ASTM C1628-19(2024)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe, Using Rubber Gaskets
Standard Specification for Joints for Concrete Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe, Using Rubber Gaskets
ABSTRACT
This specification covers flexible leak resistant joints for concrete gravity flow sewer pipes using rubber gaskets for sealing the joints, where measurable or defined infiltration or exfiltration is a factor of the design. The gasket shall be fabricated from a rubber compound, the basic polymer of which shall be natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or a blend of both. Gaskets shall be manufactured in the specified design sizes and dimensions, conforming to both circular cross-section or "O-ring" gaskets, and non-circular cross-sections or "profile" gaskets. The joints shall also be made to meet design requirements as to confined circular cross-section and non-circular cross-section gasket joint designs. Volume, non-circular shape stretch height, and length of the manufactured gaskets shall be determined, while, the joints shall be evaluated according to their performances in hydrostatic and structural tests. The finished products shall be handled, stored, inspected, and marked appropriately.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flexible leak resistant joints for concrete gravity flow sewer pipe using rubber gaskets for sealing the joints, where measurable or defined infiltration or exfiltration is a factor of the design. The specification covers the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to be used therewith, for pipe conforming in all other respects to Specifications C14, C76, C655, C985, and C1417, provided that, if there is conflict in permissible variations in dimension, the requirements of this specification shall govern for joints.
Note 1: Infiltration or exfiltration quantities for an installed pipeline are dependent upon many factors other than the joints, and allowable quantities must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of the installed pipeline and system. This specification covers the design, material, and performance of the rubber gasket joint only. Joints covered by this specification are for hydrostatic pressures up to 13 psi without leakage, when plant tested in accordance with Section 10.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1628 − 19 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Specification for
Joints for Concrete Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe, Using Rubber
Gaskets
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1628; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers flexible leak resistant joints for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
concrete gravity flow sewer pipe using rubber gaskets for
C14 Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm
sealing the joints, where measurable or defined infiltration or
Drain, and Culvert Pipe
exfiltration is a factor of the design. The specification covers
C76 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm
the design of joints and the requirements for rubber gaskets to
Drain, and Sewer Pipe
be used therewith, for pipe conforming in all other respects to
C497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Concrete Box
Specifications C14, C76, C655, C985, and C1417, provided
Sections, Manhole Sections, or Tile
that, if there is conflict in permissible variations in dimension,
C655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load
the requirements of this specification shall govern for joints.
Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
NOTE 1—Infiltration or exfiltration quantities for an installed pipeline
C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related
are dependent upon many factors other than the joints, and allowable
Products
quantities must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of
C985 Specification for Nonreinforced Concrete Specified
the installed pipeline and system. This specification covers the design,
Strength Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
material, and performance of the rubber gasket joint only. Joints covered
by this specification are for hydrostatic pressures up to 13 psi without C1417 Specification for Manufacture of Reinforced Con-
leakage, when plant tested in accordance with Section 10.
crete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe for Direct
Design
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
C1619 Specification for Elastomeric Seals for Joining Con-
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
crete Structures
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to concrete
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- pipe, see Terminology C822.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Basis of Acceptance
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1 The acceptability of the pipe joints and gasket shall be
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
determined by the approved design submittal information,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
results of the physical tests prescribed in this specification, and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
by inspection to determine whether the pipe joints and gaskets
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
conform to this specification as to design and freedom from
defects.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.08 on Joints for
Precast Concrete Structures. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2024. Published January 2024. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
published in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as C1628 – 19. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1628-19R24. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1628 − 19 (2024)
5. Materials and Manufacture for Gaskets 6.1.4 The joints of the pipe shall be of such design that they
will withstand the forces caused by the deformation of the
5.1 The gasket shall be fabricated from a rubber compound.
gasket when joined and when tested in accordance with Section
The basic polymer shall be natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or
9.
a blend of both meeting the physical requirements prescribed in
6.1.5 The angle of taper on the conic surfaces of the inside
Specification C1619.
of the bell end and the outer surface of the spigot end where the
5.1.1 Gaskets for standard use shall meet Class E require-
gasket seats shall not be more than 2°, measured from the pipe
ments. Gaskets which require oil resistant properties shall meet
axis. Tapers up to 3° are not prohibited if proven adequate by
Class B requirements.
plant tests as specified in Section 9 and approved by the owner
5.2 Circular Cross-Section Gaskets:
under the provisions of 6.4. It is not prohibited for the conic
5.2.1 Circular cross-section gaskets shall be extruded or
surfaces to be modified with grooves or offsets to properly
molded to the specified size within a tolerance of 6 ⁄64 in. or
contain and seat the gasket.
61.5 % of the cord diameter, whichever is larger.
6.1.6 The gasket shall be the sole element depended upon to
5.2.2 Circular cross-section gaskets shall have the nominal
make the joint flexible and leak resistant. The gasket shall be a
design cut length tolerance of 63.0 % for extruded and spliced
continuous ring which fits snugly into the annular space
gaskets.
between the overlapping surfaces of the assembled pipe joint to
5.2.3 Each gasket shall be manufactured to provide the
form a flexible watertight seal.
volume of rubber required by the pipe manufacturer’s joint
6.1.7 Where the particular joint design utilizing a rubber
design with a tolerance of 63 % for gaskets up to and
gasket dictates the use of a lubricant to facilitate assembly, the
including 1-in. in diameter and 61 % for gaskets of 1-in.
lubricant composition shall have no deterioration or detrimen-
diameter and larger. The allowable percentage tolerance shall
tal swelling effects on the performance of the joint due to
vary linearly between 63 % and 61 % for gasket diameters
prolonged exposure.
between ⁄2 and 1 in.
6.2 Confined Circular Cross-Section Gasket Joint Design:
5.3 Non-Circular Cross-Section Gaskets:
6.2.1 In joints that utilize spigot grooves and solid gaskets
5.3.1 Non-circular cross-section gaskets shall be extruded
of circular cross-section, the smallest potential volume of the
or molded to the design size within a tolerance of 6 ⁄64 in. or
annular space provided for the gasket, with the engaged joint
63.0 % on any dimension, measured at any cross section,
design closure in concentric position, shall be not less than the
whichever is larger.
design volume of the gasket furnished. The smallest potential
5.3.2 Non-circular cross-section gaskets shall have the
cross-sectional area of the annular space shall be calculated
nominal design cut length tolerance of 63 % for extruded and using the minimum bell diameter, maximum spigot diameter,
spliced gaskets.
minimum width of groove at surface of spigot, and minimum
depth of groove. The smallest potential volume of the annular
space shall be calculated considering the centroid of the
6. Design of Joints
cross-sectional area to be at the midpoint between the inside
6.1 When requested at time of purchase, the pipe manufac-
bell surface and the surface of the groove on which the gasket
turer shall furnish the owner with a detailed design of the joint
is seated at the centerline of the groove.
or joints to be furnished under this specification. Included
6.2.2 The gasket shall be of such diameter that when the
within this submittal shall be gasket shape, dimensions,
outer surface of the spigot and the inner surface of the bell
tolerance, and hardness, joint geometry, pipe, and joint dimen-
come into contact at some point in their periphery (off-center
sion tolerances, gasket deformation analysis including manu-
position), the deformation in the gasket shall not exceed 50 %
facturing tolerances, proof of design; hydrostatic and structural
at the point of contact nor be less than 15 % at any point. When
test information, manufacturer’s quality assurance testing, and
determining the maximum percent deformation of the gasket,
documentation procedures. The manufacturing tolerances re-
the minimum depth of groove and the stretched gasket diam-
quired in joint design shall be specified by the manufacturer
eter shall be used and calculations made at the centerline of the
and verified by the manufacturer’s written quality assurance
groove. When determining the minimum percent deformation
testing procedures and documentation.
of the gasket, the minimum groove width, the maximum bell
6.1.1 The joint shall consist of a bell on one end of a unit
diameter, the minimum spigot diameter, the maximum depth of
of pipe and a spigot on the adjacent end of the joining pipe.
groove, and the stretched gasket diameter shall be used and
6.1.2 All surfaces of the joint, upon or against which the
calculations made at the centerline of the groove. For gasket
gasket shall bear, including the bell entrance slope taper, shall
deformation calculations, stretched gasket diameter shall be
be free of imperfections that would adversely affect the
determined as being the design diameter of the gasket divided
performance of the joint.
by the square root of (1 + x) where x equals the design percent
6.1.3 The joint shall be designed to provide a minimum
of gasket stretch divided by 100.
distance when measured between the nearest end of spigot
6.2.3 In joints that utilize spigot grooves described in 6.2.1
groove or spigot offset and end of bell, excluding bell entrance
and 6.2.2, the gasket shall not be stretched more than 30 % of
chamfer, at the design closure position of ⁄2-in. for pipe 12 to
its original circumference, except that gaskets meeting Class E
27 in. diameters and ⁄4 in. for pipe 30-in. diameter and larger.
requirements used on pipe 96-in. diameter and larger shall not
NOTE 2—See joint data form in Appendix, dimension “A”. be stretched more than 35 %.
C1628 − 19 (2024)
6.3 Non-Circular Cross-Section Gasket Joint Design: both. Design submissions shall include joint geometry,
tolerances, gasket characteristics, gasket deformation analysis,
6.3.1 In joints that utilize gaskets of non-circular cross-
plant quality control tests, and such other information as
section placed on a single offset spigot configuration, the
required by the owner to evaluate the joint design for required
annular space between the gasket contact surfaces of the
field performance. Joints and gaskets of alternative joint
assembled joint shall have the rubber gasket deformed not less
designs shall meet all test requirements of Sections 5and 9
than 15 % or more than 60 % when the pipe is joined with
contained within this specification.
maximum joint surface eccentricity (off-center) with all manu-
facturing and gasket tolerances being considered. When deter-
7. Permissible Variations in Dimensions
mining the maximum percent deformation of the gasket, the
minimum bell diameter, the maximum spigot diameter, and the 7.1 The diameter of pipe joint gasket bearing surfaces is
stretched gasket height shall be used at design closure. When
confirmed by taking three equally spaced diametric measure-
determining the minimum percent deformation of the gasket,
ments with a calibrated instrument accurate within 60.005 in.,
the maximum bell diameter, the minimum spigot diameter, and
all of which shall be within the minimum and maximum limits
the stretched gasket height shall be used at design closure. For
used in Section 6.
gasket deformation calculations the stretched height shall be
7.1.1 Specific methods, frequency, and record keeping of
determined by 8.1.2.
joint measurements shall be included in the manufacturer’s
6.3.2 In lieu of the deformation limit design method de- written quality assurance testing procedures and documenta-
scribed in 6.3.1, the manufacturer is not prohibited from tion.
submitting a gasket force analysis. This design method shall
8. Test Methods for Gaskets
analyze the annular space between the gasket contact surfaces
of the assembled joint and compare it to the compression
8.1 In addition to Specification C1619, the physical proper-
versus force characteristics for the proposed non-circular
ties of the gaskets shall be determined in accordance with the
cross-section gasket as described in gasket compression curves
following methods:
as furnished by the gasket manufacturer, pipe joint
8.1.1 Gasket Volume Determination—Determine the vol-
manufacturer, or an independent testing laboratory. The joint
ume of gasket sections in accordance to Test Method C497.
design analysis shall have the rubber gasket deformed within
8.1.2 Non-Circular Cross-Section Gasket Stretch Height—
the limits of the specified design force limits when the pipe is
Determine the stretch height of gasket sections in accordance
joined off-center with all manufacturing and gasket tolerances
to Test Method C497.
being considered. When determining the maximum deforma-
8.1.3 Gasket Length—Determine the stretch length of gas-
tion of the gasket, the minimum bell diameter, the maximum
ket sections in accordance to Test Method C497.
spigot diameter, and the stretched gasket height shall be used.
When determining the minimum deformation of the gasket, the 9. Performance Requirements for Joints
maximum bell diameter, the minimum spigot diameter, and the
9.1 The hydrostatic and structural tests are conducted to
stretched gasket height shall be used.
serve as a proof-of-design test and the results shall be included
6.3.3 In joints that utilize offsets on the bell and spigot to
within the joint submittal documents to the owner. The
confine a non-circular cross-section gasket, the gasket shall be
hydrostatic and structural tests and results shall be witnessed
of such height that when the outer surface of the spigot and the
and certified by an independent testing agency, an owner’s
inner surface of the bell come into contact at some point in
representative, or manufacturer’s employee who is identified
their periphery, the deformation
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