roofing or a waterproofing membrane system normal (perpendicular) to the plane of the membrane. The separation may be adhesive at the weakest bond, or cohesive within the weakest material. If the failure is cohesive, the adhesive strength is greater than the cohesive strength.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 The standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is important to evaluate the corrosion resistance of ferrous metal components used in low-slope roofing and waterproofing because they provide integrity and securement of other system components, such as insulation and membranes. Corrosion of ferrous metal components may result in their early deterioration and may lead to roofing or waterproofing system failure.  
5.2 Results from testing ferrous metal components in an acidic atmosphere serve as an indication of the relative corrosion resistance of such components, coated or uncoated, to the environment of the test chamber. The results are not to be construed as a general guideline to the corrosion resistance of such components in other environments or in usage that may be conducive to corrosion.  
5.3 Moist air containing sulfur dioxide quickly produces easily visible corrosion on many ferrous metals. It is therefore a test medium suited to detect pores or other sources of weakness in protective barrier coatings.  
5.4 This test method applies primarily to evaluating the effectiveness of barrier coatings to provide general corrosion protection under test conditions. It is not intended to evaluate the resistance of the components to specific corrosion mechanisms such as crevice, galvanic, or stress corrosion.  
5.5 This test method does not address abrasion resistance of barrier coatings when the fasteners are driven through above roof deck components, such as an existing built-up roof or insulations, or both.  
5.6 Only the above deck portion of fasteners subjected to this test method is evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers components of ferrous metal fastener assemblies, excluding those of stainless steel, such as fasteners, stress plates, and batten bars used in low slope roofing and waterproofing, to a sulfurous acid environment. This test method evaluates relative corrosion resistance of the components by determination of percentage of rust or white rust.  
1.2 The components may or may not have a surface treatment applied.  
1.3 A limiting factor is the subjectiveness when determining actual percentage of rust or white rust corrosion.  
1.4 Other performance characteristics of ferrous metal components such as abrasion resistance of barrier coatings are not evaluated in this method.  
1.5 This test method was developed based on Practice G87.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This laboratory test method can be used on multi-ply roofing and waterproofing systems to measure, classify, and count the voids between felt plies, between insulation layers, and between the membrane and insulation layers. Voids between the felt plies or between the membrane and insulation layer in multi-ply systems can be the seeds for future blisters.  
5.2 In one-ply systems, this test method can be used to count and measure the voids in the adhesive in laps and, in adhered systems, in the adhesive between the membrane and the insulation. Voids in the lapping adhesive can be the source of leakage while voids in the lapping adhesive or in the adhesive between the membrane and insulation can be the seeds for future blisters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method includes two procedures for measuring the area of voids in the adhesive between materials used in roofing and waterproofing systems. Both procedures require a count of the number of voids.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test values for the resistance of specific ply sheets, roll roofing, or shingles to selected fastener pull-through may assist in the determination of appropriate fastener spacing. The relative behavior of different fasteners and fasteners with and without caps may be evaluated.  
4.2 Laboratory data will not permit prediction of field performance, particularly long-term performance, and if all test conditions are not the same, data may not be comparable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force needed to pull a fastener through any type of roofing or waterproofing ply sheet, roll roofing, or shingle, or to cause fastener failure under specified laboratory conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Determining the tensile-tear strength of laboratory and field samples of roofing membranes should be useful in developing performance criteria, and as one basis for comparison of different materials and systems. The effects of temperature, moisture, and aging may be evaluated by appropriate selection of field samples or conditioning of laboratory samples, and tests may be conducted in an environmental chamber.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile-tear strength of bituminous roofing membranes.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is designed to aid those interested in the engineering properties of roofing membranes.  
4.2 The data obtained will not permit prediction of the service life of a membrane under field conditions. The data will provide a basis for study of the mechanical properties of the membrane. Note that if strain rates, specimen dimensions, initial clear distance between clamps, or temperatures and moisture contents are varied, the data may not be strictly comparable.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a guide for determining the load-strain properties of roofing membranes and their components at various temperatures. Test specimens may be prepared in the laboratory or cut from samples obtained in the field.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to provide building professionals with a methodology for evaluating water leakage through low-sloped roofs. It addresses the service history of a roof, the various components of a roof, and the interaction between these components and adjacent construction. It is not intended as a construction quality control procedure, as specified in Practice D7186, nor as a preconstruction qualification procedure. It is intended for evaluating water leakage through a low-sloped roof.  
4.1.1 Qualifications—Use of this guide requires a background as an architect, engineer, roof/waterproofing consultant, roofing contractor, or related profession with an understanding in building construction and the expertise in the design, installation, and maintenance of low-sloped roofs.  
4.1.2 Application—The sequential activities described herein are intended to produce an evaluation program, but all activities may not be applicable or necessary for a particular evaluation program. It is the responsibility of the professional using this guide to determine the activities and sequence necessary to perform an appropriate leakage evaluation for a specific low-sloped roof on a building.  
4.1.3 Preliminary Assessment—A preliminary assessment may indicate that water leakage problems are limited to a specific element or portion of a low-sloped roof. The evaluation of causes may be limited in scope, and the procedures recommended herein abridged according to the professional judgment of the investigator. A statement stipulating the limits of the investigation should be included in the report.  
4.1.4 Expectations—Expectations about the overall effectiveness of an evaluation program must be reasonable, and in proportion to a defined scope of work. This guide is intended to address leakage of a low-sloped roof system, leading to conclusions that can generally be applied to similar or other locations on the roof. Since every possible location is not included in an evaluati...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods for determining and evaluating causes of water leakage in low-sloped roofs. For this purpose, water penetration is considered leakage and therefore problematic, is causing or is likely to cause premature deterioration of the roof, building or its contents, or is adversely affecting the performance of other components of the building. A roof is considered an assembly including the membrane, insulation, vapor retarder (if required), deck, and structural components.  
1.1.1 This guide excludes moisture-related problems in roofs caused by condensation.
Note 1: Condensation—Moisture-related problems in roof systems may be caused by condensation of humid air originating from within the building and be incorrectly attributed to leakage from rain water. The protocol for an investigation of dampness due to condensation and is complicated, requires special expertise, and is beyond the scope of this guide. For information regarding condensation problems as they relate to roofs, refer to ASTM MNL 18,2 ASTM MNL 40,3 and ASHRAE Handbook 2005 Fundamentals.4  
1.2 Investigative techniques discussed in this guide may be intrusive, disruptive, or destructive. It is the responsibility of the investigator to establish the limitations of use, to anticipate and advise of the destructive nature of some procedures, and to plan for repairing and selective reconstruction as necessary.  
1.3 This guide does not address steep-sloped roofs, standing or flat seam metal roofs, or architectural standing seam metal roofs.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Excess moisture trapped in roofing or waterproofing systems can adversely affect performance and lead to premature failure of roofing or waterproofing systems and its components. It also reduces thermal resistance, resulting in reduced energy efficiency and inflated energy costs. Impedance scans can be effective in identifying concealed and entrapped moisture within roofing or waterproofing systems.  
5.2 This practice is intended to be used at various stages of the roofing and waterproofing system’s life such as: during or at completion of installation of roofing or waterproofing system to determine if there was moisture intrusion into the roofing or waterproofing system or underlying materials; at regular intervals as part of a preventative maintenance program; and to aid in condition assessment, or before replacement or repair work, or combinations thereof, to assist in determining the extent of work and replacement materials.  
5.3 This practice alone does not determine the cause of moisture infiltration into roofing or waterproofing systems; however, it can be used to help tracing excess moisture to the point of ingress.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to techniques that use nondestructive electrical impedance (EI) scanners to locate moisture and evaluate the comparative moisture content within insulated low-slope roofing and waterproofing systems.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems wherein insulation is placed above the deck and positioned underneath and in contact with electrically nonconductive single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes and systems such as coal tar, asphalt, modified bitumen, thermoplastics, spray polyurethane foam, and similar electrically nonconductive membrane materials. This practice is also applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems without insulation placed above moisture absorbing decks such as wood, concrete, or gypsum, that are in contact with single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes as described above.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems incorporating electrically nonconductive rigid board insulation made from materials such as organic fibers, perlite, cork, fiberglass, wood-fiber, polyisocyanurate, polystyrene, phenolic foam, composite boards, gypsum substrate boards, and other electrically nonconductive roofing and waterproofing systems such as spray-applied polyurethane foam.  
1.4 This practice is not appropriate for all combinations of materials used in roofing and waterproofing systems.  
1.4.1 Metal and other electrically conductive surface coverings and near-surface embedded metallic components are not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners because of the electrical conductivity of these materials.  
1.4.2 This practice is not appropriate for use with black EPDM, any membranes containing black EPDM, or black EPDM coatings because black EPDM gives false positive readings.  
1.4.3 Aluminum foil on top-faced insulation, roofing, or waterproofing membranes gives a false positive reading and is not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners; however, liquid-applied aluminum pigmented emulsified asphalt-based coatings shall not normally affect impedance scanner readings.  
1.4.4 See A1.4 for some cautionary notes on roofing anomalies and limitations that affect the impedance test practice.  
1.5 Moisture scanners using impedance-based technology are classified as EI scanners.
Note 1: The term capacitance is sometimes used when describing impedance scanners. Capacitance scanners are purely capacitive as they do not have a resistive component. Impedance scanners combine both capacitance and resistance for testing; thus, they are well suited to the measurement of different types of materials and constructions found in roofing and waterproofing systems as the combination of both components allows for a more versatile testin...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Excess moisture trapped in roofing or waterproofing systems can adversely affect performance and lead to premature failure of roofing or waterproofing systems and its components. It also reduces thermal resistance, resulting in reduced energy efficiency and inflated energy costs. Impedance scans can be effective in identifying concealed and entrapped moisture within roofing or waterproofing systems.  
5.2 This practice is intended to be used at various stages of the roofing and waterproofing system’s life such as: during or at completion of installation of roofing or waterproofing system to determine if there was moisture intrusion into the roofing or waterproofing system or underlying materials; at regular intervals as part of a preventative maintenance program; and to aid in condition assessment, or before replacement or repair work, or combinations thereof, to assist in determining the extent of work and replacement materials.  
5.3 This practice alone does not determine the cause of moisture infiltration into roofing or waterproofing systems; however, it can be used to help tracing excess moisture to the point of ingress.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to techniques that use nondestructive electrical impedance (EI) scanners to locate moisture and evaluate the comparitive moisture content within insulated low-slope roofing and waterproofing systems.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems wherein insulation is placed above the deck and positioned underneath and in contact with electrically nonconductive single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes and systems such as coal tar, asphalt, modified bitumen, thermoplastics, spray polyurethane foam, and similar electrically nonconductive membrane materials. This practice is also applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems without insulation placed above moisture absorbing decks such as wood, concrete, or gypsum, that are in contact with single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes as described above.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems incorporating electrically nonconductive rigid board insulation made from materials such as organic fibers, perlite, cork, fiberglass, wood-fiber, polyisocyanurate, polystyrene, phenolic foam, composite boards, gypsum substrate boards, and other electrically nonconductive roofing and waterproofing systems such as spray-applied polyurethane foam.  
1.4 This practice is not appropriate for all combinations of materials used in roofing and waterproofing systems.  
1.4.1 Metal and other electrically conductive surface coverings and near-surface embedded metallic components are not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners because of the electrical conductivity of these materials.  
1.4.2 This practice is not appropriate for use with black EPDM, any membranes containing black EPDM, or black EPDM coatings because black EPDM gives false positive readings.  
1.4.3 Aluminum foil on top-faced insulation, roofing, or waterproofing membranes gives a false positive reading and is not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners; however, liquid-applied aluminum pigmented emulsified asphalt-based coatings shall not normally affect impedance scanner readings.  
1.4.4 See A1.4 for some cautionary notes on roofing anomalies and limitations that affect the impedance test practice.  
1.5 Moisture scanners using impedance-based technology are classified as EI scanners.
Note 1: The term capacitance is sometimes used when describing impedance scanners. Capacitance scanners are purely capacitive as they do not have a resistive component. Impedance scanners combine both capacitance and resistance for testing; thus, they are well suited to the measurement of different types of materials and constructions found in roofing and waterproofing systems as the combination of both components allows for a more versatile testin...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is for the sampling and analysis of existing built-up roof systems. For roofs under construction, use Practice D3617/D3617M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a guide for removing test specimens from existing built-up roofing systems in the field and for determining the approximate quantities of the components of that specimen (Note 1). Components determined may be:  
1.1.1 Insulation components when they are part of the roof membrane system,  
1.1.2 Plies of roofing felt,  
1.1.3 Interply layers of bituminous material,  
1.1.4 Top coating, and  
1.1.5 Surfacing.  
Note 1: This procedure is for the investigation of existing roofs and is not intended for new construction inspection.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to both 914-mm [36-in.] and 1000-mm [39 3/8-in.] wide felt rolls.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary information, see 6.3.2.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 An important factor affecting the performance of many membrane roofing systems is their ability to resist static puncture loads. This test method provides a means for assessing static puncture resistance.  
5.2 This test method can be used to compare the puncture resistance of a single type of membrane as a function of a variety of insulation substrates or, conversely, to compare the resistance of a number of membrane specimens set on a single type of insulation.  
5.3 The effect of temperature on puncture resistance can be studied by conducting the test under controlled conditions using such equipment as an environmental chamber, oven, or freezer.  
5.4 This test method can be useful for developing performance criteria for membrane roofing systems.  
5.5 This test method can be useful for developing classifications of the static puncture resistance of membrane roofing systems.  
5.6 While it is considered that the results obtained by this laboratory test can afford a measure of the static puncture resistance of membrane roofing systems in the field provided that service loads and temperature conditions are known, no direct correlation has yet been established.  
5.7 This test method can be useful for evaluating the static puncture resistance of membranes used in vegetative roof systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers evaluation of the maximum static puncture load that roofing membrane specimens can withstand without allowing the passage of water.  
1.2 This laboratory test is conducted at any desired temperature using sheet membrane specimens manufactured in a factory or prepared in a laboratory.  
1.3 Roof membrane specimens to which the test method is applicable include bituminous built up, polymer-modified bitumens, vulcanized rubbers, non-vulcanized polymeric, and thermoplastic materials.  
1.3.1 The applicability of this test method to these membrane specimens includes their use in vegetative roof systems.  
1.4 This test method is not applicable to aggregate-surfaced membrane specimens, but it is applicable to specimens having factory-applied granules.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 An important factor affecting the performance of membrane roofing systems is their ability to resist dynamic puncture impacts. This test method provides a means to assess dynamic puncture resistance.  
5.2 This test method can be used to compare the dynamic puncture resistance of a single type of membrane as a function of a variety of insulation substrates or, conversely, to compare the resistance of a number of membrane specimens set on a single type of insulation.  
5.3 The effect of temperature on puncture resistance can be studied by conducting the test under controlled conditions using such equipment as an environmental chamber, oven, or freezer.  
5.4 The test method can be useful in developing performance criteria for membrane roofing systems.  
5.5 The test method can be useful in developing classifications of dynamic puncture resistance of membrane roofing systems.  
5.6 While it is considered that the results obtained by this laboratory test can afford a measure of the dynamic puncture resistance of membrane roofing systems in the field, (provided that service loads and temperature conditions are known) no direct correlation has yet been established.  
5.7 This test method can be useful for evaluating the dynamic puncture resistance of membranes used in vegetative roof systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the dynamic puncture energy that roofing membrane specimens can withstand, without allowing the passage of water, when subjected to impact from a rigid object having a sharp edge.  
1.2 This laboratory test can be conducted at any desired temperature using membrane specimens manufactured in a factory or prepared in a laboratory.  
1.3 Roof membrane specimens to which the test method is applicable include bituminous built-up, polymer-modified bitumens, vulcanized rubbers, non-vulcanized polymeric, and thermoplastic materials.  
1.3.1 The applicability of this test method to these membrane specimens includes their use in vegetative roof systems.  
1.4 This test method is not applicable to aggregate-surfaced membrane specimens; however, it is applicable to specimens having factory-applied granules.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The solar reflectance of a building envelope surface affects surface temperature and near-surface ambient air temperature. Surfaces with low solar reflectance absorb a high fraction of the incoming solar energy. Sunlight absorbed by a roof or by other building envelope surfaces can be conducted into the building, increasing cooling load and decreasing heating load in a conditioned building, or raising indoor temperature in an unconditioned building. It can also warm the outside air by convection. Determination of solar reflectance can help designers and consumers choose appropriate materials for their buildings and communities.  
5.1.1 The solar reflectance of a new building envelope surface often changes within one to two years through deposition and retention of soot and dust; microbiological growth; exposure to sunlight, precipitation, and dew; and other processes of soiling and weathering. For example, light-colored “cool” envelope surfaces with high initial reflectance can experience substantial reflectance loss as they are covered with dark soiling agents. Current product rating programs require roofing manufacturers to report values of solar reflectance and thermal emittance measured after three years of natural exposure (2, 3). A rapid laboratory process for soiling and weathering that simulates the three-year-aged radiative properties of roof and other building envelope surface materials expedites the development, testing, and introduction to market of such products.  
5.2 Thermal emittance describes the efficiency with which a surface exchanges thermal radiation with its environment. High thermal emittance enhances the ability of a surface to stay cool in the sun. The thermal emittance of a bare metal surface is initially low, and often increases as it is soiled or oxidized (4). The thermal emittance of a typical non-metal surface is initially high, and remains high after soiling (5).  
5.3 This practice allows measurement of the solar reflectance a...
SCOPE
1.1 Practice D7897 applies to simulation of the effects of field exposure on the solar reflectance and thermal emittance of roof surface materials including but not limited to field-applied coatings, factory-applied coatings, single-ply membranes, modified bitumen products, shingles, tiles, and metal products. The solar reflectance and thermal emittance of roof surfacing materials can be changed by exposure to the outdoor environment. These changes are caused by three factors: deposition and retention of airborne pollutants; microbiological growth; and changes in physical or chemical properties. This practice applies to simulation of changes in solar reflectance and thermal emittance induced by deposition and retention of airborne pollutants and, to a limited extent, changes caused by microbiological growth.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The wind resistance of ballasted membrane roof systems is determined largely by the size and weight of the ballasted used. ANSI/SPRI RP-4 provides a method for the wind design of ballasted single-ply membrane roof systems and includes specific guidelines for the size and weight of aggregate used as ballast. The aggregate size classifications provided in this standard are intended for use with the guidelines provided ANSI/SPRI RP-4 in designing the wind resistance of aggregate ballasted single-ply membrane roof systems.  
4.2 The aggregate size classifications provided in this classification are intended to provide a basis of compliance for contract documents’ that specify certain aggregate sizes for use on ballasted membrane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification defines the aggregate size designations and ranges in mechanical analyses for standard sizes of aggregate used as ballast for membrane roof systems.  
1.2 The text of this classification references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.3 With regard to sieve sizes and the size of aggregate as determined by the use of testing sieves, the values in inch-pound units are shown for the convenience of the user; however, the standard sieve designations shown in parentheses is the standard value as stated in Specification E11.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Since felts or sheet roofing or waterproofing materials are brought to the roof in a roll and unrolled, this test method simulates felt or membrane behavior under actual field conditions during the unrolling process.  
5.2 This test method is designed to aid those interested in the physical properties of roofing and waterproofing felts and sheet materials.  
5.3 This test method enables a researcher to measure the relative behavior of low temperature unrolling of roofing and waterproofing felt or sheet materials under laboratory conditions.  
5.4 The data obtained from this test method will not permit service life prediction or the ability of the material to be installed at the tested temperature. Unrolling capabilities are important during application, and the temperature at the time of unrolling is believed to affect the performance of roofing and waterproofing membranes. However, the actual link between the test data and performance is unknown and is dependent on the materials and exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the physical testing and analysis of surface cracking due to low temperature unrolling of roofing composed of bituminous impregnated felts and reinforced polymer modified bituminous sheet materials. These products may employ various surfacing materials on one side.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to aid those interested in the engineering properties of roofing and waterproofing sheet materials and membranes.  
5.2 This test method enables a researcher to measure the relative flexibility of roofing and waterproofing sheet materials and membranes under standard conditions in the laboratory.  
5.3 The data obtained from this test method will not permit prediction of the service life of a membrane. Membrane flexibility is important during application, and changes in flexibility are believed to be linked to the performance of roofing and waterproofing membranes, but the actual link between test data and performance is unknown and is dependent on the materials and exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the flexibility of roofing or waterproofing sheet materials or membranes by bending the test material over a block containing arcs of specific radii at a standard temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dynamic mechanical analysis provides a measure of the rheological properties of roofing and waterproofing membrane materials.  
5.2 Thermogravimetry is used to characterize the thermal stability of roofing and waterproofing membrane materials under the specific temperature program and gaseous atmosphere conditions selected for the analysis.  
5.3 Both dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetry are used to evaluate the effect of either laboratory-simulated or in-service exposure on roofing and waterproofing membrane materials.  
5.4 Both dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetry can be applied to asphalt shingles. However, their application to asphalt shingles is beyond the scope of this practice, which is limited to low-slope membrane materials at this time.  
5.5 This practice can be useful in the development of performance criteria for roofing and waterproofing membrane materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers test procedures and conditions that are applicable when Test Methods D5023, D5024, D5026, D5279, and D5418 are used for conducting dynamic mechanical analysis of roofing and waterproofing membrane material in three-point bending, compression, tension, torsion, and dual cantilever modes, respectively. The specific method is selected by the analyst and depends on the membrane material and the operating principles of the individual instrument used for the analysis.  
1.2 This practice covers test procedures and conditions that are applicable when Test Method E1131 is used for conducting thermogravimetry of roofing and waterproofing membrane material.  
1.3 Membrane materials include bituminous built-up roofing, polymer-modified bitumen sheets, vulcanized rubbers, non-vulcanized polymeric sheets, and thermoplastics. The membrane materials can be either nonreinforced or reinforced.  
1.4 This practice is applicable to new membrane materials received from the supplier, those exposed artificially in the laboratory or outdoors on an exposure rack, and those sampled from field installations.  
1.5 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating new roof membranes for resistance to specific impact energies. The method evaluates new roof membranes when first applied and also after simulated deterioration caused by the ultraviolet radiation and moisture.  
6.2 Use Class 2 for an impact resistance of 11.0 ± 0.3 J [8.1 ± 0.2 ft-lb] and Class 3 for an impact resistance of 19.4 ± 0.4 J [14.3 ± 0.3 ft-lb].
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of impact resistance of new low slope roof membranes when applied directly over rigid insulation or cover board, or structural concrete, lightweight insulating concrete, gypsum, cementitious wood fiber or wood roof decks. The procedures were developed to determine the potential for puncture or fracture of the new roof membrane resulting from impacts by free falling steel balls resulting in specific impact energies when the new roof membrane is applied over its tested substrate within an assembly.  
1.2 This test method is intended to verify that products as described will meet a specific stated condition of impact resistance performance. Testing of asphalt shingles is beyond the scope of this test method. The tests yield classification identified as Class 2 and Class 3.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the standard procedure for sampling, analysis, and removal of specimens in built-up bituminous roof systems during application, but before the application of flood coating and top surfacing, for determining the approximate quantities of the components and the possible presence of moisture, or dry spots between plies, in the field. These components may be composed of insulation (when part of the roof membrane system), plies of roofing felt, interply layers of bituminous material, and top coating (if present, before any surfacing aggregate has been applied). Appropriate calculation procedures are also indicated herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a guide for removing specimens for built-up bituminous roof systems during application, but before the application of flood coating and top surfacing, for determining the approximate quantities of the components and the possible presence of moisture, or dry spots between plies, in the field. Components may consist of:  
1.1.1 Insulation, when part of the roof membrane system,  
1.1.2 Plies of roofing felt,  
1.1.3 Interply layers of bituminous material, and  
1.1.4 Top coating, if present, before any surfacing aggregate has been applied.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to both 914-mm [36-in.] and 1000-mm [39 3/8-in.] wide felt rolls.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be useful in understanding the response of low-sloped membrane roof assemblies to air pressure differences induced across the assembly.  
5.2 This test method can be useful in understanding the role of different roofing components in providing resistance to air leakage through the roof assembly.  
5.3 When applying the results of tests by this test method, note that the performance of a roof or its components, or both, depends on proper installation.  
5.4 This test method does not purport to establish all criteria necessary for the consideration of air movement in the design of a roof assembly. Air intrusion in roofing systems is separate and distinct from air leakage in roofing systems. Test Method D7586/D7586M provides an air intrusion test method for mechanically attached roof assemblies. The results are intended to be used for comparison purposes and likely do not represent the field installed performance of the roof assembly.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a laboratory technique for determining air leakage in low-sloped membrane roof assemblies under specified negative air pressures differences.  
1.2 This test method is intended to measure air leakage of a roof assembly with rooftop penetrations.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide outlines the general procedures necessary to evaluate and prepare a roof membrane for the application of a liquid surface coating.  
3.2 This guide is not all inclusive; this guide is intended to supplement detailed instructions from manufacturers and safety requirements required by law.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the procedures for evaluating and preparing non-aggregate surfaced membranes for the application of a coating. It does not address design, construction, or installation issues regarding the roof assembly or the roof membrane. It is not an application guide for roof coatings.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the standard procedure for sampling, analysis, and removal of specimens in built-up bituminous roof systems during application, but before the application of flood coating and top surfacing, for determining the approximate quantities of the components and the possible presence of moisture, or dry spots between plies, in the field. These components may be composed of insulation (when part of the roof membrane system), plies of roofing felt, interply layers of bituminous material, and top coating (if present, before any surfacing aggregate has been applied). Appropriate calculation procedures are also indicated herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a guide for removing specimens for built-up bituminous roof systems during application, but before the application of flood coating and top surfacing, for determining the approximate quantities of the components and the possible presence of moisture, or dry spots between plies, in the field. Components may consist of:  
1.1.1 Insulation, when part of the roof membrane system,  
1.1.2 Plies of roofing felt,  
1.1.3 Interply layers of bituminous material, and  
1.1.4 Top coating, if present, before any surfacing aggregate has been applied.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to both 914-mm [36-in.] and 1000-mm [39 3/8-in.] wide felt rolls.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A roof assembly must work as a system. Any component of the roof assembly demonstrating an inherent weakness or inability to perform will diminish the roof system performance and service life expected. This guide lists minimum performance attributes required of low slope roof assemblies. Products not previously used as roof membrane materials require additional tests beyond the scope of this document. This guide is not intended for use on in-service roofing materials. Roof membranes and other components should conform to ASTM product standards, if available.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide lists test methods intended to establish a minimum level of performance for insulated roof membrane assemblies, and lists pertinent design guidelines and installation methods in a unified manner. Material tests and evaluations are included with and without roof insulation.  
1.2 It is not possible to establish a precise correlation between laboratory tests on roof assemblies and natural weathering due to variations in geographical climate, design, material and installation.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating roofing systems for resistance to impact loads of many kinds. It should also be useful in developing performance criteria for roofing systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of bituminous roofing systems to impact loads at any desired temperature, with a missile of the weight, size, and shape specified herein.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method offers a convenient alternative to solvent extraction for the approximate determination of top-coating bitumen and adhered aggregate in roofing samples, particularly when the bitumen is coal tar pitch.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bitumen content of adhered aggregate surfacing on a roof, and the approximate mass per unit area of the flood coat and adhered aggregate.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability and regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the standard procedure for sampling, analysis, and removal of specimens in built-up bituminous roof systems during application, but before the application of flood coating and top surfacing, for determining the approximate quantities of the components and the possible presence of moisture, or dry spots between plies, in the field. These components may be composed of insulation (when part of the roof membrane system), plies of roofing felt, interply layers of bituminous material, and top coating (if present, before any surfacing aggregate has been applied). Appropriate calculation procedures are also indicated herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a guide for removing specimens for built-up bituminous roof systems during application, but before the application of flood coating and top surfacing, for determining the approximate quantities of the components and the possible presence of moisture, or dry spots between plies, in the field. Components may consist of:  
1.1.1 Insulation, when part of the roof membrane system,  
1.1.2 Plies of roofing felt,  
1.1.3 Interply layers of bituminous material, and  
1.1.4 Top coating, if present, before any surfacing aggregate has been applied.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to both 914-mm [36-in.] and 1000-mm [39 3/8-in.] wide felt rolls.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Excess moisture trapped in roofing or waterproofing systems can adversely affect performance and lead to premature failure of roofing or waterproofing systems and its components. It also reduces thermal resistance, resulting in reduced energy efficiency and inflated energy costs. Impedance scans can be effective in identifying concealed and entrapped moisture within roofing or waterproofing systems.  
5.2 This practice is intended to be used at various stages of the roofing and waterproofing system’s life such as: during or at completion of installation of roofing or waterproofing system to determine if there was moisture intrusion into the roofing or waterproofing system or underlying materials, at regular intervals as part of a preventative maintenance program, and to aid in condition assessment, or before replacement or repair work, or combinations thereof, to assist in determining the extent of work and replacement materials.  
5.3 This practice alone does not determine the cause of moisture infiltration into roofing or waterproofing systems; however, it can be used to help tracing excess moisture to the point of ingress.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to techniques that use non-destructive electrical impedance (EI) scanners to locate moisture and evaluate the comparitive moisture content within insulated low-slope roofing and waterproofing systems.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems wherein insulation is placed above the deck and positioned underneath and in contact with electrically nonconductive single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes and systems such as coal tar, asphalt, modified bitumen, thermoplastics, spray polyurethane foam, and similar electrically non-conductive membrane materials. This practice is also applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems without insulation placed above moisture absorbing decks such as wood, concrete, or gypsum, that are in contact with single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes as described above.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems incorporating electrically nonconductive rigid board insulation made from materials such as organic fibers, perlite, cork, fiberglass, wood-fiber, polyisocyanurate, polystyrene, phenolic foam, composite boards, gypsum substrate boards, and other electrically nonconductive roofing and waterproofing systems such as spray-applied polyurethane foam.  
1.4 This practice is not appropriate for all combinations of materials used in roofing and waterproofing systems.  
1.4.1 Metal and other electrically conductive surface coverings and near-surface embedded metallic components are not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners because of the electrical conductivity of these materials.  
1.4.2 This practice is not appropriate for use with black EPDM, any membranes containing black EPDM, or black EPDM coatings because black EPDM gives false positive readings.  
1.4.3 Aluminum foil on top-faced insulation, roofing, or waterproofing membranes gives a false positive reading and is not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners; however, liquid-applied aluminum pigmented emulsified asphalt-based coatings shall not normally affect impedance scanner readings.  
1.4.4 See A1.4 for some cautionary notes on roofing anomalies and limitations that affect the impedance test practice.  
1.5 Moisture scanners using impedance based technology are classified as EI scanners.
Note 1: The term capacitance is sometimes used when describing impedance scanners. Capacitance scanners are purely capacitive as they do not have a resistive component. Impedance scanners combine both capacitance and resistance for testing; thus, they are well suited to the measurement of different types of materials and constructions found in roofing and waterproofing systems as the combination of both components allows for a more versatile test...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Excess moisture trapped in roofing or waterproofing systems can adversely affect performance and lead to premature failure of roofing or waterproofing systems and its components. It also reduces thermal resistance, resulting in reduced energy efficiency and inflated energy costs. Impedance scans can be effective in identifying concealed and entrapped moisture within roofing or waterproofing systems.  
5.2 This practice is intended to be used at various stages of the roofing and waterproofing system’s life such as: completion of installation of roofing system to determine if there was moisture intrusion into the roofing system or materials for quality control purposes, at regular intervals as part of a preventative maintenance program, and before re-roofing or repair work to assist in determining the extent of work and replacement materials.  
5.3 This practice alone does not determine the cause of moisture infiltration into roofing or waterproofing systems; however, it can be used to help tracing excess moisture to the point of ingress.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to techniques that use non-destructive electrical impedance (EI) scanners to locate moisture and evaluate the comparitive moisture content within insulated low-slope roofing and waterproofing systems.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems wherein insulation is placed above the deck and positioned underneath and in contact with electrically nonconductive single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes and systems such as coal tar, asphalt, modified bitumen, thermoplastics, spray polyurethane foam, and similar electrically non-conductive membrane materials. This practice is also applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems without insulation placed above moisture absorbing decks such as wood, concrete, or gypsum, that are in contact with single-ply or built-up roofing and waterproofing membranes as described above.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to roofing and waterproofing systems incorporating electrically nonconductive rigid board insulation made from materials such as organic fibers, perlite, cork, fiberglass, wood-fiber, polyisocyanurate, polystyrene, phenolic foam, composite boards, gypsum substrate boards, and other electrically nonconductive roofing and waterproofing systems such as spray-applied polyurethane foam.  
1.4 This practice is not appropriate for all combinations of materials used in roofing and waterproofing systems.  
1.4.1 Metal and other electrically conductive surface coverings and near-surface embedded metallic components are not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners because of the electrical conductivity of these materials.  
1.4.2 Black ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) produces false positive readings when tested because of the material’s high dielectric constant.  
1.4.3 Aluminum foil on top-faced insulation, roofing, or waterproofing membranes gives a false positive reading and is not suitable for surveying with impedance scanners; however, liquid-applied aluminum pigmented emulsified asphalt-based coatings shall not normally affect impedance scanner readings.  
1.4.4 See A1.4 for some cautionary notes on roofing anomalies and limitations that affect the impedance test practice.  
1.5 Moisture scanners using impedance based technology are classified as EI scanners.
Note 1: The term capacitance is sometimes used when describing impedance scanners. Capacitance scanners are purely capacitive as they do not have a resistive component. Impedance scanners combine both capacitance and resistance for testing; thus, they are well suited to the measurement of different types of materials and constructions found in roofing and waterproofing systems as the combination of both components allows for a more versatile testing, calibration, and measurement arrangement.  
1.6 This practice also addresses necessary verification of impe...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The solar reflectance of a building envelope surface affects surface temperature and near-surface ambient air temperature. Surfaces with low solar reflectance absorb a high fraction of the incoming solar energy. Sunlight absorbed by a roof or by other building envelope surfaces can be conducted into the building, increasing cooling load and decreasing heating load in a conditioned building, or raising indoor temperature in an unconditioned building. It can also warm the outside air by convection. Determination of solar reflectance can help designers and consumers choose appropriate materials for their buildings and communities.  
5.1.1 The solar reflectance of a new building envelope surface often changes within one to two years through deposition and retention of soot and dust; microbiological growth; exposure to sunlight, precipitation, and dew; and other processes of soiling and weathering. For example, light-colored “cool” envelope surfaces with high initial reflectance can experience substantial reflectance loss as they are covered with dark soiling agents. Current product rating programs require roofing manufacturers to report values of solar reflectance and thermal emittance measured after three years of natural exposure (2, 3). A rapid laboratory process for soiling and weathering that simulates the three-year-aged radiative properties of roof and other building envelope surface materials expedites the development, testing, and introduction to market of such products.  
5.2 Thermal emittance describes the efficiency with which a surface exchanges thermal radiation with its environment. High thermal emittance enhances the ability of a surface to stay cool in the sun. The thermal emittance of a bare metal surface is initially low, and often increases as it is soiled or oxidized (4). The thermal emittance of a typical non-metal surface is initially high, and remains high after soiling (5).  
5.3 This practice allows measurement of the solar reflectance a...
SCOPE
1.1 Practice D7897 applies to simulation of the effects of field exposure on the solar reflectance and thermal emittance of roof surface materials including but not limited to field-applied coatings, factory-applied coatings, single-ply membranes, modified bitumen products, shingles, tiles, and metal products. The solar reflectance and thermal emittance of roof surface materials can be changed by exposure to the outdoor environment. These changes are caused by three factors: deposition and retention of airborne pollutants; microbiological growth; and changes in physical or chemical properties. This practice applies to simulation of changes in solar reflectance and thermal emittance induced by deposition and retention of airborne pollutants and, to a limited extent, changes caused by microbiological growth.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.