ASTM C1528/C1528M-20

Standard Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Related Components—Natural stone is only one component of a building's construction. All related materials and assemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interactive behavior with the stone product.  
4.2 Applicable Codes—Every stone application shall comply with applicable building codes.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who design, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply natural stone products for construction applications.  
1.2 Consensus Standard—This guide is an industry consensus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers, architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2020
• ICS: 91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
• Technical Committee: C18 - Dimension Stone
• Drafting Committee: C18.08 - Selection of Dimension Stone

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C1528/C1528M-18 - Standard Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM C1242-23c - Standard Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM C1242-23b - Standard Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM C1526-19(2023)e1 - Standard Specification for Serpentine Dimension Stone
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM C1242-23a - Standard Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM C1242-19a - Standard Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2019
• Refers: ASTM C119-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
• Effective Date: 01-May-2019
• Refers: ASTM C1242-19 - Standard Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM C1526-19 - Standard Specification for Serpentine Dimension Stone
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2019
• Refers: ASTM C856-18a - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2018
• Refers: ASTM C856-18 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM C1242-18a - Standard Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM C1242-18 - Standard Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2018
• Refers: ASTM C856-17 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2017
• Refers: ASTM C1242-16 - Standard Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2016

Overview

ASTM C1528/C1528M-20: Standard Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone is a key reference for professionals involved in the use of natural stone in construction. Developed through consensus among architects, engineers, geologists, producers, and installers, this standard provides important guidance for the evaluation, selection, specification, and installation of dimension stone. The document applies to both exterior and interior applications, emphasizing the need for compatibility with building components and compliance with applicable codes and local standards.

Key Topics

• Holistic Approach: Natural stone is just one part of a larger construction system. The guide stresses the importance of assessing all related materials and assemblies to ensure long-term durability and performance.
• Types of Dimension Stone: The standard recognizes major commercial stone types used in construction, including granite, marble, limestone, quartz-based stone, slate, serpentine, and travertine. Each type has unique characteristics affecting its suitability for specific applications.
• Application Considerations: Selection of dimension stone should factor in geology, physical properties (such as compressive and flexural strength, absorption, and abrasion resistance), and environmental exposure.
• Testing and Performance: The guide refers to various physical property tests and ASTM test methods to assess stone properties. Field history and performance remain critical metrics.
• Thickness and Finish: Guidance is provided on standard stone thicknesses for different uses and the impact of surface finishes on performance, especially regarding durability and safety for walking surfaces.
• Common Causes of Failure: Failures often stem from improper application, incompatible materials, inadequate installation practices, and placement in unsuitable environments rather than intrinsic stone properties.
• Importance of Codes: Every stone application must comply with relevant building codes and regulations to ensure safety and sourcing ethics.

Applications

ASTM C1528/C1528M-20 covers an array of uses for natural dimension stone within the built environment, including:

• Exterior Applications

  • Load-bearing masonry
  • Stone cladding systems for curtain walls and facades
  • Architectural trim and accent features (e.g., sills, copings, lintels)
  • Exterior paving, steps, and curbs
  • Roofing (notably slate for its water resistance)
  • Monuments, sculpture, and landscaping

• Interior Applications

  • Flooring and stairways requiring abrasion resistance and tailored finishes
  • Interior wall cladding systems
  • Decorative elements, countertops, and furniture
  • Wet areas (showers, toilet partitions) where water resistance and proper installation are essential

The standard emphasizes the selection and specification process must consider intended use, required physical properties, aesthetic goals, local climate, and maintenance expectations.

Related Standards

ASTM C1528/C1528M-20 references numerous other ASTM standards relevant to stone selection and testing, including:

• ASTM C97: Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension Stone
• ASTM C99: Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Stone
• ASTM C170: Compressive Strength of Dimension Stone
• ASTM C615: Granite Dimension Stone Specification
• ASTM C503: Marble Dimension Stone Specification
• ASTM C568, C616, C629: Specifications for Limestone, Quartz-based, and Slate Dimension Stone
• ASTM C241, C1353: Abrasion Resistance Testing
• ASTM C1201: Structural Performance of Stone Cladding
• ASTM C1242: Guide for Selection and Installation of Stone Attachment Systems

Consulting these related standards ensures a thorough and technically sound approach to dimension stone selection, specification, and application.

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Keywords: ASTM C1528, dimension stone, natural stone selection, granite, marble, limestone, stone cladding, stone testing, building codes, architectural stone, construction standards, stone applications, ASTM standards.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1528/C1528M − 20
Standard Guide for
Selection of Dimension Stone
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1528/C1528M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Natural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one of
the most difficult of all building materials to properly evaluate, select, and specify. Every natural stone
product is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stone
selection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application in
which it is required to perform.
This guide presents a cursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,
common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be used
in combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and any
other available resources. It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared with
the assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing this
guide.
Past performance is the best test of a dimension stone’s durability. Yet because the physical
properties of a natural stone can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactory
performance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Common
physical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexural
strength, abrasion resistance, and anchor strength.Additional tests may also be required depending on
the material and application.
In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improper
application,ratherthantheinherentpropertiesofthestone.Placingstonesinunsuitableenvironments,
faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials are
frequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,
inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leaching alkalis, inappropriate strength mortars,
staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).
Inselectionofnaturaldimensionstoneproducts,theapplicationaswellastheaestheticappealmust
be considered. While aesthetics are important to the design, the selection of the proper stone material,
thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance and
durability requirements of the design.
1. Scope design, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply
natural stone products for construction applications.
1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects,
engineers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who 1.2 Consensus Standard—This guide is an industry consen-
sus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers,
architects,geologists,producers,andinstallersofnaturalstone.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension
Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 on Selection of
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Dimension Stone.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Current edition approved April 1, 2020. Published May 2020. Originally
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C1528–18. DOI:
10.1520/C1528_C1528M-20. ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1528/C1528M − 20
used independently of the other, and values from the two 2.2 Provisions of dimension stone handbooks, manuals, and
systems shall not be combined. specifications should be reviewed for compatibility with the
principles outlined in this guide.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3. Terminology
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
refer to Terminology C119.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Related Components—Natural stone is only one com-
2. Referenced Documents
ponent of a building’s construction. All related materials and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
assemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interac-
C97 Test Methods forAbsorption and Bulk Specific Gravity
tive behavior with the stone product.
of Dimension Stone
4.2 Applicable Codes—Every stone application shall com-
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension
ply with applicable building codes.
Stone
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSION STONE
C120 Test Methods for Flexure Testing of Structural and
5. Introduction
Roofing Slate
C121/C121M Test Method for Water Absorption of Slate
5.1 Natural stones have long been used and admired for
C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension
their beauty and permanence.As a natural material, each piece
Stone
of stone has features and physical characteristics that make it
C217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of Slate
unique. The rich variation in color and texture, as well as its
C241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Sub-
ability to age gracefully in the exterior environment, have
jected to Foot Traffic
made stone one of the most popular materials for construction,
C295 Guide for Petrographic Examination ofAggregates for
sculpture, and monuments.
Concrete
5.2 Varieties of stone possess certain properties making it
C406 Specification for Roofing Slate
suitable for a specific application. Stone geology (mineral
C503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone
content and structure), compressive strength, flexural strength,
C568 Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone
resistance to absorption and erosion, as well as its ability to be
C615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
worked, vary widely by stone type. These are all key charac-
C616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone
teristics that dictate the best use of the material and must be
C629 Specification for Slate Dimension Stone
considered during the process of stone selection.
C880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone
C856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened
6. Exterior Applications
Concrete
6.1 There are several major categories of exterior applica-
C1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior
tions for stone; each of these is introduced below.
DimensionStoneCladdingSystemsbyUniformStaticAir
Pressure Difference
7. Load-Bearing Masonry
C1242 Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of
7.1 Load-bearing masonry is perhaps the oldest form of
Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
stone construction. Its defining feature is the transferring of
C1352 Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elasticity of
structural load vertically by relying on the compressive
Dimension Stone
strength of the stone to support itself and other imposed loads.
C1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension
Due to the weight of the stone itself, structures built in this
Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary Platform
manner tend to be of limited height. As the height of the
Abraser
structure increases, the wall thickness at the structure’s base
C1354 TestMethodforStrengthofIndividualStoneAnchor-
must increase, thus requiring large individual stones, or mul-
ages in Dimension Stone
tiple wythes of stone. The costs of such walls are typically
C1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension Stone
higher than other systems, due to the large amount of stone and
C1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension Stone
labor involved.
C1721 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Dimension
Stone
8. Cladding
D2203 Test Method for Staining from Sealants
8.1 In response to the limitations and expense of load-
bearing masonry, stone cladding systems were developed.
Cladding systems can offer the appearance of load-bearing
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
masonry but without the mass and expense. Cladding systems
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
also offer a wide variety of applications, allowing greater
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. architectural innovation.
C1528/C1528M − 20
8.2 When stone is used as cladding, it is exposed to unique 14. Ornamental, Sculpture, and Monumental Elements
loading characteristics that can require complex structural
14.1 Many varieties of stone possess characteristics that
analysis and detailing in order to be used successfully. Mate-
make them a desirable material for sculpting and carving. Most
rials other than stone are also often integrated into cladding
stone varieties can be worked by hand or power tools into
systems, requiring consideration of their material properties as
unique shapes and representations, including engravings and
well as compatibility with the stone components.
reliefs. Properly selected stones can demonstrate resistance to
environmental effects, thereby providing a sense of perma-
9. Building Trim
nence to monuments and decorative sculpted items.
9.1 Stone has been and continues to be used in architecture
to accent other building materials, or to perform a specific
INTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSION STONE
purpose. Stone is often integrated into wall systems as deco-
rative belt courses, window sills, lintels, arches, or water
15. Interior Applications
tables. Stone can add an element of interest to buildings, in
15.1 Stoneisoftenusedattheinteriorofbuildingsduetoits
addition to performing as a durable wall component with a
exceptionaldurability,beauty,andclassicalappearance.Dueto
specific and well-defined purpose.
the lack of environmental exposure, these applications are
usually more forgiving of the material and allow for a broader
10. Pavements
range of stone varieties to be used. The major categories of
10.1 From cobblestone streets to modern plazas, stone is
interior use are discussed briefly below.
used to carry vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Modern systems
include those bearing on pedestals and traditional sand or
16. Flooring
cement-based setting bed systems.
16.1 Stone floors are typically highly durable, low
10.2 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance to
maintenance, and aesthetically pleasing. When using stone as
abrasionandprovideasurfacewithadequateslipresistancefor
flooring, one must make sure that the finish is appropriate for
public safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appro-
its intended use; stone used for flooring should be abrasion
priate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.
resistant and have a finish that is not slippery to foot traffic
11. Steps
when wet.
11.1 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance to
16.2 Joint conditions in floor installations are also critical;
abrasionandprovideasurfacewithadequateslipresistancefor
while interior flooring is not subject to the same temperature
public safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appro-
fluctuations as exterior installations, the joint system should
priate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.
include expansion joints that will accommodate cyclic varia-
tions in the stone dimensions over time, particularly if there is
11.2 Steps are manufactured from dimension stones as
a substantial heat load from sunlight exposure or below
“cubic,” in which the tread and riser faces are of one piece of
floor-heating elements.
stone, and also “veneered” in which multiple pieces of thin
stone material are placed over a concrete or steel frame to form
16.3 Stone flooring and the joint materials should also be
the tread and riser surfaces.
relatively impervious to moisture; it is not unusual for interior
floors to be cleaned with water and detergents on a daily basis.
12. Coping
Excessive moisture in the flooring system can lead to discol-
12.1 Wallsystemsthatarefullyexposedtotheenvironment,
oration of the joint materials and the stone, particularly if the
suchasroofparapetwalls,balconyandterraceenclosurewalls,
stone flooring material is absorptive. Moisture can become
and planter walls, are particularly susceptible to water penetra-
trapped below highly polished finishes and appear as a stain.
tion. Stone coping and wall caps are often used to help protect
Some stone types used as flooring may need to be treated at the
the underlying wall system from excessive moisture penetra-
edges and bottom surface as well as the top surface to limit
tion and associated distress.
absorption-related concerns. However, component compatibil-
ity should be researched or tested prior to treating these
12.2 Copings and wall caps can also add a visual accent to
surfaces to inhibit bond performance between the stone,
the wall system, improving the appearance of the wall system
adhesive, and grout. Only cleaning procedures and products
by defining changes in the wall configuration.
(including waxes and cleaning agents) that are approved for
12.3 Stone copings and wall caps are typically jointed,
use by the stone supplier should be used. Unapproved methods
therefore,protectionofthewallsystemisalsoreliantonproper
may stain or damage the stone or damage the stone finish.
treatment of the joints.
13. Roofing 17. Stairs
13.1 Roofing applications for natural stone are typically 17.1 The use of stone for stair treads and risers leads to an
limited to slate, a variety of stone that can be quarried and attractive, durable, and low maintenance way to address
fabricated into thin, shingle-shaped elements. Dense, nonpo- interior elevation changes. Stone selected for stairs should be
rous stones can provide a durable, water-resistant roof system able to withstand constant foot traffic with minimal surface
that effectively utilizes the unique physical characteristics of abrasion, erosion or damage. It should also be naturally
the material. slip-resistant due to the stone type or the finish selected.
C1528/C1528M − 20
18. Cladding underoneofsevenclassifications:Granite,Marble,Limestone,
Quartz-Based, Slate, Serpentine, or Travertine.
18.1 Stoneusedasinteriorwallcladdingshouldbedesigned
and installed in a similar manner to exterior wall cladding; 22.2 Thefinishappliedtoastonemayhavemorebearingon
however, loading considerations are different with an interior its suitability for use than the type of stone. While polished or
application. When considering stone anchorage options for an honed surfaces are often used for cladding materials, these
interior application, one should include (at a minimum) a finishes are not recommended for walking surfaces because
nominal differential pressure on interior stone resulting from they do not demonstrate the frictional properties necessary for
variations in building pressurization due to mechanical system safe pedestrian ambulation. Refer to Section 43 for more
performance and air loss through the building enclosure; detailed discussions of finish types.
however, it is likely that seismic requirements will control an
22.3 Most dimension stones are known by an industry trade
interior application when compared to the comparatively low
name. In many cases, a particular stone will be given different
lateral loads generated from building pressurization.
trade names by different fabricators or brokers. Therefore, the
trade name alone my not be adequate to identify the selected
19. Ornament and Sculpture
material. Including the origin (quarry location) and quarry
19.1 Stone used as decorative elements in an interior appli- owner in the specification will help minimize confusion in
material identification.
cation have the distinct advantage of not being exposed to
environmental forces such as temperature fluctuations, wind,
22.4 For major projects, sufficient inventory of block mate-
water, and atmospheric pollutants. Therefore, the variety of
rial is rarely available at any one fabricator’s facility. Supply of
stone suitable for interior applications can include many stone
raw block material from the quarry to the fabricator will
types that would otherwise not be appropriate due to their
usually occur concurrently with fabrication throughout the
reduced resistance to environmental forces.
duration of the project. The production capacity of the quarry,
in addition to any transportation difficulties must be carefully
20. Wet Areas
evaluated to ensure uninterrupted delivery of material through-
out the project’s construction.
20.1 Stone panels and tiles are commonly used for shower
stall linings, urinal screens, and toilet partitions. Proper atten-
22.5 Quarries of all dimension stone types will have unique
tion to water flow, waterproofing, corrosion resistance of
capabilitiesandlimitations.Naturalfissuresandfractureplanes
attachment hardware, and base material is as critical in these
in the quarry will limit available piece size and yield. The
applications as it would be in an exterior application.
supplier of the material must be consulted during the design
phase of the project to ensure that the project requirements can
21. Furnishings
be satisfied by the specified material. Specific grades (for
21.1 Stone is widely used for countertops in kitchens, wet example, select, monumental, structural, architectural, quarry-
run, clear, variegated) may be identified in the material to
bars, and bathrooms. Normally, stone with lower absorption
further define the color range or clarity of the stock quality.
properties are recommended, though virtually any stone can be
used if properly treated with impregnating repellents for
22.6 Fabricators of natural stone products use a variety of
exposure to moisture. Such repellents may alter the color or
machinery from worldwide sources. The stone products them-
gloss levels of the stone surface, and typically have a reappli-
selves exhibit vastly different strength and workability
cation interval specified by the manufacturer. While repellents
properties, as well as widely varying availability of raw stock
will offer some degree of protection against moisture and
sizes and qualities.As a result of these variables in product and
staining, they will not protect acid sensitive stones against
machinery, there is less standardization of stone product
etching due to acid exposure.
offerings and sizes than are typically found in the supply of
other construction components. The thicknesses of the stone
21.2 Stone can also be used for table tops and table
supports. Flexural strength is critical in these applications, slabs will generally adhere to standard offerings, and detailing
materials to correspond with recognized industry standard slab
along with consideration of the additional load to the floor
structure from stone furniture when compared to other mate- thicknesses will benefit the project in both economy and
delivery. Table 1 lists common slab thickness found in the
rials commonly used.
dimension stone industry, with a brief description of the
COMMON DIMENSION STONE TYPES
applications in which they are typically employed.
22. General SPECIFIC DIMENSION STONE TYPES
22.1 By strict geological definitions, hundreds of rock types
23. Granite
are used as dimension stones. The commercial definitions of
these rock types are much broader, allowing materials with 23.1 Commercially, “granite” includes any visibly granular,
similar performance and behavioral characteristics to be igneous rock consisting mostly of feldspars and quartz, and
grouped together. Therefore, stones of different scientific accompanied by one or mare dark minerals.Typically, feldspar
geological definitions will be included in the same is the most abundant mineral found in granites and, because of
commercially-defined group. Using these broad commercial this, the color of the granite is largely governed by the color of
definitions, most materials used as dimension stone will fall this mineral. The color can be modified by quartz, hornblende,
C1528/C1528M − 20
TABLE 1 Common Thickness and Application Chart
Applications Granite Marble Limestone Quartz-Based Slate Serpentine Travertine
A
Tile 10-13 mm 10-13 mm 10-13 mm 10-13 mm 6-10 mm 10-13 mm 10-13 mm
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 1
[ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.] [ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.] [ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.] [ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.] [ ⁄4- ⁄8 in.] [ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.] [ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.]
B
Roofing NA NA NA NA 6-10 mm NA NA
1 3
[ ⁄4- ⁄8 in.]
Interior Flooring 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm 30 mm 10-25 mm 20 mm 20 mm
3 3 3 1 3 3 3
[ ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4 in.] [1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄8-1 in.] [ ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4 in.]
Interior 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm 30 mm 25 mm 20 mm 20 mm
3 3 3 1 3 3
Cladding [ ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4 in.] [1 ⁄4 in.] [1 in.] [ ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4 in.]
Countertops 20-30 mm 20-30 mm 20-30 mm 20-30 mm 20-30 mm 20-30 mm 20-30 mm
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
[ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.]
Exterior 30-80 mm 30-80 mm 50-80 mm 30-80 mm 30-80 mm 30-80 mm 30-80 mm
C
1 1 1 1 1 1
Cladding [1 ⁄4-3 in.] [1 ⁄4-3 in.] [2-3 in.] [1 ⁄4-3 in.] [1 ⁄4-3 in.] [1 ⁄4-3 in.] [1 ⁄4-3 in.]
Exterior Paving 30-50 mm 30-50 mm 30-50 mm 30-50 mm 30-50 mm 30-50 mm 30-50 mm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(pedestrian) [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.]
Exterior Paving 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm
(vehicular) [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.]
Window sills 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm
[3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.]
Copings 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 80 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm
[4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [3 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.]
Curbs 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm NA 100-200 mm 100-200 mm
[4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.]
Steps 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm NA 100-200 mm 100-200 mm
[4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.]
Monuments/ > 200 mm > 200 mm > 200 mm > 200 mm NA > 200 mm > 200 mm
D
Cubic [8 in.] [8 in.] [8 in.] [8 in.] [8 in.] [8 in.]
A
For interior use with “thin{set” adhesives.
B
Not applicable or generally not used.
C
30 mm is generally considered the minimum thickness for exterior application without a structural backing. Design loads may require thicker material or when stone
contains deep reveals, generally produced at thickness increments of 10 mm.
D
For units that are highly articulated, or other applications as necessary based on design loads or spans.
mica, or any other mineral in significant quantity. Granites are minimal variation of color, texture, or veining pattern from
available in a wide array of colors including pink, gray, white,
block to block. Other granites will display considerable color
red, black, brown, buff, green, and blue. Dark granular igneous
variation between blocks, or even within one block.
rocks,classifiedpetrographicallyasgabbro,anorthosite,basalt,
23.4 Some granites are nearly isotropic, meaning that they
or diabase, are also included in the granite group and often
have similar appearance and performance characteristics re-
referred to as “black granites”.
gardless of the direction the material is cut. More commonly, a
23.2 The majority of materials in the granite group are
granite will demonstrate some degree of anisotropic behavior,
granular or crystalline in appearance, with the grain size
ranging from mild to pronounced. Such granites frequently
1 1
varying between 2 or 3 mm [ ⁄16 or ⁄8 in.] up to 25 mm [1 in.]
require sawing in a specific direction in which to obtain the
or larger. Some of the materials included in the granite group
required visual and performance properties.
will show a layering, or plate-like structure, due to
recrystallization, folding, or other changes while the rock was
23.5 Granite materials are used in a variety of architectural,
in a plastic or semi-molten state. Such metamorphic rocks are
memorial, and industrial dimension stone applications. Memo-
called granite gneisses.
rial applications include monuments, markers, and mausole-
23.3 Granites with uniform mineral distribution will show ums. Industrial applications include pickling tanks, surface
remarkable homogeneity within the quarry and will have plate, precision machine bases, and paper press rolls.
C1528/C1528M − 20
23.6 Nominal thicknesses of granite offered by fabricators
10 mm [ ⁄8 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives or as part
of a panelized system with structural backing.
are as follows:
13 mm [ ⁄2 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives where
10 mm [3/8 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives or as part
heavier pedestrian traffic is anticipated.
of a panelized system with structural backing. 3
20 mm [ ⁄4 in.] Interior cladding, interior flooring, furniture, and countertops.
20 mm [3/4 in.] Interior cladding, interior flooring, furniture, and countertops.
30 mm [1 ⁄4 in.] Generally considered the minimum thickness for exterior
Occasionally used as exterior cladding on mausoleums
application without a structural backing. Design loads may
when panel sizes are sufficiently small to resist design
require thicker material.
loads.
40-50 mm Exterior cladding when design loads marginally exceed the
30 mm [1 ⁄4 in.] Generally considered the minimum thickness for exterior
[1 ⁄8-2 in.] capacity of material supplied at 30 mm [11/4 in.] or when
cladding without a structural backing. Design loads may
reveals are machined into the face of the panel.
require thicker material.
80 mm [3 in.] Exterior cladding when extremely large panels are required
40-50 mm Exterior cladding when design loads marginally exceed the
or when deep reveals are cut into the face of the panel.
5 1
[1 ⁄8-3 in.] capacity of material supplied at 30 mm [1 ⁄4 in.] or when
Exterior window sills, copings, and exterior paving units
reveals are machined into the face of the panel.
subject to vehicle traffic.
80 mm [3 in.] Exterior cladding when extremely large panels are required
100-200 mm Landscape or site work applications such as curbs, steps,
or when deep reveals are cut into the face of the panel.
[4-8 in.] copings, and fountains.
Also, exterior window sills, copings, and exterior paving
>200 mm [8 in.] Sculpture, ornamental, or monumental applications.
units subject to vehicle traffic.
24.6 The physical properties of marble are determined in
100-200 mm Landscape or site work applications such as curbs, steps,
[4-8 in.] copings, and fountains.
accordance with variety of ASTM test procedures. Minimum
>200 mm [8 in.] Sculpture, ornamental, or monumental applications.
and maximum values for the material’s physical requirements
are listed in Specification C503.
24. Marble
24.7 The Marble Institute ofAmerica classifies marbles into
24.1 Geologically, marble is a metamorphic rock resulting
foursoundnessgroups.Thebasisofthisclassificationissimply
from recrystallization of limestone. Within this geological
the usual fabrication and handling practices involved in work-
definition, the term marble is correctly applied only to rocks
ing with the material. Practical experience with each material
comprising crystallized grains of calcite (calcium carbonate) or
hasdeemedsuchpracticestobebothnecessaryandacceptable.
dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate), or both.
The classification has no bearing on the cost of the material.
Commercially, the term “marble” is applied not only to rocks
The four groups are listed below:
meeting this definition, but also to rocks ranging from pure
24.7.1 Group A—Sound marbles with uniform and favor-
carbonate to those containing little carbonate, yet having
ableworkingqualities;containingnogeologicalflawsorvoids.
compositions and textures that allow them to be polished.
24.7.2 Group B—Marbles similar in character to Group A
While sometimes loosely included in the definition of com-
marbles, but with less favorable working qualities; may have
mercial marble, polishable limestones, travertines, and serpen-
natural faults; a limited amount of waxing, sticking, and filling
tines can be better evaluated under their correct stone type
may be required.
definition and appropriate specifications.
24.7.3 Group C—Marbles with some variations in working
24.2 Ageologicmarbleofpurecalciteordolomitewouldbe qualities; geological flaws, voids, veins, and lines of separation
arecommon.Itisstandardpracticetorepairthesevariationsby
white in color. Marble colors, veining, clouds, mottling, and
waxing, sticking, filling, or cementing. Liners and other types
shading are caused by substances included in minor amounts
of reinforcement are used when necessary.
duringformation.Ironoxidesmakethepinks,yellows,browns,
and reds. Most grays, blue-grays, and blacks are of carbona- 24.7.4 Group D—Marbles similar to Group C marbles, but
containing a larger proportion of natural faults, maximum
ceous origin. Greens are the results of micas, chlorites, and
variations of working qualities, and requiring more of the same
silicates.
methods of finishing and reinforcing. This group comprises
24.3 While marble has been used architecturally for many
many of the highly-colored marbles prized for their decorative
centuries and is one of man’s oldest building materials, not all
values.
marbles are suitable for exterior use. The marble’s texture is
24.8 Most dimension stones return to their original volume
governed by the size, shape, and mutual relations of the
after exposure to high or low temperatures. However, some
component grains or crystals. Texture is often a factor in the
marbles exhibit a phenomenon know as ‘hysteresis”, or a
material’s ability to resist weathering effects. Marbles with a
permanent volume change after exposure to thermal and
fine-grained, equigranular texture tend to be less weather-
moisture cycling. Hysteresis typically manifests itself as a
resistant than those with a medium to large grained, in-
bowing of the marble panels, often suggesting a pillowed
equigranular texture, because the latter usually has an inter-
effect. In addition to the bowing, the face of the panels
locking texture (grains with irregular boundaries, that interlock
becomes more porous, making the surface more vulnerable to
by mutual penetration).
attack by corrosive agents and freeze/thaw deterioration. Be-
24.4 Marble materials are used in a variety of architectural
fore selecting marble that is subject to hysteresis for a project,
and memorial dimension stone applications. Memorial appli-
careful research should be conducted to determine the mini-
cations include monuments, markers, mausoleums, and civic
mum thickness required to prevent failure of the cladding
memorials.
system.
24.5 Nominal thicknesses of marble offered by fabricators
24.9 Marble is a suitable and durable material for use when
are as follows: properly selected, designed, and installed. The ultimate test for
C1528/C1528M − 20
any specific marble is its past historical performance on and maximum values for the material’ physical requirements
existing structures. Some marbles, particularly those included are listed in Specification C568. This specification classifies
in the groups B, C and D classifications, are not suitable for dimension limestones into three separate categories according
exterior use. to density.
25.7 Because of the varying physical properties found
25. Limestone
within limestones, a single variety may not be suitable for all
25.1 Limestone is a commercial rock term embracing both
applications.As with all materials, specifiers should verify that
limestone and dolomite. It is a sedimentary rock composed
the stone under consideration is suitable for the intended
principally of calcium carbonate (the mineral calcite) or the
application. For large projects, availability of stone type,
double carbonate of calcium and magnesium (the mineral
dimensional capability, production, and historical performance
dolomite), or a mixture of the two. Limestones, like all
of the limestone should be checked to ensure that project
sedimentary rocks, contain organic matter and other natural
requirements can be met. Limestone used in older buildings
characteristics that affect their appearance and properties. The
may no longer be quarried today, but stone of similar color and
amount, kind, and distribution of these natural characteristics
texture may be found.
may affect the suitability of the rock for commercial use.
Limestones are known to exist in all geologic time periods and
26. Quartz-Based
on all continents of the earth, but those that have properties of
26.1 Theterm“Quartz-Based”isageneralcommercialterm
superior dimension stones are relatively rare.
including a variety of rocks, all of which consist of high
25.2 Limestones are found in hues of white, brown, gray,
contents of quartz and silica. The grains of quartz are com-
yellow, red, or black, but those used commercially are com-
monly cemented together by silica or calcium carbonate. This
monly light earth tones of gray, buff, reddish or yellowish buff,
dimension stone classification includes an extremely wide
or mixtures of these colors. The appearance of the stone is
variety of materials, with a wide range of physical and
affected not only by color, but also by its texture, stratification,
mechanical properties. Sandstone, bluestone, brownstone,
and finish. Texture is determined by the size, shape, and
quartzite, and meta-quartzite are examples of materials in-
arrangement of component grains, skeletal minerals, and crys-
cluded in this group.
tals. Stratification refers to the composition, thickness, and
26.2 Quartz-based stones of sedimentary origin will typi-
arrangement of component beds. Finish is brought about by
cally have pronounced bedding planes producing considerable
milling or fabrication. Limestones range in texture from those
anisotropic properties. This will generally affect both the
so fine-grained that they lack visible particles, to coarse-
appearance and performance of the material. Quarrying meth-
grained, in which individual fossil shells may be apparent.
ods will be tailored to take advantage of this feature, using the
25.3 Some limestones are “anisotropic”, or directionally
natural separation planes, or rift, of the stone to determine the
specific in their physical and visual properties, and have a
separation planes of the blocks.
preferredsplittingdirection.However,manywidely-usedlime-
26.3 Composition varies widely within this group, from
stones do not display a preferential direction of splitting, and
materials that feature coarse, well-defined visible grains of
are referred to as “freestones”.
quartz, to those having very fine, tightly-bonded particles
25.4 Limestone materials have been used for hundreds of
appearing nearly homogeneous in structure. The grain size
years in a variety of architectural dimension stone applications
controls the degree of finish that can be obtained, with the finer
in all climates.
grain sizes allowing more refined, smoother finishes.
25.5 Nominal thicknesses of limestone offered by fabrica-
26.4 Quartz-based stones are found in a variety of colors.
tors are as follows:
Shades of light buff to dark blue gray are most common.
10 mm [ ⁄8 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives or as part of
Quartz-based materials are used in a variety of architectural
a panelized system with structural backing.
dimension stone applications.
13 mm [ ⁄2 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives where
heavier pedestrian traffic is anticipated.
26.5 Nominal thicknesses of quartz-based offered by fabri-
20 mm [ ⁄4 in.] Interior cladding, interior flooring, furniture, and countertops.
30-40 mm Generally the minimum thickness available for exterior paving cators are as follows:
1 5
[1 ⁄4-1 ⁄8 in.] and exterior cladding in high density material.
10 mm [ ⁄8 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives or as part
50 mm [2 in.] Generally considered the minimum thickness for exterior
of a panelized system with structural backing.
cladding without a structural backing. Design loads may
20 mm [ ⁄4 in.] Interior cladding, interior flooring, furniture, and countertops.
require thicker material.
30 mm [1 ⁄4 in.] Generally the minimum thickness available for exterior
80 mm [3 in.] Exterior cladding when large panels are required or when
paving.
deep reveals are cut into the face of the panel. Exterior
50 mm [2 in.] Used in interior flooring and exterior paving applications.
window sills, copings, and exterior paving units subject to
Used in exterior cladding applications with small panel sizes
vehicle traffic.
and modest design loads.
100-200 mm Commonly used for extremely large exterior cladding panels.
80 mm [3 in.] Generally considered the minimum thickness for exterior
[4-8 in.] Also used for coping, sills, decorative reveals, belt courses,
cladding without a structural backing. Design loads may
banding, window surrounds, base units, and soffits.
require thicker material.
>200 mm [8 in.] Commonly used for classical architecture including cornices,
100-200 mm Used for coping, water tables, belt courses, steps and curbs.
belt course, banding, water table units, columns, pilasters,
[4-8 in.]
architraves, and balustrades.
>200 mm [8 in.] Landscape or site work applications such as curbs, steps,
25.6 The physical properties of limestone are determined in copings, and fountains. Sculpture, ornamental, or
monumental applications.
accordance with a variety ofASTM test procedures. Minimum
C1528/C1528M − 20
26.6 The physical properties of quartz-based stones are fading. Evaluation of the material’s historical performance in
determined in accordance with a variety of ASTM test proce- existing exterior applications is used to predict the color
permanence of slate.
dures. Minimum and maximum values for the material’s
physical requirements are listed in Specification C616. In this
27.7 Slate is available from quarries throughout the world.
specification, three sub-categories of Sandstone, Quartzitic
Domestically, the primary deposits of black slates are indig-
Sandstone, and Quartzite are listed with separate sets of
enous to Pennsylvania and Virginia, while the red, green,
properties for each.
purple, and mottled slate colors are found in the New York-
Vermont slate belt. For large projects, the dimensional
27. Slate
capability, production, and historical performance of the slate
to be specified should be determined.
27.1 Slate is a microcrystalline, metamorphic rock com-
monly derived from shale. The shales from which slates
28. Serpentine
originate were deposited previously as clay beds. Slates are
28.1 Serpentinite rocks, being principally made of the
composed mostly of micas, chlorite, and quartz.
mineral serpentine, are mostly or entirely hydrated magnesium
silicate (Mg Si O (OH) ). Stones in this classification are
27.2 Slates are always “anisotropic” or “directionally spe-
3 2 5 4
generally green or grey in color, and may have a “soapy” or
cific” in their properties. The micaeous minerals have a
“greasy” feel to their surface. These materials will oftentimes
subparallel orientation resulting in very pronounced cleavage
be referred to as “serpentine marbles”, but this is an incorrect
planes within the rock. This enables most slates to be split into
reference, as serpentines are not marbles.
thin, strong sheets.As a result of this property, slate is the only
dimension stone type to be commonly used as roofing.
28.2 Most stones in this group are suitable for exterior
application and will maintain their finish quality when exposed
27.3 Slates vary in color from the monochromatic tones of
to natural weathering effects. Some serpentines are known to
black and gray to green, red, blue, purple, yellow, brown, buff,
fade when used in exterior applications.
and mottled varieties. Gray and blue slates are so colored due
28.3 Serpentine materials are used in a variety of architec-
to the presence of carbonaceous material, while most other
tural and memorial dimension stone applications.
colors are due to the presence of iron compounds.
28.4 Nominal thicknesses of serpentine offered by fabrica-
27.4 Slate is typically a very dense material displaying
tors are as follows:
favorable resistance to abrasion and chemical attack. For
10 mm [ ⁄8 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives or as part
centuries, the bulk of slate production has been used in roofing
of a panelized system with structural backing.
and pavement applications, where its service lives have been
13 mm [ ⁄2 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives where
well documented. heavier pedestrian traffic is anticipated.
20 mm [ ⁄4 in.] Interior cladding, interior flooring, furniture, and countertops.
30 mm [1 ⁄4 in.] Generally considered the minimum thickness for exterior
27.5 Nominal thicknesses of slate offered by fabricators are
cladding without a structural backing. Design loads may
as follows:
require thicker material. Also, interior cladding and
countertops.
5mm[ ⁄16 in.] Used as roofing slate but only in limited sources and
quantities. 40-50 mm Exterior cladding when design loads marginally exceed the
5 1
[1 ⁄8-2 in.] capacity of material supplied at 30 mm [1 ⁄4 in.] or when
6-10 mm Standard thickness for roofing slate and “thin-set” tiles for
3 1
[ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.] interior use only. Also commonly used for blackboards and reveals are machined into the face of the panel.
countertop inserts. 80 mm [3 in.] Exterior cladding when extremely large panels are required
13-15 mm Flooring, baseboard, thresholds, and furniture applications. and exterior paving units subject to vehicle traffic.
1 5
[1 ⁄2- ⁄8 in.] >100 mm [4 in.] Landscape or site work applications such as curbs, steps,
10-25 mm Specialty thickness for roofing slate. Also, interior flooring, copings, fountains, sculpture, ornamental, or monumental
[ ⁄8-1 in.] baseboard, window stools, hearths, interior wall veneer, and applications.
countertops.
28.5 The physical properties of serpentine are determined in
25 mm [1 in.] Common thickness for flooring, window stools/sills, treads &
accordance with variety of ASTM test procedures. Minimum
risers, wall caps, hearths & mantels, countertops, and
sanitary partitions.
and maximum values for the material’s physical requirements
30 mm Considered the minimum thickness for exterior cladding,
are listed in Specification C1526.
[1 ⁄4 in.] although design loads may require thicker material.
40-70 mm Slabs can be obtained from most fabricators in 5 mm
28.6 The Marble Institute ofAmerica classifies marbles into
5 3
[1 ⁄8-2 ⁄4 in.] increments, commonly used for exterior cladding, treads, &
four soundness groups, and many serpentines are included in
copings.
80 mm [3 in.] Copings and cemetery markers. this classification system to document common reinforcement
>100 mm [4 in.] Not commonly available.
and repair techniques used in these stones. Refer to the marble
section of this document for further discussion of this system.
27.6 An important property of a slate material is its perma-
nence of color. Some slates maintain their original color for
28.7 Some serpentines are vulnerable to warping when
years, while others change color shades after relatively short
exposed to water-based setting bed materials. Research is
exposures to weather. Such changes are often due to the
required to determine is specific procedures or polymer-based
presence of small quantities of iron-magnesia carbonates,
setting compounds are required.
which decompose readily and form a yellow hydrous iron
29. Travertine
oxide called “limonite”. Therefore, slates are of two types;
“unfading” and “fading”. There is currently no reliable test
29.1 Traverti
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1528/C1528M − 18 C1528/C1528M − 20
Standard Guide for
Selection of Dimension Stone
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1528/C1528M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Natural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one of
the most difficult of all building materials to properly evaluate, select, and specify. Every natural stone
product is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stone
selection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application in
which it is required to perform.
This guide presents a cursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,
common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be used
in combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and any
other available resources. It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared with
the assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing this
guide.
Past performance is the best test of a dimension stone’s durability. Yet because the physical
properties of a natural stone can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactory
performance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Common
physical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexural
strength, abrasion resistance, and anchor strength. Additional tests may also be required depending on
the material and application.
In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improper
application, rather than the inherent properties of the stone. Placing stones in unsuitable environments,
faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials are
frequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,
inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leaching alkalis, inappropriate strength mortars,
staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).
In selection of natural dimension stone products, the application as well as the aesthetic appeal must
be considered. While aesthetics are important to the design, the selection of the proper stone material,
thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance and
durability requirements of the design.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who design, select,
specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply natural stone products for construction applications.
1.2 Consensus Standard—This guide is an industry consensus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers,
architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 on Selection of Dimension
Stone.
Current edition approved March 15, 2018April 1, 2020. Published April 2018May 2020. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20172018 as
C1528–17a.–18. DOI: 10.1520/C1528_C1528M-18.10.1520/C1528_C1528M-20.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1528/C1528M − 20
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension Stone
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Stone
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
C120 Test Methods for Flexure Testing of Structural and Roofing Slate
C121/C121M Test Method for Water Absorption of Slate
C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension Stone
C217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of Slate
C241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic
C295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete
C406 Specification for Roofing Slate
C503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone
C568 Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone
C615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
C616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone
C629 Specification for Slate Dimension Stone
C880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone
C856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
C1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air Pressure
Difference
C1242 Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment Systems
C1352 Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elasticity of Dimension Stone
C1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary Platform Abraser
C1354 Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone Anchorages in Dimension Stone
C1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension Stone
C1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension Stone
C1721 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Dimension Stone
D2203 Test Method for Staining from Sealants
2.2 Provisions of dimension stone handbooks, manuals, and specifications should be reviewed for compatibility with the
principles outlined in this guide.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology C119.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Related Components—Natural stone is only one component of a building’s construction. All related materials and
assemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interactive behavior with the stone product.
4.2 Applicable Codes—Every stone application shall comply with applicable building codes.
EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSION STONE
5. Introduction
5.1 Natural stones have long been used and admired for their beauty and permanence. As a natural material, each piece of stone
has features and physical characteristics that make it unique. The rich variation in color and texture, as well as its ability to age
gracefully in the exterior environment, have made stone one of the most popular materials for construction, sculpture, and
monuments.
5.2 Varieties of stone possess certain properties making it suitable for a specific application. Stone geology (mineral content and
structure), compressive strength, flexural strength, resistance to absorption and erosion, as well as its ability to be worked, vary
widely by stone type. These are all key characteristics that dictate the best use of the material and must be considered during the
process of stone selection.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
C1528/C1528M − 20
6. Exterior Applications
6.1 There are several major categories of exterior applications for stone; each of these is introduced below.
7. Load-Bearing Masonry
7.1 Load-bearing masonry is perhaps the oldest form of stone construction. Its defining feature is the transferring of structural
load vertically by relying on the compressive strength of the stone to support itself and other imposed loads. Due to the weight
of the stone itself, structures built in this manner tend to be of limited height. As the height of the structure increases, the wall
thickness at the structure’s base must increase, thus requiring large individual stones, or multiple wythes of stone. The costs of such
walls are typically higher than other systems, due to the large amount of stone and labor involved.
8. Cladding
8.1 In response to the limitations and expense of load-bearing masonry, stone cladding systems were developed. Cladding
systems can offer the appearance of load-bearing masonry but without the mass and expense. Cladding systems also offer a wide
variety of applications, allowing greater architectural innovation.
8.2 When stone is used as cladding, it is exposed to unique loading characteristics that can require complex structural analysis
and detailing in order to be used successfully. Materials other than stone are also often integrated into cladding systems, requiring
consideration of their material properties as well as compatibility with the stone components.
9. Building Trim
9.1 Stone has been and continues to be used in architecture to accent other building materials, or to perform a specific purpose.
Stone is often integrated into wall systems as decorative belt courses, window sills, lintels, arches, or water tables. Stone can add
an element of interest to buildings, in addition to performing as a durable wall component with a specific and well-defined purpose.
10. Pavements
10.1 From cobblestone streets to modern plazas, stone is used to carry vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Modern systems include
those bearing on pedestals and traditional sand or cement-based setting bed systems.
10.2 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance to abrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance for
public safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appropriate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.
11. Steps
11.1 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance to abrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance for
public safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appropriate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.
11.2 Steps are manufactured from dimension stones as “cubic,” in which the tread and riser faces are of one piece of stone, and
also “veneered” in which multiple pieces of thin stone material are placed over a concrete or steel frame to form the tread and riser
surfaces.
12. Coping
12.1 Wall systems that are fully exposed to the environment, such as roof parapet walls, balcony and terrace enclosure walls,
and planter walls, are particularly susceptible to water penetration. Stone coping and wall caps are often used to help protect the
underlying wall system from excessive moisture penetration and associated distress.
12.2 Copings and wall caps can also add a visual accent to the wall system, improving the appearance of the wall system by
defining changes in the wall configuration.
12.3 Stone copings and wall caps are typically jointed, therefore, protection of the wall system is also reliant on proper treatment
of the joints.
13. Roofing
13.1 Roofing applications for natural stone are typically limited to slate, a variety of stone that can be quarried and fabricated
into thin, shingle-shaped elements. Dense, nonporous stones can provide a durable, water-resistant roof system that effectively
utilizes the unique physical characteristics of the material.
14. Ornamental, Sculpture, and Monumental Elements
14.1 Many varieties of stone possess characteristics that make them a desirable material for sculpting and carving. Most stone
varieties can be worked by hand or power tools into unique shapes and representations, including engravings and reliefs. Properly
selected stones can demonstrate resistance to environmental effects, thereby providing a sense of permanence to monuments and
decorative sculpted items.
C1528/C1528M − 20
INTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSION STONE
15. Interior Applications
15.1 Stone is often used at the interior of buildings due to its exceptional durability, beauty, and classical appearance. Due to
the lack of environmental exposure, these applications are usually more forgiving of the material and allow for a broader range
of stone varieties to be used. The major categories of interior use are discussed briefly below.
16. Flooring
16.1 Stone floors are typically highly durable, low maintenance, and aesthetically pleasing. When using stone as flooring, one
must make sure that the finish is appropriate for its intended use; stone used for flooring should be abrasion resistant and have a
finish that is not slippery to foot traffic when wet.
16.2 Joint conditions in floor installations are also critical; while interior flooring is not subject to the same temperature
fluctuations as exterior installations, the joint system should include expansion joints that will accommodate cyclic variations in
the stone dimensions over time, particularly if there is a substantial heat load from sunlight exposure or below floor-heating
elements.
16.3 Stone flooring and the joint materials should also be relatively impervious to moisture; it is not unusual for interior floors
to be cleaned with water and detergents on a daily basis. Excessive moisture in the flooring system can lead to discoloration of
the joint materials and the stone, particularly if the stone flooring material is absorptive. Moisture can become trapped below highly
polished finishes and appear as a stain. Some stone types used as flooring may need to be treated at the edges and bottom surface
as well as the top surface to limit absorption-related concerns. However, component compatibility should be researched or tested
prior to treating these surfaces to inhibit bond performance between the stone, adhesive, and grout. Only cleaning procedures and
products (including waxes and cleaning agents) that are approved for use by the stone supplier should be used. Unapproved
methods may stain or damage the stone or damage the stone finish.
17. Stairs
17.1 The use of stone for stair treads and risers leads to an attractive, durable, and low maintenance way to address interior
elevation changes. Stone selected for stairs should be able to withstand constant foot traffic with minimal surface abrasion, erosion
or damage. It should also be naturally slip-resistant due to the stone type or the finish selected.
18. Cladding
18.1 Stone used as interior wall cladding should be designed and installed in a similar manner to exterior wall cladding;
however, loading considerations are different with an interior application. When considering stone anchorage options for an interior
application, one should include (at a minimum) a nominal differential pressure on interior stone resulting from variations in
building pressurization due to mechanical system performance and air loss through the building enclosure; however, it is likely that
seismic requirements will control an interior application when compared to the comparatively low lateral loads generated from
building pressurization.
19. Ornament and Sculpture
19.1 Stone used as decorative elements in an interior application have the distinct advantage of not being exposed to
environmental forces such as temperature fluctuations, wind, water, and atmospheric pollutants. Therefore, the variety of stone
suitable for interior applications can include many stone types that would otherwise not be appropriate due to their reduced
resistance to environmental forces.
20. Wet Areas
20.1 Stone panels and tiles are commonly used for shower stall linings, urinal screens, and toilet partitions. Proper attention to
water flow, waterproofing, corrosion resistance of attachment hardware, and base material is as critical in these applications as it
would be in an exterior application.
21. Furnishings
21.1 Stone is widely used for countertops in kitchens, wet bars, and bathrooms. Normally, stone with lower absorption
properties are recommended, though virtually any stone can be used if properly treated with impregnating repellents for exposure
to moisture. Such repellents may alter the color or gloss levels of the stone surface, and typically have a reapplication interval
specified by the manufacturer. While repellents will offer some degree of protection against moisture and staining, they will not
protect acid sensitive stones against etching due to acid exposure.
21.2 Stone can also be used for table tops and table supports. Flexural strength is critical in these applications, along with
consideration of the additional load to the floor structure from stone furniture when compared to other materials commonly used.
C1528/C1528M − 20
COMMON DIMENSION STONE TYPES
22. General
22.1 By strict geological definitions, hundreds of rock types are used as dimension stones. The commercial definitions of these
rock types are much broader, allowing materials with similar performance and behavioral characteristics to be grouped together.
Therefore, stones of different scientific geological definitions will be included in the same commercially-defined group. Using
these broad commercial definitions, most materials used as dimension stone will fall under one of seven classifications: Granite,
Marble, Limestone, Quartz-Based, Slate, Serpentine, or Travertine.
22.2 The finish applied to a stone may have more bearing on its suitability for use than the type of stone. While polished or
honed surfaces are often used for cladding materials, these finishes are not recommended for walking surfaces because they do not
demonstrate the frictional properties necessary for safe pedestrian ambulation. Refer to Section 43 for more detailed discussions
of finish types.
22.3 Most dimension stones are known by an industry trade name. In many cases, a particular stone will be given different trade
names by different fabricators or brokers. Therefore, the trade name alone my not be adequate to identify the selected material.
Including the origin (quarry location) and quarry owner in the specification will help minimize confusion in material identification.
22.4 For major projects, sufficient inventory of block material is rarely available at any one fabricator’s facility. Supply of raw
block material from the quarry to the fabricator will usually occur concurrently with fabrication throughout the duration of the
project. The production capacity of the quarry, in addition to any transportation difficulties must be carefully evaluated to ensure
uninterrupted delivery of material throughout the project’s construction.
22.5 Quarries of all dimension stone types will have unique capabilities and limitations. Natural fissures and fracture planes in
the quarry will limit available piece size and yield. The supplier of the material must be consulted during the design phase of the
project to ensure that the project requirements can be satisfied by the specified material. Specific grades (for example, select,
monumental, structural, architectural, quarry-run, clear, variegated) may be identified in the material to further define the color
range or clarity of the stock quality.
22.6 Fabricators of natural stone products use a variety of machinery from worldwide sources. The stone products themselves
exhibit vastly different strength and workability properties, as well as widely varying availability of raw stock sizes and qualities.
As a result of these variables in product and machinery, there is less standardization of stone product offerings and sizes than are
typically found in the supply of other construction components. The thicknesses of the stone slabs will generally adhere to standard
offerings, and detailing materials to correspond with recognized industry standard slab thicknesses will benefit the project in both
economy and delivery. Table 1 lists common slab thickness found in the dimension stone industry, with a brief description of the
applications in which they are typically employed.
SPECIFIC DIMENSION STONE TYPES
23. Granite
23.1 Commercially, “granite” includes any visibly granular, igneous rock consisting mostly of feldspars and quartz, and
accompanied by one or mare dark minerals. Typically, feldspar is the most abundant mineral found in granites and, because of this,
the color of the granite is largely governed by the color of this mineral. The color can be modified by quartz, hornblende, mica,
or any other mineral in significant quantity. Granites are available in a wide array of colors including pink, gray, white, red, black,
brown, buff, green, and blue. Dark granular igneous rocks, classified petrographically as gabbro, anorthosite, basalt, or diabase,
are also included in the granite group and often referred to as “black granites”.
23.2 The majority of materials in the granite group are granular or crystalline in appearance, with the grain size varying between
1 1
2 or 3 mm [ ⁄16 or ⁄8 in.] up to 25 mm [1 in.] or larger. Some of the materials included in the granite group will show a layering,
or plate-like structure, due to recrystallization, folding, or other changes while the rock was in a plastic or semi-molten state. Such
metamorphic rocks are called granite gneisses.
23.3 Granites with uniform mineral distribution will show remarkable homogeneity within the quarry and will have minimal
variation of color, texture, or veining pattern from block to block. Other granites will display considerable color variation between
blocks, or even within one block.
23.4 Some granites are nearly isotropic, meaning that they have similar appearance and performance characteristics regardless
of the direction the material is cut. More commonly, a granite will demonstrate some degree of anisotropic behavior, ranging from
mild to pronounced. Such granites frequently require sawing in a specific direction in which to obtain the required visual and
performance properties.
23.5 Granite materials are used in a variety of architectural, memorial, and industrial dimension stone applications. A list of
common applications follows:Memorial applications include monuments, markers, and mausoleums. Industrial applications
include pickling tanks, surface plate, precision machine bases, and paper press rolls.
Architectural:
C1528/C1528M − 20
TABLE 1 Common Thickness and Application Chart
ThicknessApplications Granite Marble Limestone Quartz-Based Slate Serpentine Travertine
5 mm [ ⁄16 in.] Not offered, except Not offered, Not offered, except Not offered, except Used as roofing Not offered, except Not offered, except
as veneers with a except as veneers as veneers with a as slate but only as as
reinforced backer with a reinforced reinforced backer veneers with a limited sources and veneers with a veneers with a
backer reinforced quantities. reinforced reinforced
backer backer backer
10 mm “Thin-set” tiles for “Thin-set” tiles for Thin-set” tiles for “Thin-set” tiles for 6 - 10 mm “Thin-set” tiles for “Thin-set” tiles for
3 1 1
[ ⁄8 in.] interior use only interior use only interior use only interior use only [ ⁄4 in.- ⁄2 in.] interior interior
13 mm [ ⁄2 standard thickness use only use only
in.] for roofing slate
and “thin-set” tiles
for interior use only.
Also commonly
used for
blackboards and
countertop inserts.
13 mm [ ⁄2 in.] & 15
mm [ ⁄8 in.]
materials are also
used as flooring,
baseboard,
thresholds, and
furniture
applications.
A
Tile 10-13 mm 10-13 mm 10-13 mm 10-13 mm 6-10 mm 10-13 mm 10-13 mm
3 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 1
[ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.] [ ⁄8- [ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.] [ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.] [ ⁄4- ⁄8 in.] [ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.] [ ⁄8- ⁄2 in.]
⁄2 in.]
3 3
20 mm [ ⁄4 in.] Interior flooring, Interior flooring, Interior flooring, Interior flooring, 10 - 25 mm [ ⁄8 in. - Interior flooring, Interior flooring,
Interior walls, Interior walls, Interior Interior 1 in.] used as Interior Interior
countertops countertops walls, countertops walls specialty thickness walls, countertops walls, countertops
for roofing slate.
Also, interior
flooring, baseboard,
window stools,
hearths, interior
wall veneer, and
countertops.
25 mm [1 in.] Not generally used Not generally used Not generally used Not generally used Common thickness Not generally used Not generally used
for
flooring, window
stools/sills, treads &
risers, wall caps,
hearths
& mantels,
countertops,
and sanitary
partitions
B
Roofing NA NA NA NA 6-10 mm NA NA
1 3
[ ⁄4- ⁄8 in.]
30 mm [1 ⁄4 in.] Interior Walls and Interior Walls and Used in interior Generally the Interior Walls and Interior Walls and Interior Walls and
Countertops. Countertops. flooring applications minimum Countertops. Countertops. Countertops.
Considered the Considered the or limited vertical thickness available Considered Considered Considered
minimum thickness minimum application in higher for the minimum the minimum the minimum
for thickness for density limestones, interior flooring thickness thickness for thickness for
exterior exterior countertops or exterior for exterior exterior exterior
applications, applications, pavement applications, applications, applications,
horizontal or horizontal or horizontal or horizontal or horizontal or
vertical, vertical, although vertical, vertical, vertical,
although design design loads may although design although design although design
loads require thicker loads loads may loads may
may require thicker material. may require thicker require thicker require thicker
material. material. material. material.
40 mm Used in exterior Used in exterior Commonly used Not Exterior cladding Used in exterior Used in exterior
[1 ⁄4 in.] cladding walls & thickness for interior commonly used walls & walls &
applications pavements flooring & wall pavements pavements
when design loads veneer in high-
marginally exceed density limestone
capacity of 30 mm
[1 ⁄4 in.]
Interior Flooring 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm 30 mm 10-25 mm 20 mm 20 mm
3 3 3 1 3 3 3
[ ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4 in.] [1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄8-1 in.] [ ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4 in.]
C1528/C1528M − 20
TABLE 1 Continued
ThicknessApplications Granite Marble Limestone Quartz-Based Slate Serpentine Travertine
50 mm [2 in.] Used in Exterior Commonly used in Generally the Used in flooring & Slate slabs are Commonly used in Commonly used in
cladding exterior walls or minimum thickness pavement generally exterior exterior
applications pavement used for any applications. available in several walls or pavement walls or pavement
when necessitated application of low or Used in limited increments in this
by medium density cladding range –
design loads, limestone. Also the applications with Thickness of 40,
spans, or minimum thickness small 45, 50,
flexural strengths. for exterior panel sizes and 60, 65, & 70 mm
Also used when applications of high- modest [1 ⁄2 in.,
3 1
reveals are density limestone. design loads. 1 ⁄4 in., 2 in., 2 ⁄4
machined in., 2 ⁄2 in., &
into stone face. 2 ⁄4 in.] can be
obtained
from most
fabricators.
These thickness
are used
for exterior
cladding,
treads, & coping.
80 mm Used in exterior Thickness greater Common thickness Common exterior Used for copings, Thickness greater Thickness greater
[3 in.] cladding when than 50 mm for exterior cladding cladding thickness and than 50 mm than 50 mm
extremely large [2 in.] in applications, also for cemetery [2 in.] in Serpentine [2 in.] in Travertine
piece Marble are although design markers are are
sizes are used, referred to as loads, spans, or referred to as referred to as
or when deep “cubic” material. material strengths “cubic” “cubic”
reveals are cut These thicknesses may material. These material. These
into stone face. are generally dictate thicker thicknesses are thicknesses are
Also applied in panels. generally generally
used in exterior monument, Also commonly applied in applied in
pavement subjected sculpture, or used monument, monument,
to decorative work, in coping & sill sculpture, or sculpture, or
passenger vehicle and are not applications. decorative decorative
traffic. Commonly normally offered work, and are not work, and are not
used in exterior as a “standard” normally normally
window sill thickness. offered as a offered as a
applications. “standard” “standard”
thickness. thickness.
Interior 20 mm 20 20 mm 30 mm 25 mm 20 mm 20 mm
3 3 1 3 3
Cladding [ ⁄4 in.] mm [ ⁄4 in.] [1 ⁄4 in.] [1 in.] [ ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4 in.]
[ ⁄4 in.]
100 mm Used in Landscape Common thickness Used as coping, Cubic material is
[4 in.] or for exterior cladding water available from slate
Sitework applications. Also tables, and belt producers, although
applications used for coping, courses – often will not
such as copings & sills, decorative be supplied as 125 frequently used
fountains refeals, belt course, mm [5 in.]
banding, window
surrounds, base,
and soffit.
Countertops 20-30 mm 20-30 mm 20-30 mm 20-30 mm 20-30 mm 20-30 mm 20-30 mm
3 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
[ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4-1 [ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.] [ ⁄4-1 ⁄4 in.]
⁄4 in.]
150 mm Used in Landscape Commonly used for Used as coping,
[6 in.] or decorative or water
Sitework ornamental tables, belt courses,
applications elements such as steps,
such as curbs, window surrounds, & curbs
copings, coping, cornice, belt
steps, & fountains course, banding,
base, and water
table units. Also
found in classical
architectural
detailing, including
columns, pilasters,
architraves, and
balustrades.
Exterior 30-80 mm 30-80 mm 50-80 mm 30-80 mm 30-80 mm 30-80 mm 30-80 mm
C
1 1 1 1 1 1
Cladding [1 ⁄4-3 in.] [1 ⁄4-3 in.] [2-3 in.] [1 ⁄4-3 in.] [1 ⁄4-3 in.] [1 ⁄4-3 in.] [1 ⁄4-3 in.]
C1528/C1528M − 20
TABLE 1 Continued
ThicknessApplications Granite Marble Limestone Quartz-Based Slate Serpentine Travertine
200 mm Used in Landscape Referred to as
[8 in.] or “Cubic”
Sitework material, these
applications thicknesses are
such as curbs, available
copings, on a job-specific
steps, & fountains basis for
ornamental,
landscape,
and rustic
applications
Exterior Paving 30-50 mm 30-50 mm 30-50 mm 30-50 mm 30-50 mm 30-50 mm 30-50 mm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(pedestrian) [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.] [1 ⁄4-2 in.]
Exterior Paving 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm
(vehicular) [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.]
Window sills 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm 80 mm
[3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.] [3 in.]
Copings 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 80 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm
[4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [3 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.]
Curbs 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm NA 100-200 mm 100-200 mm
[4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.]
Steps 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm 100-200 mm NA 100-200 mm 100-200 mm
[4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.] [4-8 in.]
Greater than These thicknesses
200 mm are
[8 in.] not considered
“standards”, but are
available on a
project-
specific basis for
sculpture,
ornamental
or monumental type
applications
Monuments/ > 200 mm > 200 mm > 200 mm > 200 mm NA > 200 mm > 200 mm
D
Cubic [8 in.] [8 in.] [8 in.] [8 in.] [8 in.] [8 in.]
A
For interior use with “thin{set” adhesives.
B
Not applicable or generally not used.
C
30 mm is generally considered the minimum thickness for exterior application without a structural backing. Design loads may require thicker material or when stone
contains deep reveals, generally produced at thickness increments of 10 mm.
D
For units that are highly articulated, or other applications as necessary based on design loads or spans.
Exterior cladding/curtainwall
Interior cladding
Exterior paving
Interior flooring
Furniture & countertops
Curbs
Steps
Retaining walls
Coping
Window sills/stools
Memorial:
Monuments/Markers
Mausoleums
Industrial:
Picking tanks
Surface plates/Precision machine bases
Paper press rolls
C1528/C1528M − 20
23.6 The physical properties Nominal thicknesses of granite are determined in accordanceoffered by fabricators are as follows:
10 mm [3/8 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives or as part of a panelized system with structural backing.
20 mm [3/4 in.] Interior cladding, interior flooring, furniture, and countertops. Occasionally used as exterior cladding on mausoleums when
panel sizes are sufficiently small to resist design loads.
30 mm [1 ⁄4 in.] Generally considered the minimum thickness for exterior cladding without a structural backing. Design loads may require
thicker material.
40-50 mm Exterior cladding when design loads marginally exceed the capacity of material supplied at 30 mm [1 ⁄4 in.] or when reveals
[1 ⁄8-3 in.] are machined into the face of the panel.
80 mm [3 in.] Exterior cladding when extremely large panels are required or when deep reveals are cut into the face of the panel. Also,
exterior window sills, copings, and exterior paving units subject to vehicle traffic.
100-200 mm Landscape or site work applications such as curbs, steps, copings, and fountains.
[4-8 in.]
>200 mm [8 in.] Sculpture, ornamental, or monumental applications.
with a variety of ASTM test procedures. Minimum and maximum values for the material’s physical requirements are listed in
Specification C615.
24. Marble
24.1 Geologically, marble is a metamorphic rock resulting from recrystallization of limestone. Within this geological definition,
the term marble is correctly applied only to rocks comprising crystallized grains of calcite (calcium carbonate) or dolomite
(calcium magnesium carbonate), or both. Commercially, the term “marble” is applied not only to rocks meeting this definition, but
also to rocks ranging from pure carbonate to those containing little carbonate, yet having compositions and textures that allow them
to be polished. While sometimes loosely included in the definition of commercial marble, polishable limestones, travertines, and
serpentines can be better evaluated under their correct stone type definition and appropriate specifications.
24.2 A geologic marble of pure calcite or dolomite would be white in color. Marble colors, veining, clouds, mottling, and
shading are caused by substances included in minor amounts during formation. Iron oxides make the pinks, yellows, browns, and
reds. Most grays, blue-grays, and blacks are of carbonaceous origin. Greens are the results of micas, chlorites, and silicates.
24.3 While marble has been used architecturally for many centuries and is one of man’s oldest building materials, not all
marbles are suitable for exterior use. The marble’s texture is governed by the size, shape, and mutual relations of the component
grains or crystals. Texture is often a factor in the material’s ability to resist weathering effects. Marbles with a fine-grained,
equigranular texture tend to be less weather-resistant than those with a medium to large grained, inequigranular texture, because
the latter usually has an interlocking texture (grains with irregular boundaries, that interlock by mutual penetration).
24.4 Marble materials are used in a variety of architectural and memorial dimension stone applications. A list of common
applications follows:Memorial applications include monuments, markers, mausoleums, and civic memorials.
Architectural:
Exterior cladding/curtainwall
Interior cladding
Exterior paving
Interior flooring
Furniture & countertops
Steps
Coping
Window sills/stools
Memorial:
Monuments/markers
Mausoleums
Civic memorials
24.5 Nominal thicknesses of marble offered by fabricators are as follows:
10 mm [ ⁄8 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives or as part of a panelized system with structural backing.
13 mm [ ⁄2 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives where heavier pedestrian traffic is anticipated.
20 mm [ ⁄4 in.] Interior cladding, interior flooring, furniture, and countertops.
30 mm [1 ⁄4 in.] Generally considered the minimum thickness for exterior application without a structural backing. Design loads may require
thicker material.
40-50 mm Exterior cladding when design loads marginally exceed the capacity of material supplied at 30 mm [11/4 in.] or when reveals
[1 ⁄8-2 in.] are machined into the face of the panel.
80 mm [3 in.] Exterior cladding when extremely large panels are required or when deep reveals are cut into the face of the panel. Exterior
window sills, copings, and exterior paving units subject to vehicle traffic.
100-200 mm Landscape or site work applications such as curbs, steps, copings, and fountains.
[4-8 in.]
>200 mm [8 in.] Sculpture, ornamental, or monumental applications.
24.6 The physical properties of marble are determined in accordance with variety of ASTM test procedures. Minimum and
maximum values for the material’s physical requirements are listed in Specification C503.
C1528/C1528M − 20
24.7 The Marble Institute of America classifies marbles into four soundness groups. The basis of this classification is simply
the usual fabrication and handling practices involved in working with the material. Practical experience with each material has
deemed such practices to be both necessary and acceptable. The classification has no bearing on the cost of the material. The four
groups are listed below:
24.7.1 Group A—Sound marbles with uniform and favorable working qualities; containing no geological flaws or voids.
24.7.2 Group B—Marbles similar in character to Group A marbles, but with less favorable working qualities; may have natural
faults; a limited amount of waxing, sticking, and filling may be required.
24.7.3 Group C—Marbles with some variations in working qualities; geological flaws, voids, veins, and lines of separation are
common. It is standard practice to repair these variations by waxing, sticking, filling, or cementing. Liners and other types of
reinforcement are used when necessary.
24.7.4 Group D—Marbles similar to Group C marbles, but containing a larger proportion of natural faults, maximum variations
of working qualities, and requiring more of the same methods of finishing and reinforcing. This group comprises many of the
highly-colored marbles prized for their decorative values.
24.8 Most dimension stones return to their original volume after exposure to high or low temperatures. However, some marbles
exhibit a phenomenon know as ‘hysteresis”, or a permanent volume change after exposure to thermal and moisture cycling.
Hysteresis typically manifests itself as a bowing of the marble panels, often suggesting a pillowed effect. In addition to the bowing,
the face of the panels becomes more porous, making the surface more vulnerable to attack by corrosive agents and freeze/thaw
deterioration. Before selecting marble that is subject to hysteresis for a project, careful research should be conducted to determine
the minimum thickness required to prevent failure of the cladding system.
24.9 Marble is a suitable and durable material for use when properly selected, designed, and installed. The ultimate test for any
specific marble is its past historical performance on existing structures. Some marbles, particularly those included in the groups
B, C and D classifications, are not suitable for exterior use.
25. Limestone
25.1 Limestone is a commercial rock term embracing both limestone and dolomite. It is a sedimentary rock composed
principally of calcium carbonate (the mineral calcite) or the double carbonate of calcium and magnesium (the mineral dolomite),
or a mixture of the two. Limestones, like all sedimentary rocks, contain organic matter and other natural characteristics that affect
their appearance and properties. The amount, kind, and distribution of these natural characteristics may affect the suitability of the
rock for commercial use. Limestones are known to exist in all geologic time periods and on all continents of the earth, but those
that have properties of superior dimension stones are relatively rare.
25.2 Limestones are found in hues of white, brown, gray, yellow, red, or black, but those used commercially are commonly light
earth tones of gray, buff, reddish or yellowish buff, or mixtures of these colors. The appearance of the stone is affected not only
by color, but also by its texture, stratification, and finish. Texture is determined by the size, shape, and arrangement of component
grains, skeletal minerals, and crystals. Stratification refers to the composition, thickness, and arrangement of component beds.
Finish is brought about by milling or fabrication. Limestones range in texture from those so fine-grained that they lack visible
particles, to coarse-grained, in which individual fossil shells may be apparent.
25.3 Some limestones are “anisotropic”, or directionally specific in their physical and visual properties, and have a preferred
splitting direction. However, many widely-used limestones do not display a preferential direction of splitting, and are referred to
as “freestones”.
25.4 Limestone materials have been used for hundreds of years in a variety of architectural dimension stone applications in all
climates. A list of common applications follows:
Exterior cladding
Paving and steps
Window lintels and sills
Wall copings
Interior cladding, base and mouldings
Interior flooring
Hearths, mantels, fireplace surrounds
Columns
Balustrades
Carvings, decorative trim
25.5 Nominal thicknesses of limestone offered by fabricators are as follows:
C1528/C1528M − 20
10 mm [ ⁄8 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives or as part of a panelized system with structural backing.
13 mm [ ⁄2 in.] Tile for interior use only with “thin-set” adhesives where heavier pedestrian traffic is anticipated.
20 mm [ ⁄4 in.] Interior cladding, interior flooring, furniture, and countertops.
30-40 mm Generally the minimum thickness available for exterior paving and exterior cladding in high density material.
1 5
[1 ⁄4-1 ⁄8 in.]
50 mm [2 in.] Generally considered the minimum thickness for exterior cladding without a structural backing. Design loads may require thicker
material.
80 mm [3 in.] Exterior cladding when large panels are required or when deep reveals are cut into the face of the panel. Exterior window sills,
copings, and exterior paving units subject to vehicle traffic.
100-200 mm Commonly used for extremely large exterior cladding panels. Also used for coping, sills, decorative reveals, belt courses,
[4-8 in.] banding, window surrounds, base units, and soffits.
>200 mm [8 in.] Commonly used for classical architecture including cornices, belt course, banding, water table units, columns, pilasters,
architraves, and balustrades.
25.6 The physical properties of limestone are determined in accordance with a variety of ASTM test procedures. Minimum and
maximum values for the material’ physical requirements are listed in Specification C568. This specification classifies dimension
limestones into three separate categories according to density.
25.7 Because of the varying physical properties found within limestones, a single variety may not be suitable for all
applications. As with all materials, specifiers should verify that the stone under consideration is suitable for the intended
application. For large projects, availability of stone type, dimensional capability, production, and historical performance of the
limestone should be checked to ensure that project requirements can be met. Limestone used in older buildings may no longer be
quarried today, but stone of similar color and texture may be found.
26. Quartz-Based
26.1 The term “Quartz-Based” is a general commercial term including a variety of rocks, all of which consist of high contents
of quartz and silica. The grains of quartz are commonly cemented together by silica or calcium carbonate. This dimension stone
classification includes an extremely wide variety of materials
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