ASTM G132-96
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Pin Abrasion Testing
Standard Test Method for Pin Abrasion Testing
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear resistance of a material when relative motion is caused between an abrasive cloth or paper and a contacting pin of the test material. The principal factors and conditions requiring attention when using this type of apparatus to measure wear are discussed.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: G 132 – 96
Standard Test Method for
Pin Abrasion Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 132; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for 4.1 For the pin abrasion test method, two pin specimens are
determining the wear resistance of a material when relative required. One is of the test material. The other is of a reference
motion is caused between an abrasive cloth, paper, or plastic material. Each pin, in turn, is positioned perpendicular to the
film and a contacting pin of the test material. The principal abrasive surface, which usually is mounted on, or supported by,
factors and conditions requiring attention when using this type a flat circular disk, another flat surface, or the cylindrical
of apparatus to measure wear are discussed. surface of a drum. The test machine permits relative motion
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the between the abrasive surface and the pin surface. The wear
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information track of a pin describes a continuous, non-overlapping path
only. such as a spiral, helix, or saw-tooth curve, preferably with a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the displacement between successive passes sufficient to allow the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the other pin to trace a parallel track in the intervening space. Fig.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 1 shows some possible arrangements. The pin specimen is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- pressed against the abrasive surface with a specified loading by
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. means of dead weights or another suitable loading system.
Rotation of the pin about its axis during testing is optional.
2. Referenced Documents
Note, however, that results with and without pin rotation or
2.1 ASTM Standards: with different loading systems may differ.
A 128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic
4.2 The amount of wear is determined by weighing both
Manganese specimens before and after testing. Mass loss values should be
A 514/A514M Specification for High-Yield Strength,
converted to volume losses using the best available values of
Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for specimen densities. The use of length changes to indicate the
Welding
amount of wear is not recommended for the purposes of this
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate the test method, and no procedure for processing such data is
Average Quality of a Lot or Process
included in this test method.
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in 4.3 Wear results are reported as a volume loss and as the
ASTM Test Methods
wear volume normalized with respect to the applied normal
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to load, to the wear path length, and to the mean wear of the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
reference specimen on the same type of abrasive. The reference
G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
specimen wear is included in the calculation in order to correct
for abrasivity variations (see 4.5 and 10.2).
4.4 Various sizes and types of abrasive have been used.
3. Terminology
These include silicon carbide, alumina, emery, garnet, flint, or
3.1 Refer to Terminology G 40 for definitions of terms
other silicas, and synthetic compounds, but wear results
related to this test method.
normally will differ with different types of abrasive (see Table
X3.1). The abrasive is bonded to a cloth, paper, or plastic film
(usually polyester) backing that is mounted on or supported by
a smooth, firm surface (for example, disk, other flat, or
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G-2 on Wear
cylinder). For purposes of this test method, a garnet is the
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive
preferred abrasive and has given good correlations with many
Wear.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1996. Published January 1997. Originally types of abrasive services (1). The field experience has
published as G 132 – 95. Last previous edition G 132 – 95.
included a wide variety of abrasive minerals, ranging from
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
this test method.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G 132
FIG. 1 Four Configurations of Pin Abrasion Testing Machines
coarse rock to fine ore, rounded or crushed, with high or light conditions that may be experienced in service (for example,
loading. abrasive particle size, shape, hardness, speed, load, and pres-
4.5 In this test method, the primary role of the reference ence of a corrosive environment), there is no assurance that this
material is to correct for variations in the abrasivity of the test method will predict the wear rate of a given material under
abrasive cloth or paper. Because of abrasivity variability, the conditions differing from those in this test method.
reference material wear in a particular test may deviate from
6. Apparatus
the overall mean for tests using the same abrasive. The
reference material’s function here differs from that in other 6.1 General Description—Refer to Fig. 1 where schematic
drawings of typical pin-on-disk, pin-on-table, pin-on-belt, and
tests where a direct comparison between the test material and
reference material is used as a basis for ranking the abrasion pin-on-drum wear testing systems are shown. In each of the
systems, the end of a pin, which may or may not be rotating
resistances of materials or where the wear of a reference
material is used as the basis for ranking the abrasivities of about its axis, is pressed against an abrasive surface with
application of a prescribed normal force while relative motion
abrasive materials.
occurs between the pin and the abrasive surface. By moving
5. Significance and Use
either the abrasive surface or the pin, or both, the pin
progressively moves over unused abrasive for a prescribed
5.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general,
wear track length.
depend upon a number of system factors such as the applied
load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance,
the environment, and material properties. The primary value of
Other descriptions of contemporary pin-on-disk, pin-on-table, and pin-on-drum
this wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of
systems may be found in Practice F 732, Test Method G 99, and Ref (2).An
materials. This test method imposes conditions that cause
acceptable pin-on-disk machine is available from Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr.,
Sugar Grove, IL 60554. Many lathes should be adaptable for pin-on-drum testing.
measurable mass losses and it is intended to rank materials for
Falex Corp. is the sole source of supply of the pin-on-disk machine known to the
applications in which moderate to severe abrasion occurs. Test
committee at this time. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
materials should be reasonably resistant to such abrasion. Since
information to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-
this abrasion test does not attempt to duplicate all of the ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
G 132
6.1.1 The wear path is normally a spiral on disks, a 7.2 Test Specimens—Pin specimens used with a pin-on-
combination of linear segments on other flats, an oval helix on drum machine during the development of this test method were
belts, and a cylindrical helix on drums. Successive wear track circular cylinders, 6.35 mm in diameter and approximately 3
passes of the test pin should be spaced far enough apart so that cm long. More generally, typical pin diameters range from 2 to
the reference pin can be tested on unused abrasive in a path 10 mm. Specimens of square cross section also have been used.
adjacent and parallel to that of the test pin. If, as in some Pin ends are conformed to the abrasive surface by wearing in
machines, insufficient unused abrasive space is left between the as part of the test procedure (see 9.3), so the starting shape is
tracks, the wear track of the reference pin should be generated not critical. However, flat ends are most common and, in most
in two equal parts located immediately before and after the test cases, require shorter times and path lengths for wearing in.
pin track (see 9.10). 7.2.1 Test specimens shall be free from scale which could
6.2 Machine Rigidity—The testing machine must be suffi- flake off and interfere with the specimen-abrasive contact.
ciently rigid and stable to keep vibrations from affecting wear Porosity, unless it is an inherent characteristic of the material
test results. The load capacities of bearings should be large being tested, may adversely affect test results and should be
relative to the loads carried. The surface that supports the avoided. The shank of a specimen that must be gripped should
abrasive should be rigid. Additional guidance concerning be smooth and regularly shaped. A ground surface roughness of
rigidity requirements for wear testing may be found in Ref (3). 1 μm (40 μin.) R or less is usually adequate.
a
6.3 Drive System—A drive system capable of maintaining a 7.3 Abrasive—The abrasive recommended is a 105-μm
constant steady-state speed of the abrasive relative to the pin is (150-grit) garnet, bonded to cloth, paper, or plastic (for
needed. For the pin-on-disk machine, the rotational speed must example, polyester film) with animal glue or synthetic resin, or
vary inversely with the radial distance of the pin from the both. The abrasive coverage is 50 to 70 % of the surface area,
disk’s center in order for the linear speed to be constant. For uniformly distributed. Normally, the abrasive cloth, paper, or
the pin-on-table machine, there inevitably must be a point of film is obtained from a commercial producer. If other particle
rest and transient deceleration and acceleration periods at each sizes of the same or another mineral are used, they should be
end of each stroke, and the translational speed can be constant in the range from 65 to 175 μm (220 to 80 grit).
only between the acceleration and deceleration periods. The 7.4 Abrasivity—The abrasivity of a particular abrasive
transient periods should be kept as short as possible. If the pin cloth, paper, or film normally is not uniform over its surface
is rotated, its rotational speed should be constant. nor is the mean abrasivity of different pieces of the same type
6.4 Cycle Counter—The test machine shall be equipped of material necessarily the same. Variations in abrasivity range
with a device that will count and record the number of up to 620 % from the overall mean. Corrections for abrasivity
revolutions in the case of a disk, drum, or belt, or the number variations are made by normalizing the results of individual
of strokes or cycles in the case of a nonrotating flat. This device tests to the mean wear of the reference material over many tests
should also have the capability to shut off the machine after a (see 10.2).
preselected number of revolutions, strokes, or cycles.
8. Test Parameters
6.5 Pin Specimen Holder—A chuck, collet, or other device
8.1 Load—The magnitude of the normal force, in newtons,
is required to securely hold the pin. The holder must move
at the wearing contact. Based on the nominal contact area of
freely, with negligible friction, in the direction of its longitu-
the specimen, the nominal contact pressure should be within
dinal axis (that is, perpendicular to the abrasive surface), even
the range from 1 to 2.5 MPa. It has been shown (1) that, within
if rotated. The pin must be restrained from lateral deflection
this range, the wear is essentially proportional to the loading. A
due to pin drag. A means of applying a load to the pin,
nominal contact pressure of about 2 MPa allows minimal use
preferably by dead weights, shall be provided.
of abrasive by limiting the requisite path length without a high
6.6 Wear Measuring System—The balance used to measure
risk of tearing the backing material.
the mass loss of specimens shall have a sensitivity of 0.0001 g
8.2 Translational Speed—The mean relative sliding speed
or better.
(track length/sliding time) between the contacting surfaces. It
7. Test Specimens, Abrasive, and Sample Preparation
should be within the range from 1 to 10 cm/s.
8.3 Rotational Speed—The rate at which pins are rotated.
7.1 Materials—The test method may be applied to a variety
Unless it was zero it has been typically in the range from 1.57
of wear-resistant materials. The only requirement is that
to 5.24 rad/s (15 to 50 r/min).
specimens having suitable dimensions can be prepared and that
8.4 Track Length—The distance slid, in metres.
they will withstand the stresses imposed during the test without
8.5 Environment—Room air at a nominal temperature of 20
failure or excessive flexure. This test method is not intended for
to 25°C. The relative humidity and any uncommon environ-
a material that would be unsuitable for a wear-resistant
mental exposure should be reported.
application.
7.1.1 Experience during the development of this test method
has shown that the use of Specification A 514/A 514M, Type B 8
Acceptable cloths, papers, and films coated with garnet or other minerals may
steel of Hardness 269 HB, as the reference material has very
be obtained from authorized distributors of the 3M Co. Inquiries may be directed to
the General Offices, 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55102. 3M Company is the sole
adequately corrected for abrasivity variations. It is therefore
source of supply of the materials known to the committee at this time. If you are
specifically recommended for that purpose. If another refer-
aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquar-
ence material is used, it must be fully described and charac-
ters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
terized in the report of results. responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
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