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ASTM D2475-01(2008)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Felt

Standard Specification for Felt

ABSTRACT
This specification covers all standard types of felt in the form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use. Certain special-purpose felts are also covered. Felts shall be classified according to thickness and mass, properties and general descriptions. Felt classifications shall be based on the Society of Automotive Engineers Specification and the US Department of Defense Federal Specification. Special-purpose felts shall be classified under special-purpose classification. The chemical properties of roll and sheet felt shall conform to the specified requirements. The physical properties of roll and sheet felt such as width, thickness, and mass (weight) per unit area, shall conform to the requirements specified. All the properties, except color, of felt shall be determined in accordance to the test method specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers all standard types of felt in the form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use. Certain special-purpose felts are also covered.
1.2 This specification is not applicable to felt-like products that utilize weaving, knitting, stitching, or bonding such as papermaker's felt.
1.3 Trade practice in the felt industry deals in pounds, yards, and inches, therefore the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values in SI units are provided as information only.
1.3.1 The specification referenced in 2.2 uses only inch-pound units.he percent specific gravity of that class.
TABLE 1 Wool Sheet Felt: Thickness and Mass (Weight)     ASTM (NTA) ClassColorThickness, in.Thickness, mmMass (Weight) lb/yd2Mass (Weight) kg/m2 NominalTolerancesNominalTolerancesNominalTolerancesNominalTolerances SheetsCut PartsSheetsCut Parts 26S1White0.125± 0.014 ± 0.016  3.17± 0.35 ± 0.41  1.50± 0.10  0.81± 0.05  26S4Gray0.1880.0160.018 4.780.410.46 2.250.15 1.220.08 0.2500.0200.022 6.350.510.56 3.000.20 1.630.11 0.3130.0220.024 7.950.560.61 3.750.25 2.040.14 0.3750.0240.026 9.520.610.66 4.500.30 2.440.16 0.5000.0300.03212.700.760.81 6.000.40 3.260.22 0.6250.0350.03715.880.890.94 7.500.45 4.070.24 0.7500.0400.04219.051.021.07 9.000.50 4.890.27 0.8750.0460.04822.231.171.2210.500.55 5.700.30 1.0000.0510.05325.401.301.3512.000.60 6.520.33 1.2500.0620.06531.751.571.6515.000.70 8.150.38 1.5000.0720.07538.101.831.9118.000.80 9.770.43 1.7500.0830.08544.452.112.1621.000.9011.400.49 2.0000.0940.09850.802.392.4924.001.0013.030.54 2.5000.1150.11963.502.923.0230.001.0516.290.57 3.0000.1360.14176.203.453.5836.001.1019.550.60 34S1White0.1250.0120.014 3.170.300.36 2.000.10 1.090.05 34S2White0.1880.0120.014 4.780.300.36 3.000.15 1.630.08 34S3White0.2500.0160.018 6.350.410.46 4.000.30 2.170.16 34S4Gray0.3130.0170.019 7.950.430.48 5.000.35 2.710.19 0.3750.0190.021 9.520.480.53 6.000.40 3.260.22 0.5000.0220.02412.700.560.61 8.000.50 4.340.27 0.6250.0260.02815.880.660.7110.000.60 5.430.33 0.7500.0290.03119.050.740.7912.000.70 6.520.38 0.8750.0320.03422.230.870.8614.000.75 7.600.41 1.0000.0360.03825.400.910.9716.000.80 8.690.43 1.2500.0420.04531.251.071.1420.000.9010.860.49 1.5000.0490.05238.101.241.3224.001.0013.030.54 1.7500.0560.05944.451.421.5028.001.1015.200.60 2.0000.0630.06750.801.601.7032.001.2017.380.65 2.5000.0760.08063.501.932.0340.001.2521.720.68 3.0000.0900.09576.202.292.4148.001.3026.060.71 43S1White0.1250.0120.014 3.170.300.36 2.500.30 1.360.16 43S2White0.1880.0120.014 4.780.300.36 3.750.35 2.040.19 43S3White0.2500.0140.016 6.350.360.41 5.000.40 2.710.22 43S4Gray0.3750.0160.019 9.520.410.48 7.500.50 4.070.27 0.5000.0190.02212.700.480.5610.000.60 5.430.33 0.6250.0220.02515.880.560.6412.500.70 6.790.38 0.7500.0250.02819.050.630.7115.000.80 8.150.43 0.8750.0270.03022.230.690.7617.500.90 9.500.49 1.0000.0300.03325.400.760.8420.001.0010.860.54 1.2500.0360.04031.150.911.0225.001.1013.560.60 1.5000.0410.04538.101.041.1430.001.2016.290.65 1.7500.0470.05144.451.191.3035.001.3019.000.71 2.0000.0530.05850.801.351.4740.001.4021.720.76 2.5000.06...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2008
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.13 - Wool and Felt
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2475-01 - Standard Specification for Felt
Effective Date
01-Aug-2008
Referred By
ASTM D1676-17 - Standard Test Methods for Film-Insulated Magnet Wire
Effective Date
01-Aug-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4845-10(2018) - Standard Terminology Relating to Wool
Effective Date
01-Aug-2008

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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2475 −01(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Specification for
Felt
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2475; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.2 This specification is not applicable to felt-like products
that utilize weaving, knitting, stitching, or bonding such as
1.1 This specification covers all standard types of felt in the
papermaker’s felt.
form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use.
Certain special-purpose felts are also covered.
1.3 Tradepracticeinthefeltindustrydealsinpounds,yards,
and inches, therefore the values stated in inch-pound units are
to be regarded as standard. The values in SI units are provided
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt.
as information only.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally
1.3.1 The specification referenced in 2.2 uses only inch-
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D2475 – 01. DOI:
10.1520/D2475-01R08. pound units.he percent specific gravity of that class.
TABLE 1 Wool Sheet Felt: Thickness and Mass (Weight)
2 2
Thickness, in. Thickness, mm Mass (Weight) lb/yd Mass (Weight) kg/m
ASTM (NTA)
Color Tolerances Tolerances
Class
Nominal Nominal Nominal Tolerances Nominal Tolerances
Sheets Cut Parts Sheets Cut Parts
26S1 White 0.125 ± 0.014 ± 0.016 3.17 ± 0.35 ± 0.41 1.50 ± 0.10 0.81 ± 0.05
26S4 Gray 0.188 0.016 0.018 4.78 0.41 0.46 2.25 0.15 1.22 0.08
0.250 0.020 0.022 6.35 0.51 0.56 3.00 0.20 1.63 0.11
0.313 0.022 0.024 7.95 0.56 0.61 3.75 0.25 2.04 0.14
0.375 0.024 0.026 9.52 0.61 0.66 4.50 0.30 2.44 0.16
0.500 0.030 0.032 12.70 0.76 0.81 6.00 0.40 3.26 0.22
0.625 0.035 0.037 15.88 0.89 0.94 7.50 0.45 4.07 0.24
0.750 0.040 0.042 19.05 1.02 1.07 9.00 0.50 4.89 0.27
0.875 0.046 0.048 22.23 1.17 1.22 10.50 0.55 5.70 0.30
1.000 0.051 0.053 25.40 1.30 1.35 12.00 0.60 6.52 0.33
1.250 0.062 0.065 31.75 1.57 1.65 15.00 0.70 8.15 0.38
1.500 0.072 0.075 38.10 1.83 1.91 18.00 0.80 9.77 0.43
1.750 0.083 0.085 44.45 2.11 2.16 21.00 0.90 11.40 0.49
2.000 0.094 0.098 50.80 2.39 2.49 24.00 1.00 13.03 0.54
2.500 0.115 0.119 63.50 2.92 3.02 30.00 1.05 16.29 0.57
3.000 0.136 0.141 76.20 3.45 3.58 36.00 1.10 19.55 0.60
34S1 White 0.125 0.012 0.014 3.17 0.30 0.36 2.00 0.10 1.09 0.05
34S2 White 0.188 0.012 0.014 4.78 0.30 0.36 3.00 0.15 1.63 0.08
34S3 White 0.250 0.016 0.018 6.35 0.41 0.46 4.00 0.30 2.17 0.16
34S4 Gray 0.313 0.017 0.019 7.95 0.43 0.48 5.00 0.35 2.71 0.19
0.375 0.019 0.021 9.52 0.48 0.53 6.00 0.40 3.26 0.22
0.500 0.022 0.024 12.70 0.56 0.61 8.00 0.50 4.34 0.27
0.625 0.026 0.028 15.88 0.66 0.71 10.00 0.60 5.43 0.33
0.750 0.029 0.031 19.05 0.74 0.79 12.00 0.70 6.52 0.38
0.875 0.032 0.034 22.23 0.87 0.86 14.00 0.75 7.60 0.41
1.000 0.036 0.038 25.40 0.91 0.97 16.00 0.80 8.69 0.43
1.250 0.042 0.045 31.25 1.07 1.14 20.00 0.90 10.86 0.49
1.500 0.049 0.052 38.10 1.24 1.32 24.00 1.00 13.03 0.54
1.750 0.056 0.059 44.45 1.42 1.50 28.00 1.10 15.20 0.60
2.000 0.063 0.067 50.80 1.60 1.70 32.00 1.20 17.38 0.65
2.500 0.076 0.080 63.50 1.93 2.03 40.00 1.25 21.72 0.68
3.000 0.090 0.095 76.20 2.29 2.41 48.00 1.30 26.06 0.71
43S1 White 0.125 0.012 0.014 3.17 0.30 0.36 2.50 0.30 1.36 0.16
43S2 White 0.188 0.012 0.014 4.78 0.30 0.36 3.75 0.35 2.04 0.19
43S3 White 0.250 0.014 0.016 6.35 0.36 0.41 5.00 0.40 2.71 0.22
43S4 Gray 0.375 0.016 0.019 9.52 0.41 0.48 7.50 0.50 4.07 0.27
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2475−01 (2008)
TABLE1 Continued
2 2
Thickness, in. Thickness, mm Mass (Weight) lb/yd Mass (Weight) kg/m
ASTM (NTA)
Color Tolerances Tolerances
Class
Nominal Nominal Nominal Tolerances Nominal Tolerances
Sheets Cut Parts Sheets Cut Parts
0.500 0.019 0.022 12.70 0.48 0.56 10.00 0.60 5.43 0.33
0.625 0.022 0.025 15.88 0.56 0.64 12.50 0.70 6.79 0.38
0.750 0.025 0.028 19.05 0.63 0.71 15.00 0.80 8.15 0.43
0.875 0.027 0.030 22.23 0.69 0.76 17.50 0.90 9.50 0.49
1.000 0.030 0.033 25.40 0.76 0.84 20.00 1.00 10.86 0.54
1.250 0.036 0.040 31.15 0.91 1.02 25.00 1.10 13.56 0.60
1.500 0.041 0.045 38.10 1.04 1.14 30.00 1.20 16.29 0.65
1.750 0.047 0.051 44.45 1.19 1.30 35.00 1.30 19.00 0.71
2.000 0.053 0.058 50.80 1.35 1.47 40.00 1.40 21.72 0.76
2.500 0.064 0.070 63.50 1.63 1.78 50.00 1.45 27.15 0.79
3.000 0.075 0.082 76.20 1.90 2.08 60.00 1.50 32.58 0.81
56S1 White 0.125 0.010 0.014 3.17 0.25 0.36 3.25 0.40 1.76 0.22
56S2 White 0.188 0.010 0.014 4.78 0.25 0.36 4.90 0.50 2.66 0.27
56S3 White 0.250 0.011 0.016 6.35 0.28 0.41 6.50 0.60 3.53 0.33
S654 Gray 0.375 0.013 0.018 9.52 0.33 0.46 9.75 0.80 5.29 0.43
0.500 0.016 0.022 12.70 0.41 0.56 13.00 1.00 7.06 0.54
0.625 0.018 0.024 15.88 0.46 0.61 16.25 1.10 8.82 0.60
0.750 0.020 0.026 19.05 0.51 0.66 19.50 1.20 10.59 0.65
0.875 0.022 0.028 22.23 0.56 0.71 22.75 1.30 12.35 0.70
1.000 0.025 0.031 25.40 0.63 0.79 26.00 1.40 14.12 0.76
1.250 0.029 0.036 31.75 0.74 0.91 32.50 1.50 17.65 0.81
1.500 0.033 0.040 38.10 0.84 1.02 39.00 1.60 21.18 0.87
1.750 0.038 0.046 44.45 0.97 1.17 45.50 1.70 24.71 0.92
2.000 0.042 0.051 50.80 1.07 1.30 52.00 1.80 28.24 0.98
2.500 0.050 0.061 63.50 1.27 1.55 65.00 1.85 35.29 1.00
3.000 0.058 0.070 76.20 1.47 1.78 78.00 1.90 42.35 1.03
68S1 White 0.125 0.007 0.013 3.17 0.18 0.33 4.00 0.50 2.17 0.27
68S2 White 0.188 0.007 0.014 4.78 0.18 0.36 6.00 0.75 3.26 0.41
68S3 White 0.250 0.007 0.015 6.35 0.18 0.38 8.00 1.00 4.34 0.54
68S4 Gray 0.375 0.009 0.018 9.52 0.23 0.46 12.00 1.10 6.52 0.60
0.500 0.011 0.020 12.70 0.28 0.51 16.00 1.20 8.69 0.65
0.625 0.013 0.022 15.88 0.33 0.56 20.00 1.30 10.86 0.71
0.750 0.015 0.024 19.05 0.38 0.61 24.00 1.40 13.03 0.76
0.875 0.017 0.026 22.23 0.43 0.66 28.00 1.50 15.20 0.81
1.000 ±0.019 ±0.028 25.40 ±0.48 ±0.71 32.00 ±1.60 17.38 ±0.87
1.250 0.022 0.032 31.75 0.56 0.81 40.00 1.70 21.72 0.92
1.500 0.026 0.036 38.10 0.66 0.91 48.00 1.80 26.06 0.98
1.750 0.029 0.041 44.45 0.74 1.04 56.00 1.90 30.41 1.03
2.000 0.032 0.046 50.80 0.81 1.17 64.00 2.00 34.75 1.09
2.500 0.038 0.055 63.50 0.97 1.40 80.00 2.05 43.44 1.11
2. Referenced Documents 3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.1 Definitions:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3.1.1 felt, n—a textile structure characterized by interlock-
D461 Test Methods for Felt (Withdrawn 2003) ing and consolidation of its constituent fibers.
D4845 Terminology Relating to Wool
3.1.2 machined felt, n—a felt structure achieved by the
2.2 Federal Standard:
interaction of a suitable combination of mechanical energy,
C-F-206, Felt Sheet: Cloth Felt, Wool, Pressed
chemical action, moisture and heat causing the constituent
2.3 Felt Manufacturers Council:
fibers to migrate and interlock.
FS14-68/71 Wool Felt Standard Specifications
6 3.1.3 needled felt, n—astructurecomposedentirelyoffibers
2.4 SAE Standard:
physically interlocked and reoriented through the action of
J314b Felts-Wool and Part Wool
felting needles.
3.1.4 For standard terminology relating to wool, refer to
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Terminology D4845.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 3.1.5 For definitions of other textile terms used in these test
the ASTM website.
methods, refer to Terminology D123.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
3.1.5.1 Discussion—For the purpose of this document, there
www.astm.org.
are only two types of felt, machined and needled. All other
AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
terms alluded to as types of felt, such as papermakers, black,
Available from the Northern TextileAssociation, 230 Congress Street, Boston,
unsupported, supported, part wool, wool, etc. are considered to
MA 02110.
be simply terms describing attributes of these two types of
Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, 2 Pennsylvania Plaza,
New York, NY 10001. felts.
D2475−01 (2008)
3.1.6 relative density, n—the ratio of the mass of a volume 4.1.4 Examples of ASTM classifications are as follows:
of felt to the mass of an equivalent volume of water, 26R2 Felt
alternatively, use density.
4. Types of Felts
4.1 ASTM Classification:
4.1.1 The ASTM Classification number in Tables 1-3 is tIt
may be computed from the mass (weight), thickness, and area
values in these tables. This number is followed by the letter R
or S, which designates the method of manufacture as roll or
sheet form, respectively. The last digit is the overall quality
NOTE1—Theterms“SecondQuality’’and“ThirdQuality’’donotrefer
index in decreasing order of quality from one to four (see Note
to sub-standard levels of quality. Each classification has distinct specifi-
cations which are less demanding than its higher classification. See Table
1).
2.
4.1.2 To obtain the average density of the different felts in
lb/ft , multiply the percent specific gravity number of the first 4.2 Corresponding SAE and DoD Classification—For
column of Tables 1-4 by 0.6243. convenience,Table2includesthecorrespondingclassifications
4.1.3 To obtain the average density in kg/m,(1) multiply based on the Society of Automotive Engineers Specification
the percent specific gravity of the first column in Tables 1-4 by J314b and the U.S. Department of Defense Federal Specifica-
10, or (2) multiply the average density in lb/ft by 16.02. tion C-F-206.
TABLE 2 Roll and Sheet Felt Corresponding Classifications—Properties and General Description
Corresponding
Physical Requirements General Description
Classifications
ASTM
Min. Tensile Min. Split Resis-
(NTA) Normal Width Thickness: Available Range
Fed.
Strength, tance
Classifi-
SAE Spec.
A Color
N/50
cation
J314b C-F-
lbf/2 in.
psi kPa mm in. cm in. mm
width
width
14R1 . . . . . . white 72 183 0.125–0.500 3.17–12.7
17R1 . . . . . . white 72 183 0.125–1.000 3.17–25.4
17R2 F26 8R5 . . . . gray 72 183 0.125–1.000 3.17–25.4
18R1 F10 9R1 225 1551 8 35 white 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
18R2 F11 9R2 200 1379 6 26 gray 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
18R3 F12 9R3 100 690 3 13 gray 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
18R4 F13 9R4 75 517 2 9 gray 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
18R5 F15 9R5 75 517 2 9 gray 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
26R1 F5 12R1 400 2758 18 79 white 60 152 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
26R2 F6 12R2 275 1896 16 71 gray 60 or 72 152 or 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
26R3 F7 12R3 250 1724 12 53 gray 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
26R3X F55 12R3X 200 1379 . . gray 60 or 72 152 or 183 0.063–0.094 1.60–2.39
34R1 F1 16R1 500 3448 33 147 white 60 152 0.125–1.000 3.17–25.4
34R1X F50 16R1X 500 3448 . . white 60 152 0.047–0.092 1.19–2.39
34R2 F2 16R2 500 3448 28 124 not blk or gray 60 152 0.047–1.000 1.19–25.4
34R3 F3 16R3 400 2758 22 97 gray 60 152 0.125–1.000 3.17–25.4
34R3X F51 16R3X 300 2069 . . gray 60 or 72 152 or 183 0.047–0.094 1.19–2.39
38R1 . 18R1 600 4137 35 154 white 60 152 0.125–0.500 3.17–12.7
38R2 . . 550 3792 30 132 gray 60 152 0.125–0.500 3.17–12.7
26S1 . 12S1 400 2758 18 79 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
26S4 . . 300 2069 16 71 gray 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
34S1 . 16S1 500 3448 32 141 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
34S2 . 16S3 400 2758 28 124 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
34S3 . 16S4 300 2069 20 89 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
34S4 . . 400 2758 22 97 gray 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
43S1 . 20S1 500 3448 44 196 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
43S2 . 20S3 400 2758 40 178 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
43S3 . 20S4 300 2069 32 142 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
43S4 . . 400 2758 36 160 gray 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
56S1 . 26S1 600 4137 48 212 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
56S2 . 26S3 500 3448 46 205 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
56S3 . 26S4 400 2758 36 160 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
56S4 . . 400 2758 40 178 gray 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
68S1 . 32S1 600 4137 50 222 white 36 91 0.125–2.500 3.17–63.5
68S2 . 32S3 500 3448 48 212 natural 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
68S3 . 32S4 400 2758 40 178 natural 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
68S4 . . 400 2758 46 205 gray 36 91 0.125–2.500 3.17–63.5
A
NTA refers to Northern Textile Association.
D2475−01 (2008)
TABLE 3 Roll Felt Thicknesses and Weights
NOTE 1—The F-50, F-51, and F-55 classifications are available in limited thickness ranges. See Table 2.
ASTM
Thickness Tolerances Mass (Weight) Per Unit Area
(NTA) SAE Fed. Spec. Trade Designa-
Color Inches Millimetres Nominal Tolerances
Classifi- J314b C-F-206 tion
Nominal Nominal
2 2
Roll Cutparts Roll Cutparts lb/yd kg/m
cation
14R1 . . White Soft Pad 0.125 ± 0.040 ± 0.048 3.18 ± 1.02 ± 1.22 0.83 ± 0.10 0.45 ± 0.05
0.250 0.056 0.064 6.35 1.42 1.63 1.65 0.20 0.90 0.11
0.375 0.072 0.082 9.53 1.83 2.08 2.48 0.30 1.35 0.16
0.500 0.088 0.098 12.70 2.24 2.49 3.30 0.40 1.79 0.22
17R1 . . White Soft Pad 0.125 0.040 0.044 3.18 1.02 1.12 0.9 0.09 0.49 0.05
17R2 F-26 8R5 Gray 0.250 0.056 0.062 6.35 1.42 1.58 1.8 0.18 0.98 0.10
0.375 0.072 0.079 9.53 1.83 2.01 2.7 0.27 1.47 0.15
0.500 0.088 0.098 12.70 2.24 2.49 3.6 0.36 1.95 0.20
0.750 0.120 0.135 19.05 3.05 3.43 5.4 0.54 2.93 0.29
1.000 0.152 0.170 25.40 3.86 4.32 7.2 0.72 3.91 0.39
18R1 F-10 9R1 White Firm Pad 0.125 0.020 0.023 3.18 0.51 0.58 1.06 0.08 0.58 0.04
18R2 F-11 9R2 Gray Firm Pad 0.188 0.023 0.026 4.78 0.58 0.66 1.59 0.12 0.86 0.07
18R3 F-12 9R3 Gray Firm Pad 0.250 0.026 0.031 6.35 0.66 0.79 2.12 0.16 1.15 0.09
18R4 F-13 9R4 Gray Firm Pad 0.313 0.029 0.033 7.95 0.74 0.84 2.65 0.20 1.44 0.11
18R5 F-15 9R5 Gray Firm Pad 0.375 0.032 0.036 9.53 0.81 0.91 3.18 0.24 1.73 0.13
0.500 0.038 0.044 12.70 0.97 1.12 4.24 0.32 2.31 0.18
0.625 0.044 0.050 15.88 1.12 1.27 5.30 0.40 2.89 0.22
0.750 0.050 0.060 19.05 1.27 1.52 6.36 0.48 3.46 0.26
0.875 0.056 0.065 22.23 1.42 1.65 7.42 0.56 4.03 0.30
1.000 0.062 0.070 25.40 1.58 1.78 8.48 0.64 4.62 0.35
26R1 F-5 12R1 White Ex Firm Pad 0.063 0.007 0.012 1.60 0.18 0.31 0.75 0.04 0.41 0.02
26R2 F-6 12R2 Gray Ex Firm Pad 0.094 0.007 0.012 2.39 0.18 0.31 1.12 0.05 0.61 0.03
26R3 F-7 12R3 Gray Ex Firm Pad & 0.125 0.014 0.016 3.18 0.36 0.41 1.53 0.08 0.83 0.04
Gray or Black 0.188 0.016 0.018 4.78 0.41 0
...


This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2475–01 Designation: D 2475 – 01 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Specification for
Felt
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2475; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 Thisspecificationcoversallstandardtypesoffeltintheformofrollsandsheetsthataresuitableformechanicaluse.Certain
special-purpose felts are also covered.
1.2 This specification is not applicable to felt-like products that utilize weaving, knitting, stitching, or bonding such as
papermaker’s felt.
1.3 Trade practice in the felt industry deals in pounds, yards, and inches, therefore the values stated in inch-pound units are to
be regarded as standard. The values in SI units are provided as information only.
1.3.1 The specification referenced in 2.2 uses only inch-pound units.he percent specific gravity of that class.
TABLE 1 Wool Sheet Felt: Thickness and Mass (Weight)
2 2
Thickness, in. Thickness, mm Mass (Weight) lb/yd Mass (Weight) kg/m
ASTM (NTA)
Color Tolerances Tolerances
Class
Nominal Nominal Nominal Tolerances Nominal Tolerances
Sheets Cut Parts Sheets Cut Parts
26S1 White 0.125 6 0.014 6 0.016 3.17 6 0.35 6 0.41 1.50 6 0.10 0.81 6 0.05
26S4 Gray 0.188 0.016 0.018 4.78 0.41 0.46 2.25 0.15 1.22 0.08
0.250 0.020 0.022 6.35 0.51 0.56 3.00 0.20 1.63 0.11
0.313 0.022 0.024 7.95 0.56 0.61 3.75 0.25 2.04 0.14
0.375 0.024 0.026 9.52 0.61 0.66 4.50 0.30 2.44 0.16
0.500 0.030 0.032 12.70 0.76 0.81 6.00 0.40 3.26 0.22
0.625 0.035 0.037 15.88 0.89 0.94 7.50 0.45 4.07 0.24
0.750 0.040 0.042 19.05 1.02 1.07 9.00 0.50 4.89 0.27
0.875 0.046 0.048 22.23 1.17 1.22 10.50 0.55 5.70 0.30
1.000 0.051 0.053 25.40 1.30 1.35 12.00 0.60 6.52 0.33
1.250 0.062 0.065 31.75 1.57 1.65 15.00 0.70 8.15 0.38
1.500 0.072 0.075 38.10 1.83 1.91 18.00 0.80 9.77 0.43
1.750 0.083 0.085 44.45 2.11 2.16 21.00 0.90 11.40 0.49
2.000 0.094 0.098 50.80 2.39 2.49 24.00 1.00 13.03 0.54
2.500 0.115 0.119 63.50 2.92 3.02 30.00 1.05 16.29 0.57
3.000 0.136 0.141 76.20 3.45 3.58 36.00 1.10 19.55 0.60
34S1 White 0.125 0.012 0.014 3.17 0.30 0.36 2.00 0.10 1.09 0.05
34S2 White 0.188 0.012 0.014 4.78 0.30 0.36 3.00 0.15 1.63 0.08
34S3 White 0.250 0.016 0.018 6.35 0.41 0.46 4.00 0.30 2.17 0.16
34S4 Gray 0.313 0.017 0.019 7.95 0.43 0.48 5.00 0.35 2.71 0.19
0.375 0.019 0.021 9.52 0.48 0.53 6.00 0.40 3.26 0.22
0.500 0.022 0.024 12.70 0.56 0.61 8.00 0.50 4.34 0.27
0.625 0.026 0.028 15.88 0.66 0.71 10.00 0.60 5.43 0.33
0.750 0.029 0.031 19.05 0.74 0.79 12.00 0.70 6.52 0.38
0.875 0.032 0.034 22.23 0.87 0.86 14.00 0.75 7.60 0.41
1.000 0.036 0.038 25.40 0.91 0.97 16.00 0.80 8.69 0.43
1.250 0.042 0.045 31.25 1.07 1.14 20.00 0.90 10.86 0.49
1.500 0.049 0.052 38.10 1.24 1.32 24.00 1.00 13.03 0.54
1.750 0.056 0.059 44.45 1.42 1.50 28.00 1.10 15.20 0.60
2.000 0.063 0.067 50.80 1.60 1.70 32.00 1.20 17.38 0.65
2.500 0.076 0.080 63.50 1.93 2.03 40.00 1.25 21.72 0.68
3.000 0.090 0.095 76.20 2.29 2.41 48.00 1.30 26.06 0.71
43S1 White 0.125 0.012 0.014 3.17 0.30 0.36 2.50 0.30 1.36 0.16
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt.
Current edition approved April 10, 2001. Published June 2001. Originally published as D2475–65T, replacing D114. Last previous edition D2475–00.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 2475 – 01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2475 – 01 (2008)
TABLE 1 Continued
2 2
Thickness, in. Thickness, mm Mass (Weight) lb/yd Mass (Weight) kg/m
ASTM (NTA)
Color Tolerances Tolerances
Class
Nominal Nominal Nominal Tolerances Nominal Tolerances
Sheets Cut Parts Sheets Cut Parts
43S2 White 0.188 0.012 0.014 4.78 0.30 0.36 3.75 0.35 2.04 0.19
43S3 White 0.250 0.014 0.016 6.35 0.36 0.41 5.00 0.40 2.71 0.22
43S4 Gray 0.375 0.016 0.019 9.52 0.41 0.48 7.50 0.50 4.07 0.27
0.500 0.019 0.022 12.70 0.48 0.56 10.00 0.60 5.43 0.33
0.625 0.022 0.025 15.88 0.56 0.64 12.50 0.70 6.79 0.38
0.750 0.025 0.028 19.05 0.63 0.71 15.00 0.80 8.15 0.43
0.875 0.027 0.030 22.23 0.69 0.76 17.50 0.90 9.50 0.49
1.000 0.030 0.033 25.40 0.76 0.84 20.00 1.00 10.86 0.54
1.250 0.036 0.040 31.15 0.91 1.02 25.00 1.10 13.56 0.60
1.500 0.041 0.045 38.10 1.04 1.14 30.00 1.20 16.29 0.65
1.750 0.047 0.051 44.45 1.19 1.30 35.00 1.30 19.00 0.71
2.000 0.053 0.058 50.80 1.35 1.47 40.00 1.40 21.72 0.76
2.500 0.064 0.070 63.50 1.63 1.78 50.00 1.45 27.15 0.79
3.000 0.075 0.082 76.20 1.90 2.08 60.00 1.50 32.58 0.81
56S1 White 0.125 0.010 0.014 3.17 0.25 0.36 3.25 0.40 1.76 0.22
56S2 White 0.188 0.010 0.014 4.78 0.25 0.36 4.90 0.50 2.66 0.27
56S3 White 0.250 0.011 0.016 6.35 0.28 0.41 6.50 0.60 3.53 0.33
S654 Gray 0.375 0.013 0.018 9.52 0.33 0.46 9.75 0.80 5.29 0.43
0.500 0.016 0.022 12.70 0.41 0.56 13.00 1.00 7.06 0.54
0.625 0.018 0.024 15.88 0.46 0.61 16.25 1.10 8.82 0.60
0.750 0.020 0.026 19.05 0.51 0.66 19.50 1.20 10.59 0.65
0.875 0.022 0.028 22.23 0.56 0.71 22.75 1.30 12.35 0.70
1.000 0.025 0.031 25.40 0.63 0.79 26.00 1.40 14.12 0.76
1.250 0.029 0.036 31.75 0.74 0.91 32.50 1.50 17.65 0.81
1.500 0.033 0.040 38.10 0.84 1.02 39.00 1.60 21.18 0.87
1.750 0.038 0.046 44.45 0.97 1.17 45.50 1.70 24.71 0.92
2.000 0.042 0.051 50.80 1.07 1.30 52.00 1.80 28.24 0.98
2.500 0.050 0.061 63.50 1.27 1.55 65.00 1.85 35.29 1.00
3.000 0.058 0.070 76.20 1.47 1.78 78.00 1.90 42.35 1.03
68S1 White 0.125 0.007 0.013 3.17 0.18 0.33 4.00 0.50 2.17 0.27
68S2 White 0.188 0.007 0.014 4.78 0.18 0.36 6.00 0.75 3.26 0.41
68S3 White 0.250 0.007 0.015 6.35 0.18 0.38 8.00 1.00 4.34 0.54
68S4 Gray 0.375 0.009 0.018 9.52 0.23 0.46 12.00 1.10 6.52 0.60
0.500 0.011 0.020 12.70 0.28 0.51 16.00 1.20 8.69 0.65
0.625 0.013 0.022 15.88 0.33 0.56 20.00 1.30 10.86 0.71
0.750 0.015 0.024 19.05 0.38 0.61 24.00 1.40 13.03 0.76
0.875 0.017 0.026 22.23 0.43 0.66 28.00 1.50 15.20 0.81
1.000 60.019 60.028 25.40 60.48 60.71 32.00 61.60 17.38 60.87
1.250 0.022 0.032 31.75 0.56 0.81 40.00 1.70 21.72 0.92
1.500 0.026 0.036 38.10 0.66 0.91 48.00 1.80 26.06 0.98
1.750 0.029 0.041 44.45 0.74 1.04 56.00 1.90 30.41 1.03
2.000 0.032 0.046 50.80 0.81 1.17 64.00 2.00 34.75 1.09
2.500 0.038 0.055 63.50 0.97 1.40 80.00 2.05 43.44 1.11
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 461 Test Methods for Felt
D 4845 Terminology Relating to Wool
2.2 Federal Standard:
C-F-206, Felt Sheet: Cloth Felt, Wool, Pressed
2.3 Felt Manufacturers Council:
FS14-68/71 Wool Felt Standard Specifications
2.4 SAE Standard:
J314b Felts-Wool and Part Wool
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 07.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Available from the Northern Textile Association, 230 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02110.
Available from the Northern Textile Association, 230 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02110.
Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, 2 Pennsylvania Plaza, New York, NY 10001.
D 2475 – 01 (2008)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 felt, n—a textile structure characterized by interlocking and consolidation of its constituent fibers.
3.1.2 machined felt, n—a felt structure achieved by the interaction of a suitable combination of mechanical energy, chemical
action, moisture and heat causing the constituent fibers to migrate and interlock.
3.1.3 needled felt, n—a structure composed entirely of fibers physically interlocked and reoriented through the action of felting
needles.
3.1.4 For standard terminology relating to wool, refer to Terminology D 4845.
3.1.5 For definitions of other textile terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology D 123.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—For the purpose of this document, there are only two types of felt, machined and needled.All other terms
alluded to as types of felt, such as papermakers, black, unsupported, supported, part wool, wool, etc. are considered to be simply
terms describing attributes of these two types of felts.
3.1.6 relative density, n—the ratio of the mass of a volume of felt to the mass of an equivalent volume of water, alternatively,
use density.
4. Types of Felts
4.1 ASTM Classification:
4.1.1 TheASTM Classification number inTables 1-3 is tIt may be computed from the mass (weight), thickness, and area values
in these tables. This number is followed by the letter R or S, which designates the method of manufacture as roll or sheet form,
respectively. The last digit is the overall quality index in decreasing order of quality from one to four (see Note 1).
4.1.2 Toobtaintheaveragedensityofthedifferentfeltsinlb/ft ,multiplythepercentspecificgravitynumberofthefirstcolumn
of Tables 1-4 by 0.6243.
TABLE 2 Roll and Sheet Felt Corresponding Classifications—Properties and General Description
Corresponding
Physical Requirements General Description
Classifications
ASTM
Min. Tensile Min. Split
(NTA) Normal Width Thickness: Available Range
Fed.
Strength, Resistance
Classifi-
SAE Spec.
A
Color
cation N/50
J314b C-F-
lbf/2 in.
psi kPa mm in. cm in. mm
width
width
14R1 . . . . . . white 72 183 0.125–0.500 3.17–12.7
17R1 . . . . . . white 72 183 0.125–1.000 3.17–25.4
17R2 F26 8R5 . . . . gray 72 183 0.125–1.000 3.17–25.4
18R1 F10 9R1 225 1551 8 35 white 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
18R2 F11 9R2 200 1379 6 26 gray 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
18R3 F12 9R3 100 690 3 13 gray 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
18R4 F13 9R4 75 517 2 9 gray 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
18R5 F15 9R5 75 517 2 9 gray 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
26R1 F5 12R1 400 2758 18 79 white 60 152 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
26R2 F6 12R2 275 1896 16 71 gray 60 or 72 152 or 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
26R3 F7 12R3 250 1724 12 53 gray 72 183 0.063–1.000 1.60–25.4
26R3X F55 12R3X 200 1379 . . gray 60 or 72 152 or 183 0.063–0.094 1.60–2.39
34R1 F1 16R1 500 3448 33 147 white 60 152 0.125–1.000 3.17–25.4
34R1X F50 16R1X 500 3448 . . white 60 152 0.047–0.092 1.19–2.39
34R2 F2 16R2 500 3448 28 124 not blk or gray 60 152 0.047–1.000 1.19–25.4
34R3 F3 16R3 400 2758 22 97 gray 60 152 0.125–1.000 3.17–25.4
34R3X F51 16R3X 300 2069 . . gray 60 or 72 152 or 183 0.047–0.094 1.19–2.39
38R1 . 18R1 600 4137 35 154 white 60 152 0.125–0.500 3.17–12.7
38R2 . . 550 3792 30 132 gray 60 152 0.125–0.500 3.17–12.7
26S1 . 12S1 400 2758 18 79 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
26S4 . . 300 2069 16 71 gray 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
34S1 . 16S1 500 3448 32 141 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
34S2 . 16S3 400 2758 28 124 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
34S3 . 16S4 300 2069 20 89 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
34S4 . . 400 2758 22 97 gray 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
43S1 . 20S1 500 3448 44 196 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
43S2 . 20S3 400 2758 40 178 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
43S3 . 20S4 300 2069 32 142 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
43S4 . . 400 2758 36 160 gray 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
56S1 . 26S1 600 4137 48 212 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
56S2 . 26S3 500 3448 46 205 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
56S3 . 26S4 400 2758 36 160 white 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
56S4 . . 400 2758 40 178 gray 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
68S1 . 32S1 600 4137 50 222 white 36 91 0.125–2.500 3.17–63.5
68S2 . 32S3 500 3448 48 212 natural 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
68S3 . 32S4 400 2758 40 178 natural 36 91 0.125–3.000 3.17–76.2
68S4 . . 400 2758 46 205 gray 36 91 0.125–2.500 3.17–63.5
A
NTA refers to Northern Textile Association.
D 2475 – 01 (2008)
TABLE 3 Roll Felt Thicknesses and Weights
NOTE 1—The F-50, F-51, and F-55 classifications are available in limited thickness ranges. See Table 2.
ASTM Thickness Tolerances Mass (Weight) Per Unit Area
(NTA) SAE Fed. Spec. Trade Designa-
Color Inches Millimetres Nominal Tolerances
Classifi- J314b C-F-206 tion
Nominal Nominal
2 2
cation Roll Cutparts Roll Cutparts lb/yd kg/m
14R1 . . White Soft Pad 0.125 6 0.040 6 0.048 3.18 6 1.02 6 1.22 0.83 6 0.10 0.45 6 0.05
0.250 0.056 0.064 6.35 1.42 1.63 1.65 0.20 0.90 0.11
0.375 0.072 0.082 9.53 1.83 2.08 2.48 0.30 1.35 0.16
0.500 0.088 0.098 12.70 2.24 2.49 3.30 0.40 1.79 0.22
17R1 . . White Soft Pad 0.125 0.040 0.044 3.18 1.02 1.12 0.9 0.09 0.49 0.05
17R2 F-26 8R5 Gray 0.250 0.056 0.062 6.35 1.42 1.58 1.8 0.18 0.98 0.10
0.375 0.072 0.079 9.53 1.83 2.01 2.7 0.27 1.47 0.15
0.500 0.088 0.098 12.70 2.24 2.49 3.6 0.36 1.95 0.20
0.750 0.120 0.135 19.05 3.05 3.43 5.4 0.54 2.93 0.29
1.000 0.152 0.170 25.40 3.86 4.32 7.2 0.72 3.91 0.39
18R1 F-10 9R1 White Firm Pad 0.125 0.020 0.023 3.18 0.51 0.58 1.06 0.08 0.58 0.04
18R2 F-11 9R2 Gray Firm Pad 0.188 0.023 0.026 4.78 0.58 0.66 1.59 0.12 0.86 0.07
18R3 F-12 9R3 Gray Firm Pad 0.250 0.026 0.031 6.35 0.66 0.79 2.12 0.16 1.15 0.09
18R4 F-13 9R4 Gray Firm Pad 0.313 0.029 0.033 7.95 0.74 0.84 2.65 0.20 1.44 0.11
18R5 F-15 9R5 Gray Firm Pad 0.375 0.032 0.036 9.53 0.81 0.91 3.18 0.24 1.73 0.13
0.500 0.038 0.044 12.70 0.97 1.12 4.24 0.32 2.31 0.18
0.625 0.044 0.050 15.88 1.12 1.27 5.30 0.40 2.89 0.22
0.750 0.050 0.060 19.05 1.27 1.52 6.36 0.48 3.46 0.26
0.875 0.056 0.065 22.23 1.42 1.65 7.42 0.56 4.03 0.30
1.000 0.062 0.070 25.40 1.58 1.78 8.48 0.64 4.62 0.35
26R1 F-5 12R1 White Ex Firm Pad 0.063 0.007 0.012 1.60 0.18 0.31 0.75 0.04 0.41 0.02
26R2 F-6 12R2 Gray Ex Firm Pad 0.094 0.007 0.012 2.39 0.18 0.31 1.12 0.05 0.61 0.03
26R3 F-7 12R3 Gray Ex Firm Pad & 0.125 0.014 0.016 3.18 0.36 0.41 1.53 0.08 0.83 0.04
Gray or Black 0.188 0.016 0.018 4.78 0.41 0.46 2.29 0.12 1.24 0.07
26R3X F-55 12R3X . Lining 0.250 0.018 0.020 6.35 0.46 0.51 3.06 0.16 1.66 0.09
0.31
...

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This specification covers the general and physical requirements for greige fabrics woven from “E” electrical glass fiber yarns. The yarn shall be a continuous filament, free of any free alkali metal salts, such as soda or potash, and foreign particles, dirt, and other impurities. The fabric shall be furnished in rolls and shall be wound in spiral tubes. The materials shall be tested and shall conform to the following requirements: fabric count; yarn numbers for both the warp and filling yarns; filament diameter; strand construction; twist direction wherein the primary twist in the singles strands shall be “Z” twist and the final twist in the plied yarns shall be “S” twist; twist level; fabric weave type which shall include crowfoot, leno, mock leno, plain, eight-harness satin, and twelve-harness satin; mass per unit area; thickness; breaking strength; width including both selvages but excluding any feathered edges; fabric roll length, length between splices, and number of splices per roll; and ignition loss. The fabrics shall also be examined for defects such as bias or bowed filling; baggy, ridged, or wavy cloth; cut or tear; hole; spots, streaks, or stains; foreign inclusions; tender or weak spot; smash; broken, missing ends or picks; floats and skips; light and heavy marks; crease; waste; weave separation; brittle or fused area; selvage defects; selvage leno ends out; and feather edges.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers greige fabrics woven from “E” electrical glass fiber yarns. This practice can also be applied to fabrics made of other glass fiber types as agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.  
1.2 This practice specifies the terminology, definitions, general requirements and physical requirements for greige glass fiber fabrics. This practice permits the application of organic materials to the glass fiber yarn during manufacture that helps facilitate weaving.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This practice is one of a series to provide a substitute for Military Specifications: MIL-Y-1140 Yarn, Cord, Sleeving, Cloth, and Tape-Glass and MIL-C-9084 Cloth, Glass Finished for Resin Laminates.  
1.5 Additional ASTM practices in this series have been drafted and appear in current editions of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. These include finished glass fabrics, unfinished glass fabrics, glass tapes, glass sleevings, glass cords, glass sewing threads, and finished laminates made from finished glass fabrics.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2646-24(Guide)
Standard Guide for Backing Fabric Characteristics of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments; however, caution is advised because information about between interlaboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is statistical bias between them using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use test samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in the disparate results during initial testing, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the laboratories should be compared using statistical test for unpaired data at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 These test methods are useful to evaluate quality and cost control during the manufacture of pile yarn floor covering.  
5.3 The significance and uses of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specified test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the procedures listed as follows for testing woven, knitted and nonwoven backing fabrics designed for use in the manufacture of pile yarn floor coverings. The procedures appear in the following order:    
Section  
Bow and Skewness of Woven Fabrics  
8  
Breaking Force of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics  
15  
Breaking Force After Tufting of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics  
16  
Extractable Matter  
9  
Fabric Count of Woven Fabrics  
12  
Fabric Count of Knitted Fabrics  
13  
Length of Woven Fabrics  
11  
Mass per Unit Area (Weight) of Woven Fabrics  
14  
Width of Woven Fabrics  
10  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5587-15(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing. Randomly assign the samples in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.3 The trapezoid tear produces tension along a reasonably defined course such that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. It is useful for estimating the relative tear resistance of different fabrics or different directions in the same fabric.  
5.4 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data recording devices will show the tearing force in the form of a peak or peaks. The highest peaks appear to reflect the strength of the yarn components, individually or in combination, needed to stop a tear in fabrics of the same construction. The valleys recorded between the peaks have no specific significance. The minimum tearing force, however, is indicated to be above the lowest valleys.  
5.5 Most textile fabrics can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given fabric, depending upon its structure. Strong fabrics or fabrics...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing strength of textile fabrics by the trapezoid procedure using a recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) tensile testing machine.  
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining trapezoid tearing strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. Consequently, these test instruments may be used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions for use of the CRT-type tensile tester are included in Appendix X1.  
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, pile, and nonwoven fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with or without wetting.  
1.3 Tearing strength, as measured in this test method, requires that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported value obtained is not directly related to the force required to initiate or start a tear.  
1.4 Two calculations for trapezoid tearing strength are provided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest peak forces.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units may be approximate.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6775-13(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Webbing, Tape and Braided Material

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments but comparisons should be made with caution because estimates of between-laboratory precision are incomplete.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Elongation is an indication of the ability of a fiber to absorb energy. The elongation of textile materials must be great enough to withstand strains experienced in processing and end use, and to absorb the energies of applied forces repeatedly.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking strength and elongation of textile webbing, tape and braided materials using a split-drum type specimen clamp.  
1.2 This test method is limited to materials with a maximum width of 90 mm (3.5 in.) and a maximum breaking strength of no more than 89000 N (20000 lb).  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are given in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3938-18(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Determining or Confirming Care Instructions for Apparel and Other Textile Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This is a guide to help a manufacturer distributor, or importer establish a reasonable basis for care information.  
4.1.1 The manufacturer, distributor, or importer should possess, prior to sale, reliable evidence that the product was not harmed when refurbished reasonably often according to the instructions. Additionally, they should possess reliable evidence that the product, or a fair sample of the product, would be harmed when refurbished by methods warned against on the label.  
4.2 This guide is intended for general use by those who wish to evaluate whether apparel or other textile products will perform in an acceptable manner when refurbished according to particular care instructions.  
4.3 Refurbished products are evaluated against previously selected product specifications to determine whether the products can be refurbished successfully by following the instructions on the care label or other care instructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide may be used to determine and confirm the appropriate care label instructions for apparel, piece goods, and other textile products excluding textile floor coverings and upholstery.  
1.2 This guide encompasses the following care procedures: home laundering, professional textile care, and other alternative cleaning methods.  
1.3 This guide includes provision for evaluating the complete textile product and the product components.  
1.4 This guide covers the performance characteristics as a result of refurbishing that are important in determining the acceptability of a textile product.  
1.5 This guide is appropriate for the evaluation of all garments and household textiles that are sold with care labels.  
1.5.1 This guide may also be used in connection with the evaluation of similar materials that do not have a care label.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1388-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In general, these procedures are more suitable for testing woven fabrics than knit fabrics.  
5.2 Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.3 The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage.  
5.4 No evidence has been found showing that bending length is dependent on the width of the test specimen. The tendency for specimens to curl or twist will affect the result, because of the rigidity provided at the edge of the specimen. Consequently, the wider the strip, the less important is the edge effect. For fabrics having only a slight tendency to curl, a 2.5 cm wide strip has been found to be satisfactory. As the tendency to curl increases, this width may be increased (see Note 10).  
5.5 This method differs from Test Method F3260 which requires tracking of...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided.  
1.1.1 Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.  
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically.  
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.  
1.2.1 This method may be used to determine the stiffness of nonwoven materials (for example, hydroentangled, dry laid, needlepunch, resin bonded, thermal, and wet laid) or refer to Test Method D5732. To determine the stiffness of medical textiles (for example, surgical mesh, films, and membranes), refer to Test Method F3260.  
Note 1: The formula to calculate flexural rigidity in D5732-95 (2001) is incorrect and should not be used. Utilize the formula presented in 11.5 of Test Method D1388.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers...

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ASTM
ASTM D4850-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the industry related to textile fabrics. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included. Other terminology standards that have terms related to textile fabrics are shown in 2.1  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D737-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal number to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Air permeability is an important factor in the performance of such textile materials as gas filters, fabrics for air bags, clothing, mosquito netting, parachutes, sails, tentage, and vacuum cleaners. In filtration, for example, efficiency is directly related to air permeability. Air permeability also can be used to provide an indication of the breathability of weather-resistant and rainproof fabrics, or of coated fabrics in general, and to detect changes during the manufacturing process.  
5.3 Performance specifications, both industrial and military, have been prepared on the basis of air permeability and are used in the purchase of fabrics where permeability is of interest.  
5.4 Construction factors and finishing techniques can have an appreciable effect upon air permeability by causing a change in the length of airflow paths through a fabric. Hot calendaring can be used to flatten fabric components, thus reducing...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the air permeability of textile fabrics.  
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, and pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units may be approximate.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3786/D3786M-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textile Fabrics—Diaphragm Bursting Strength Tester Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method for the determination of diaphragm bursting strength of knitted, nonwoven and woven fabrics is being used by the textile industry for the evaluation of a wide variety of end uses.  
5.2 In cases where test results obtained using the procedures in Test Method D3786 have not been correlated with actual performance, Test Method D3786 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile fabrics for bursting strength since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases where disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using Test Method D3786 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
Note 2: The kind of load transfer and stretch that occur when knitted goods and nonwoven fabrics are worn are prevented by clamping them as described in this method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the resistance of textile fabrics to bursting using a hydraulic or pneumatic diaphragm bursting tester. This test method is generally applicable to a wide variety of textile products.  
1.2 This test method may also be applicable for stretch woven and woven industrial fabrics such as inflatable restraints. As new materials that may exceed the range of the instrument are developed, please refer to the reporting section and consider using Test Methods D3787 or D6797 instead.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: For the measurement of the bursting strength by means of a ball burst mechanism, refer to Test Method D3787.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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