ASTM A220/A220M-99
(Specification)Standard Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron
Standard Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron castings for general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambient to approximately 750°F.
1.1.1 For continuous service at temperatures up to 1200°F design factors should be incorporated to compensate for possible property changes, as demonstrated by Marshall and Sommer and by Pearson.
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process details, no quantitative relationship can be stated between the properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
1.3 The values stated are in inch-pound units and are to be regarded as the standard. A complete metric companion specification A220M has been developed; therefore, no metric equivalents are shown in this specification.
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Designation: A 220/A 220M – 99
Standard Specification for
Pearlitic Malleable Iron
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 220/A 220M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell
Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
1.1 This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron cast-
E 140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals
ings for general engineering usage at temperatures from normal
2.2 Military Standard:
ambient to approximately 750°F [400°C].
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
1.1.1 For continuous service at temperatures up to 1200°F
2.3 Federal Standard:
[650°C] design factors should be incorporated to compensate
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
for possible property changes, as demonstrated by Marshall
2 3
and Sommer and by Pearson.
3. Terminology
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process
3.1 Definitions:
details, no quantitative relationship can be stated between the
3.1.1 Definitions for many terms common to iron castings
properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and
are found in Terminology A 644.
those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
4. Classification
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the Test, the
4.1 Iron produced for castings ordered under this specifica-
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
tion is classified in a number of grades as shown in Table 1 and
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall
is qualified by tests on separately cast test bars. Separately cast
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
test bars shall be poured from the same lot of iron as the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
castings they represent and shall be heat treated with those
cation.
castings.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Ordering Information
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4 5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this
A 220M Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron (Metric)
specification shall state the specification designation, the year
A 247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
4 in which the specification was issued, and the grade of pearlitic
Graphite in Iron Castings
malleable iron to be supplied.
A 644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
5 5.2 Any options or special additions to the basic require-
E 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
ments of this specification shall be clearly and fully stipulated.
E 10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materi-
als
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to
produce the mechanical properties required by this specifica-
tion.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-4 on Iron
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable Iron
Castings.
7. Mechanical Requirements
Current edition approved July 10, 1999. Published September 1999. Originally
e1 7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their
published as A 220 – 68. Last previous edition A 220 – 88 (1993) .
Marshall, L. C., and Sommer, G. F., “Stress-Rupture Properties of Malleable relationship to those of test specimens and separate test
Iron at Elevated Temperatures,” Proceedings, American Society of Testing and
castings are discussed in Appendix X1.
Materials, Vol 58, pp. 752–773.
7.2 Tensile Test:
Pearson, D. A., “Stress-Rupture and Elongation Properties of Malleable Iron at
Elevated Temperatures,” Transactions, 70th Castings Congress and Exposition, May
9, 1966.
4 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A 220/A 220M
TABLE 1 Tensile Test Requirements
Inch-Pound Grades
Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, min Elongation, mn
English
min
Grade
psi psi 2 in., %
40010 60 000 40 000 10
45008 65 000 45 000 8
45006 65 000 45 000 6
50005 70 000 50 000 5
60004 80 000 60 000 4
70003 85 000 70 000 3
80002 95 000 80 000 2
90001 105 000 90 000 1
NOTE 1—Modification may be made in the dimensions indicated above
Metric Grades
for those details of the specimen outside of the gage length as required by
Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, min Elongation, min
testing procedure and equipment.
Metric
min
Grade FIG. 2 Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
MPa MPa 50 mm, %
280M10 400 280 10
310M8 450 310 8
310M6 450 310 6
340M5 480 340 5
410M4 550 410 4
480M3 590 480 3
550M2 650 550 2
620M1 720 620 1
7.2.1 Tensile Test Specimens:
7.2.1.1 The tensile test specimens shall be cast to the form
NOTE 1—The gage length and filets shall be as shown, but the ends may
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2 using the same kind
be of any shape to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that
of molding material used for the production castings.
the load shall be axial. The reduced section shall have a gradual taper from
7.2.1.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with
the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. [0.08 to 0.13
the designation of the pour period.
mm] larger in diameter than the center.
7.2.1.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same
FIG. 3 Machined Tension Test Specimen
production furnace and for the same cycles as the castings they
represent.
7.2.2 Tensile Test Method:
of the moving head of the testing machine shall not exceed
7.2.2.1 The tensile test is usually performed on unmachined
0.50 in./mm [12.5 mm/min] through the breaking load.
specimens. However, for referee work the specimen may be
7.2.2.5 Yield Strength—Yield strength may be determined
machined from the standard cast bar to the dimensions shown
by any of the approved techniques described in Test Methods
in Fig. 3.
E 8. In referee work it shall be determined at an offset of 0.2 %
7.2.2.2 Gage Length—The gage length of the standard
from the stress-strain curve. Yield strength shall be reported to
tensile specimen shall be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.3 mm].
the nearest 100 psi [megapascal].
7.2.2.3 Cross-Sectional Area—The diameter used to com-
7.2.2.6 Tensile Strength—The tensile strength shall be the
pute the cross-sectional area shall be the average between the
maximum load carried by the specimen during the test divided
largest and smallest diameter in that section of the 2-in.
by the original cross-sectional area of the gage length, as found
[50-mm] gage length having the smallest diameter and shall be
in accordance with 7.2.2.3. It shall be reported to the nearest
measured to the nearest 0.001 in. [0.02 mm]. No cast bar
100 psi [megapascal].
having a mean diameter less than ⁄32 in. [15 mm] shall be
7.2.2.7 Elongation—The increase in gage length after frac-
accepted for test.
ture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in.
7.2.2.4 Speed of Testing—After reaching a stress equivalent
[0.25 mm] expressed as a percentage of the original gage
to approximately half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed
length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 %.
7.2.3 Number of Tests and Retests:
7.2.3.1 At least three tensile test specimens shall be cast
from a representative ladle of iron from each 4-h pour period
during which the purchaser’s castings were poured.
7.2.3.2 Only one test specimen need be tested to qualify
each pour period and heat treatment batch provided the
requirements of this specification are met by that test specimen.
7.2.3.3 If after testing a specimen shows evidence of a
FIG. 1 Unmachined Tension Test Specimen defect, another tensile test may be made on a companion
A 220/A 220M
A
TABLE 2 Typical Hardness Ranges
specimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture
occurs outside the central 50 % of the gage length. Inch-Pound Grade Typical Hardness, Typical Indentation
[Metric Grade} HB Diameters, mm
7.2.3.4 If the result of a valid test fails to conform to the
40010 [280M10] 149–197 4.3–4.9
requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If
45008 [310M8] 156–197 4.3–4.8
45006 [310M6] 156–207 4.2–4.8
either of the retest fails to meet specification, the castings
50005 [340M5] 179–229 4.0–4.5
represented by these test specimens shall be rejected. A valid
60004 [410M4] 197–241 3.9–4.3
test is one wherein the test specimen has been properly
70003 [480M3] 217–269 3.7–4.1
80002 [550M2] 241–285 3.6–3.9
prepared and appears to be sound and on which the approved
90001 [620M1] 269–321 3.4–3.7
test procedure has been followed.
A
Hardness test in accordance with Test Method E 10 using a 0.39-in. [10-mm]
7.2.3.5 If the first test results indicate that a reheat treatment
ball and 6600–lbf [3000-kgf] load.
is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of
castings and the representative test specimens shall be reheat
8. Microstructure Requirements
treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance
8.1 The microstructure of the pearlitic malleable iron shall
with 7.2.3.1-7.2.3.4.
consist of temper carbon nodules uniformly distributed in a
7.2.4 The results of all tests, including retests, shall be
matrix of ferrite, pearlite, and tempered transformation prod-
posted in permanent records, that shall state any abnormalities ucts of austenite.
observed during the test and in the fractured ends. Such records 8.2 When agreed upon between the purchaser and the
producer, the maximum decarburization at any as-cast surface
shall be kept for at least one year after production of the
after heat treatment may be stipulated in writing as measured
castings and shall be available for examination by the pur-
by visual depletion of combined carbon after polishing, etching
chaser or by an authorized representative.
in nital, and viewing at 1003.
7.2.5 Tensile test results, obtained in accordance with this
8.3 If the castings are to be subsequently hardened, the
section, must conform to the requirements of Table 1.
selected grade designation should be preceded by the letter L.
7.2.6 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
Such castings shall contain sufficient combined carbon in the
purchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars, or both,
matrix to respond satisfactorily to any of the common harden-
shall be saved by the manufacturer for a period of three months
ing processes properly applied. A minimum hardness of 197
after the date of the test report.
HB is recommended. Free ferrite shall be as low as is
7.3 Hardness Test: consistent with other properties.
8.4 In referee work, the metallographic practice recom-
7.3.1 If the purchase agreement requires hardness testing,
mended in Test Method A 247 shall be followed.
the acceptable hardness range shall be stated and a location
shall be clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).
9. Soundness Requirements
7.3.2 Hardness Test Method:
9.1 All castings on visual examination, shall be sound and
7.3.2.1 The Brinell method of hardness testing in accor-
free from obvious shrinkage and porosity.
dance with Test Method E 10, shall be employed whenever
9.2 If the purchaser requires soundness tests to be per-
possible.
formed, it shall be so stated in the purchase agreement and the
method and soundness requirements shall be detailed.
7.3.2.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permit
Brinell testing with the standard 3000-kgf load, the 500-kgf
10. Dimensional Requirements
load may be employed; the hardness number being reported as
10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given on
HB 10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible to
drawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensions
use the Brinell method, the Rockwell test may be substituted,
established by the patterns supplied by the purchaser.
using Test Methods E 18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale.
10.1.1 Variations of solid casting dimensions as shown in
Conversions of hardness values from one method to another
Table 3 will be permitted unless otherwise agreed upon
according to Tables E 140, that does not specifically cover cast
between the purchaser and the producer.
irons, are approximate only and are generally inadvisable.
7.3.2.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the cast 11. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance
surface to ensure that the measured hardness is representative.
11.1 The surface of the castings shall be clean, free from
7.3.3 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardness sand, and have a workmanlike finish.
testing shall be fully detailed on the purchase agreement.
TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Any Solid Dimension
Otherwise hardness tests shall be performed at the discretion of
the producer. Solid Casting Dimension, in. [mm] Permissible Variation,6 in. [mm]
Up to 1 [up to 25] ⁄32 [0.8]
7.3.4 Castings failing to conform to the required hardness
1–6 [25–150] ⁄16[1.6]
range may be reheat treated and retested. If after reheat treating
6–12 [150–300] ⁄8[3.2]
they still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected. 12–18 [300–450] ⁄32[4.0]
18–24 [450–600] ⁄16[4.8]
7.3.5 Typical hardness ranges for the various grades of
24–38 [600–900] ⁄32[5.6]
pearlitic malleable iron are listed in Table 2.
A 220/A 220M
11.2 No repairing by plugging or welding of any kind shall tions on the reprocessed casting(s) show compliance with the
be permitted unless written permission is granted by the specification, the casting(s) shall be acceptable; if they do not,
purchaser. they shall be rejected.
14.2 Material that fails to conform to the requirements of
12. Identification Marking
this specification may be rejected. Rejection should be reported
12.1 When the size of the casting permits, each casting shall
to the producer or supplier promptly and in writing. In case of
bear the identifying mark of the manufacturer and the part or dissatisfaction with the results of the test, the producer or
pattern number at a location shown on the covering drawing
supplier may make claim for a rehearing.
and, if not shown on the drawing, at such a location at the
15. Certification
discretion of the producer that the identificatio
...
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