ASTM D7397-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Miniaturized Optical Method)
Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Miniaturized Optical Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels is an index of the lowest temperature of their utility for certain applications. Wax crystals of sufficient quantity can plug filters used in some fuel systems.
Petroleum blending operations require a precise measurement of the cloud point.
This test method can determine the temperature of the test specimen at which wax crystals have formed sufficiently to be observed as a cloud with a resolution of 0.1°C.
This test method provides results that are equivalent to Test Method D 5773/IP 446. The temperature results of this test method have been found to be warmer than those of Test Method D 2500/IP 219 by an average of 0.49°C; however, no sample specific bias was observed.
Similar to Test Method D 5773/IP 446, this test method determines cloud point in a shorter period of time than Test Method D 2500/IP 219.
Note 1—In cases of samples with cloud points near ambient temperatures, time savings may not be realized.
Note 2—This test method eliminates most of the operator time required of Test Method D 2500/IP 219.
Note 3—The only utility required by the apparatus described in this test method is electricity with power consumption of approximately 20 watts. The electric power can come from an alternating current source (wall receptacle) or direct current source such as a battery or a cigarette lighter plug in a vehicle.
Note 4—The apparatus described by this test method can be made much smaller and lighter than that of Test Methods D 5773/IP 446 and D 2500/IP 219, allowing full portability.
Note 5—The apparatus used in the 2006 interlaboratory study weighed approximately 1 kg and occupied the space of a small lunch box. See Section 13.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic instrument.
1.2 This test method covers the range of temperatures from –60 to +20°C with temperature resolution of 0.1°C; however, the range of temperatures included in the 2006 interlaboratory cooperative test program only covered the temperature range of –35 to +12°C. See Section 13.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7397 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Miniaturized Optical
1
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7397; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope* 2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
IP 219 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cloud
IP 446 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are
transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic
3. Terminology
instrument.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 This test method covers the range of temperatures from
3.1.1 biodiesel, n—fuel comprising mono-alkyl esters of
–60 to +20°C with temperature resolution of 0.1°C; however,
long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal
the range of temperatures included in the 2006 interlaboratory
fats, designated B100.
cooperativetestprogramonlycoveredthetemperaturerangeof
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Biodiesel is typically produced by a
–35 to +12°C. See Section 13.
reaction of vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to yield
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
mono-esters and glycerin.The fuel typically may contain up to
standard.
14differenttypesoffattyacidsthatarechemicallytransformed
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), n—blendofbiodieselfuelwith
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
volume percentage (as a whole number without the percentage
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sign) of biodiesel.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.3 cloud point, n—in petroleum products and biodiesel
2
fuels, the temperature of a liquid specimen when the smallest
2.1 ASTM Standards:
observable cluster of hydrocarbon crystals first occurs upon
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
cooling under prescribed conditions.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The cloud point occurs when the tem-
Petroleum Products
perature of the specimen is low enough to cause hydrocarbon
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
crystals to precipitate. In a homogeneous liquid, the cloud is
Petroleum Products
always noted first at the location in the specimen where the
D5773 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
specimen temperature is the lowest. The cloud point is the
(Constant Cooling Rate Method)
temperature at which the crystals first occur, regardless of their
location in the specimen, and not after extensive crystallization
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
has taken place. The hydrocarbon crystals that precipitate at
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
lower temperatures are typically, but not excluded to, straight
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
chain hydrocarbons commonly called “wax crystals.”
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D7397–07. DOI:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
10.1520/D7397-08.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D7397 – 08
NOTE 1—In cases of samples with cloud points near ambient tempera-
3.2.1 automatic cloud point, n—temperature of a specimen,
tures, time savings may not be realized.
when the appearance of the cloud is determined under the
NOTE 2—This test method eliminates most of the operator time
conditions of this test method.
required of Test Method D2500/IP 219.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The cloud point in this test method is
NOTE 3—The only utility required by the apparatus de
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D7397–07 Designation: D 7397 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Miniaturized Optical
1
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7397; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are transparent
in layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic instrument.
1.2 This test method covers the range of temperatures from –60 to +20°C with temperature resolution of 0.1°C; however, the
range of temperatures included in the 2006 interlaboratory cooperative test program only covered the temperature range of –35 to
+12°C. See Section 13.
1.3
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D 5773 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Constant Cooling Rate Method)
3
2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
IP 219 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
IP 446 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 biodiesel, n—fuel comprising mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,
designated B100.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Biodiesel is typically produced by a reaction of vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as
methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to yield mono-esters and glycerin. The fuel typically may contain up to 14
different types of fatty acids that are chemically transformed into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), n—blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the
volume percentage (as a whole number without the percentage sign) of biodiesel.
3.1.3 cloud point, n—in petroleum products and biodiesel fuels, the temperature of a liquid specimen when the smallest
observable cluster of hydrocarbon crystals first occurs upon cooling under prescribed conditions.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The cloud point occurs when the temperature of the specimen is low enough to cause hydrocarbon crystals
to precipitate. In a homogeneous liquid, the cloud is always noted first at the location in the specimen where the specimen
temperature is the lowest. The cloud point is the temperature at which the crystals first occur, regardless of their location in the
specimen, and not after extensive crystallization has taken place. The hydrocarbon crystals that precipitate at lower temperatures
are typically, but not excluded to, straight chain hydrocarbons commonly called “wax crystals.”
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07.0D
on Wax-Related Viscometric Properties of Fuels and Oils.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 7397–07.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7397–08
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1miniaturized optical method
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