ASTM D5478-13(2018)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Viscosity of Materials by a Falling Needle Viscometer
Standard Test Methods for Viscosity of Materials by a Falling Needle Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are applicable for measuring the rheological properties of varnishes and paints. In particular, the low to moderate shear rate measurements provide information related to sag resistance, leveling, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. These test methods are applicable to liquids having viscosities in the range from 5 × 10−4 to 103 Pa·s (0.5 to 106 cP). The shear rate range is dependent upon the needle used and viscosity of the liquid and may vary from 10−4 to 103 s−1. With an extension bar and applied weight, a shear rate of 104 s–1 may be achieved.
1.2 The yield stress of liquids having this property may also be determined.
1.3 These test methods consist of determining liquid viscosities of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (clear or opaque) by measuring the steady-state (constant) or terminal velocities of cylindrical needles as they fall through the test liquid under the influence of gravity. Yield stresses of non-Newtonian liquids may be measured using the same procedure.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5478 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Viscosity of Materials by a Falling Needle Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. These test
E2251Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
methods are applicable to liquids having viscosities in the
−4 3 6
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
range from 5×10 to 10 Pa·s (0.5 to 10 cP). The shear rate
range is dependent upon the needle used and viscosity of the
3. Terminology
−4 3 −1
liquid and may vary from 10 to 10 s . With an extension
3.1 Definitions:
4 –1
barandappliedweight,ashearrateof10 s maybeachieved.
3.1.1 dilatant or shear thickening fluid, n—fluid in which
1.2 Theyieldstressofliquidshavingthispropertymayalso the apparent viscosity increases with increasing shear rate.
be determined.
3.1.2 Newtonian fluid, n—fluid in which the dynamic vis-
cosity does not vary with shear rate but only with the
1.3 These test methods consist of determining liquid vis-
temperature and pressure.
cosities of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (clear or
3.1.3 Non-Newtonian fluid, n—fluid in which the dynamic
opaque) by measuring the steady-state (constant) or terminal
viscosity varies with shear rate over at least some shear rate
velocities of cylindrical needles as they fall through the test
range.
liquid under the influence of gravity. Yield stresses of non-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—This viscosity is sometimes referred to
Newtonianliquidsmaybemeasuredusingthesameprocedure.
as the “apparent viscosity” since it is not a true property of the
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
fluid but a variable depending on the shear rate. The viscosity
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
of most non-Newtonian fluids fits a power law expression. A
standard.
power law fluid is defined by the following equation:
n21
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
η 5 K~dγ/dt! (1)
a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
where:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2
η = apparentviscosity,Pa·s(ordyne·s/cm =P),mPa·s=
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- a
cP,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
n n 2
K = fluid consistency, Pa·s (or dyne·s /cm ),
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dγ/dt = shear rate or velocity gradient, 1/s, and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
n = flow behavior index, dimensionless.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.4 pseudoplastic or shear thinning fluid, n—fluid in
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
which the apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
rate.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.5 viscosity, n—the ratio between an applied shear stress
to the resulting shear rate (velocity gradient) is defined as the
dynamic viscosity. It is a measure of the resistance to flow of
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
a fluid.
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints &
2
Paint Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as published as Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D5478–13. DOI: 10.1520/D5478-13R18. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5478 − 13 (2018)
3.1.5.1 Discussion—In the SI unit system, the units of 4.3 Test Method C consists of determining the apparent
viscosity are Pa·s. One mPa·s is equal to one centipoise (cP). viscosity and shear rate of pseudoplastic and dilatant fluids
outside of the power law region.
3.1.6 yield stress, n—some fluids when subjected to a shear
stress behave as deformable solids u
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5478 − 13 D5478 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Methods for
1
Viscosity of Materials by a Falling Needle Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. These test methods
−4 3 6
are applicable to liquids having viscosities in the range from 5 × 10 to 10 Pa·s (0.5 to 10 cP). The shear rate range is dependent
−4 3 −1
upon the needle used and viscosity of the liquid and may vary from 10 to 10 s . With an extension bar and applied weight,
4 –1
a shear rate of 10 s may be achieved.
1.2 The yield stress of liquids having this property may also be determined.
1.3 These test methods consist of determining liquid viscosities of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (clear or opaque) by
measuring the steady-state (constant) or terminal velocities of cylindrical needles as they fall through the test liquid under the
influence of gravity. Yield stresses of non-Newtonian liquids may be measured using the same procedure.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 dilatant or shear thickening fluid, n—fluid in which the apparent viscosity increases with increasing shear rate.
3.1.2 Newtonian fluid, n—fluid in which the dynamic viscosity does not vary with shear rate but only with the temperature and
pressure.
3.1.3 Non-Newtonian fluid, n—fluid in which the dynamic viscosity varies with shear rate over at least some shear rate range.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
This viscosity is sometimes referred to as the “apparent viscosity” since it is not a true property of the fluid but a variable depending
on the shear rate. The viscosity of most non-Newtonian fluids fits a power law expression. A power law fluid is defined by the
following equation:
n21
η 5 K dγ/dt (1)
~ !
a
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints and& Paint Materials.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013Sept. 1, 2018. Published February 2013September 2018. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20092013
as published as D5478 – 09.D5478 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D5478-13.10.1520/D5478-13R18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5478 − 13 (2018)
where:
2
η = apparent viscosity, Pa·s (or dyne·s/cm = P), mPa·s = cP,
a
n n 2
K = fluid consistency, Pa·s (or dyne·s /cm ),
dγ/dt = shear rate or velocity gradient, 1/s, and
n = flow behavior index, dimensionless.
3.1.4 pseudoplastic or shear thinning fluid, n—fluid in which the apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate.
3.1.5 viscosity, n—the ratio between an applied shear stress to the resulting shear rate (velocity gradient) is defined as the
dynamic viscosity. It is
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.