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ASTM C421-08

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Tumbling Friability of Preformed Block-Type and Preformed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation

Standard Test Method for Tumbling Friability of Preformed Block-Type and Preformed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Several test methods for measuring mass loss by abrasion and impact of preformed block-type and preformed pipe-covering-type thermal insulation have been used previously. It is believed that no single test method completely covers all factors involving such forces for different kinds of materials, but this test method is intended to provide a procedure that gives reproducible results. It is used for comparing the mass loss by tumbling before and after a specific treatment of the insulation, as agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the mass loss of preformed block-type and preformed pipe-covering-type thermal insulation as a result of a combination of abrasion and impact produced by a laboratory tumbling mechanism.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.-

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Apr-2008
ICS
27.220 - Heat recovery. Thermal insulation
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.32 - Mechanical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C421-05 - Standard Test Method for Tumbling Friability of Preformed Block-Type Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
15-Apr-2008
Replaced By
ASTM C421-08(2014) - Standard Test Method for Tumbling Friability of Preformed Block-Type and Preformed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Apr-2014
Referred By
ASTM C533-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
15-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM C610-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Molded Expanded Perlite Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
15-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM C1594-23 - Standard Specification for Polyimide Rigid Cellular Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
15-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM C447-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Temperature of Thermal Insulations
Effective Date
15-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM C1482-23 - Standard Specification for Polyimide Flexible Cellular Thermal and Sound Absorbing Insulation
Effective Date
15-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM F1015-21 - Standard Test Method for Relative Abrasiveness of Synthetic Turf Playing Surfaces
Effective Date
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C421 − 08
StandardTest Method for
Tumbling Friability of Preformed Block-Type and Preformed
1
Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C421; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope covers all factors involving such forces for different kinds of
materials, but this test method is intended to provide a
1.1 This test method covers determination of the mass loss
procedure that gives reproducible results. It is used for com-
of preformed block-type and preformed pipe-covering-type
paring the mass loss by tumbling before and after a specific
thermal insulation as a result of a combination of abrasion and
treatment of the insulation, as agreed upon by the purchaser
impact produced by a laboratory tumbling mechanism.
and the manufacturer.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for
5. Apparatus
information only.
5.1 Box—A cubical box of oak wood, having inside dimen-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1 3 3
sions of 7 ⁄2 by 7 ⁄4 by 7 ⁄4 in. (190 by 197 by 197 mm),
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3 3
mounted rigidly at the center of one 7 ⁄4 by 7 ⁄4 in. (197 by 197
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mm) end, so that the axis normal to a face of the box is that of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
a rotatable horizontal shaft. One side of the box shall be hinged
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
as a door and shall be gasketed to be dust-tight. The box shaft
shall be motor driven at a constant speed of 60 6 2 r/min.
2. Referenced Documents
3 1
2 5.2 Cubes—Twenty-four room-dry, solid oak, ⁄4 6 ⁄32-in.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(19 6 0.8-mm) cubes shall be placed in the box with the test
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
specimens. The specific gravity of the oak cubes shall be
C302 Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Pre-
approximately 0.65; white oak meets this requirement.
formed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
C303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Pre-
NOTE 1—Number each group of wood cubes 1 through 24. At the end
of every 600-revolution test, remove one “used” cube (follow the number
formed Block and Board–Type Thermal Insulation
sequence and remove the oldest cube) and replace with a correspondingly
numbered “new” cube. In this manner, cube wear is eliminated as an
3. Terminology
uncontrolled variable in the test method. When the corners of the wood
3.1 Definitions—Definitions pertaining to thermal insulat- 1
cubes have been worn so that the radius of curvature is greater than ⁄16 in.
(1.6 mm) or the cubes have become altered so as not to be comparable
ing materials are defined in Terminology C168.
with new cubes, they shall be discarded and new ones used. A conven-
tional machinist’s radius gage is used for checking the edge wear.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Several test methods for measuring mass loss by abra-
6. Test Specimens
sion and impact of preformed block-type and preformed
6.1 Cut the insulation with a fine-tooth saw (similar to a
pipe-covering-type thermal insulation have been used previ-
1
16-tooth band saw) into 1 6 ⁄16-in. (25.4 6 1.6-mm) cubes.
ously. It is believed that no single test method completely
6.2 Test twelve cubes at a time cut from one piece of
insulation. When flat insulation has special surfaces due to
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
treatment or molding, cut each cube to include such special
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.32 on Mechanical
Properties.
surfaces as one face, except that the edges and corners of the
Current edition approved April 15, 2008. Published May 2008. Originally
insulation shall not be used.
approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C421 – 05. DOI:
10.1520/C0421-08.
6.3 Dry and condition specimens prior to test, following
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
applicable specifications for the material. If the material is
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
adversely affected by oven temperatures, then condition speci-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. mens for not less than 40 h at 73.46 1.8°F (23 6 1°C), and 50
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C421–05 Designation:C421–08
Standard Test Method for
Tumbling Friability of Preformed Block-Type and Preformed
1
Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 421; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers determination of the mass loss of preformed block-type and preformed pipe-covering-type thermal
insulation as a result of a combination of abrasion and impact produced by a laboratory tumbling mechanism.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for
information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
C167Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket or Batt Thermal Insulations ASTM Standards:
C 168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C 302 Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Preformed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
C 303 Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Preformed Block and Broad-TypeBoardType Thermal Insulation
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions pertaining to thermal insulating materials are defined in Terminology C 168.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Several test methods for measuring mass loss by abrasion and impact of preformed block-type and preformed
pipe-covering-type thermal insulation have been used to some extent in the past.previously. It is believed that no single test method
completely covers all factors involving such forces for different kinds of materials, but this test method is intended to provide a
procedure that gives reproducible results. It is used for comparing the mass loss by tumbling before and after a specific treatment
of the insulation, as agreed upon by the purchaser and the manufacturer.
5. Apparatus
1 3 3
5.1 Box—A cubical box of oak wood, having inside dimensions of 7 ⁄2 by 7 ⁄4 by 7 ⁄4 in. (190 by 197 by 197 mm), mounted
3 3
rigidly at the center of one 7 ⁄4 by 7 ⁄4 in. (197 by 197 mm) end, so that the axis normal to a face of the box is that of a rotatable
horizontal shaft. One side of the box shall be hinged as a door and shall be gasketed to be dust-tight. The box shaft shall be motor
driven at a constant speed of 60 6 2 r/min.
3 1
5.2 Cubes—Twenty-four room-dry, solid oak, ⁄4 6 ⁄32-in. (19 6 0.8-mm) cubes shall be placed in the box with the test
specimens. The specific gravity of the oak cubes shall be approximately 0.65; white oak meets this requirement.
NOTE 1—Number each group of wood cubes 1 through 24. At the end of every 600-revolution test, remove one “used” cube (follow the number
sequence and remove the oldest cube) and replace with a correspondingly numbered “new” cube. In this manner, cube wear is eliminated as an
1
uncontrolled variable in the test method. When the corners of the wood cubes have been worn so that the radius of curvature is greater than ⁄16 in. (1.6
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.32 on Mechanical
Properties.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C421–00.
Current edition approved April 15, 2008. Published May 2008. Originally approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 421 – 05.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C421–08
mm) or the cubes have become altered so as not to be comparable with new cubes, they shall be discarded and new ones used.Aconventional machinist’s
radius gage is used
...

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This specification covers the standard for all metal prefabricated, reflective insulation systems for equipment and piping operating at temperatures above ambient in air proposed for use in nuclear power-generating plants and industrial plants. The insulation unit is a rigid, self-contained, prefabricated metal construction made of an inner and outer casing arranged to form a rigid assembly with separated air spaces between the inner and outer casing and the individual reflective liners. The reflective insulation described herein is limited to systems of insulating units, designed to fit the equipment or piping to be insulated. The units shall be manufactured from metals that are in accordance with the thermal, physical, and chemical requirements not only of the insulation as unit, but also as an assembly of units forming the insulation system.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for all metal prefabricated, reflective insulation systems for equipment and piping operating in air at temperatures above ambient. Typical applications are in nuclear power-generating plants and industrial plants.  
1.2 Reflective insulation is thermal insulation that reduces radiant heat transfer across spaces by the use of surfaces of high reflectance and low emittance.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C592-22a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Insulation and Blanket-Type Pipe Insulation (Metal-Mesh Covered) (Industrial Type)

ABSTRACT
This specification covers mineral fiber blanket insulation and blanket-type pipe insulation (metal-mesh covered) (industrial type). Mineral fiber metal-mesh covered blanket shall be composed of rock, slag, or glass processed from the molten state into fibrous form, bonded with or without an organic binder, and secured with metallic supporting facing(s). Types of facings for one or both sides of blanket units shall be specified. When both sides are to be faced, units are permitted to have the same or different types on the two sides. Each piece of metal-mesh covered insulation shall be coherent to permit handling/transportation and installation as a unit. A detectable odor of objectionable nature recorded by more than two of the five panel members shall constitute rejection of the material. When tested and evaluated, the corrosion resulting from the unfaced insulation blanket in contact with metal plates shall be judged to be no greater than comparative plates in contact with sterile cotton. The averaged maximum shot content of mineral fiber rock or slag type products shall not exceed 30 % by weight. When tested, the blanket insulation shall not warp, flame, or glow during hot surface exposure. When tested, the blanket mid-point temperature shall not at any time exceed the hot surface temperature by more than 100°F (55.5°C). When tested, the blanket insulation shall not exceed the recorded temperature rise more than 54°F (30°C) with no flaming and weight loss exceeding 5 %.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the composition, dimensions, and physical properties of mineral fiber (rock, slag, or glass) metal mesh covered and industrial type blanket and blanket-type pipe insulation (typically on 24 in. (610 mm) diameters or larger)). Its use is for cooled surfaces at temperatures operating below ambient to 0°F (−18°C) and on heated surfaces on expansion joints to large diameter vessels and tanks operating at temperatures up to 1200°F (649°C). Specific applications outside the actual use temperatures shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.  
1.2 For satisfactory performance, properly installed protective vapor retarders or barriers shall be used on below ambient temperature applications to reduce movement of moisture/water vapor through or around the insulation towards the colder surface. Failure to use a vapor retarder can lead to insulation and system damage. Refer to Practice C921 to aid material selection. Although vapor retarder properties are not part of this specification, properties required in Specification C1136 are pertinent to applications or performance.  
1.3 The orientation of the fibers within the blanket is primarily parallel to the heated surface. This specification does not cover fabricated pipe and tank wrap insulation where the insulation has been cut and fabricated to provide fiber orientation that is perpendicular to the heated surface.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to provide the performance requirements of hourly-rated fire systems. Consult the manufacturer for the appropriate system.  
1.5 See Supplementary Requirements for modifications to sections in this standard only when specified by purchaser in the contract or order from the U.S. Military specifications utilized by the U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Navy, and the Naval Systems Command.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internatio...

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ASTM
ASTM C585-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Inner and Outer Diameters of Thermal Insulation for Nominal Sizes of Pipe and Tubing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to ensure satisfactory fit on standard sizes, to accommodate radial expansion of pipes and tubes which are heated after being insulated, and to minimize the number of insulation sizes and thicknesses to be manufactured and stocked.  
4.2 While it is possible to manufacturer insulation to these recommended dimensions, exercise care in attempting to nest layers of different materials, or layers supplied by different manufacturers. Individual manufacturing processes will operate at slightly different tolerances. While the product will fit the pipe, it is possible that it will not readily nest as the outer layer between the different materials, or with a different manufacturer, and possibly the same manufacturer. Exercise care to determine these differences before specifying or ordering nesting sizes.  
4.3 The wide range of outer diameter dimensional tolerances will prevent many pipe and tube insulations from nesting for staggered joints or double layered applications, or both unless specified when ordered from the manufacturer, distributor, or fabricator.  
4.4 Dimensions in accordance with this practice do not necessarily permit application of one thickness of pipe insulation over another (Nesting or Simplified Dimensional System) to obtain total thicknesses greater than those manufactured as single layer, or for multilayer application when desired.  
FIG. 3 Hinged Section Measurement Location
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended as a dimensional standard for preformed thermal insulation for pipes and tubing.  
1.2 This practice covers insulation supplied in cylindrical sections and lists recommended single layer inner and outer diameters of insulation having nominal wall thicknesses from 1/2 to 5 in. (13 to 127 mm) to fit over standard sizes of pipe and tubing.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in SI units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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