ASTM D2798-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of Coal
Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of Coal
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The mean maximum reflectance of the vitrinite component in coal as determined by this test method is often used as an indicator of rank as presented in Classification D388, independent of petrographic composition, and in the characterization of coal as feedstock for carbonization, gasification, liquefaction, and combustion processes.
This test method is for use in scientific and industrial research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the microscopical determination of both the mean maximum and mean random reflectances measured in oil of polished surfaces of vitrinite and other macerals present in coals ranging in rank from lignite to anthracite. This test method can be used to determine the reflectance of other macerals.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D2798 – 11
Standard Test Method for
Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of
1
Coal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.2.1 Discussion—Other organizations may use other ab-
breviations for mean maximum and mean random reflectance.
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthemicroscopicaldetermination
of both the mean maximum and mean random reflectances
4. Summary of Test Method
measured in oil of polished surfaces of vitrinite and other
4.1 Thereflectanceofthemaceralvitriniteorothermacerals
macerals present in coals ranging in rank from lignite to
is determined in this test method by illuminating a polished
anthracite. This test method can be used to determine the
surface of a section of coal in immersion oil using a micro-
reflectance of other macerals.
scopic system that photometrically measures the amount of
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
light reflected from the surface. The reflected light is recorded
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
in percent reflectance after calibration of photometric equip-
standard.
ment by measuring the reflected light from standards of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
reflectance as calculated from their refractive indices.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 The mean maximum reflectance of the vitrinite compo-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
nent in coal as determined by this test method is often used as
2. Referenced Documents an indicator of rank as presented in Classification D388,
2 independent of petrographic composition, and in the charac-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
terization of coal as feedstock for carbonization, gasification,
D121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
liquefaction, and combustion processes.
D388 Classification of Coals by Rank
5.2 This test method is for use in scientific and industrial
D2797 PracticeforPreparingCoalSamplesforMicroscopi-
research.
cal Analysis by Reflected Light
6. Apparatus
3. Terminology
6.1 Microscope—Any microscope equipped for reflected
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms, refer to Terminol-
light microscopy (such as a metallurgical or opaque-ore mi-
ogy D121.
croscope) can be used, provided the lens combination of
3.2 Abbreviations:
objective and eyepieces permits examination of the specimen
3.2.1 R max—mean maximum reflectance measured in oil.
o
at a magnification between 400 and 3 750, such that particles
3.2.2 R ran—mean random reflectance measured in oil.
o
of 1 µm can be resolved.The objectives shall be constructed so
that samples can be examined in oil with plane-polarized light
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and have the highest quality of antireflection coatings. The
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.28 on Petrographic
microscope shall be able to project an image at similar
Analysis of Coal and Coke.
magnification to a photomultiplier tube and to support the
Current edition approved April 15, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally
photomultiplier tube housing. Means shall be provided to
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2798 – 09a. DOI:
10.1520/D2798-11.
position the tube housing laterally to obtain maximum re-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
sponse. The microscope shall have a circular stage that is
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
capable of rotating a specimen through 360°. The mechanical
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. stage attached to the microscope stage shall enable the analyst
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2798 – 11
to move the specimen accurately (within 0.1 mm) to a given standardsmustbedurable,isotropic,resistanttocorrosion,free
field location. A combination of objective and circular stage from internal flaws or fractures, and have negligible light
shall permit centering. The viewing eyepiece shall be supplied absorption.Aprism with sides that form a 30-60-90° triangle is
with a crosshair or grid to be used as a reference to locate the most effective shape, with the side between the 30
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2798–09a Designation: D2798 – 11
Standard Test Method for
Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of
1
Coal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the microscopical determination of both the mean maximum and mean random reflectances
measured in oil of polished surfaces of vitrinite and other macerals present in coals ranging in rank from lignite to anthracite. This
test method can be used to determine the reflectance of other macerals.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
D388 Classification of Coals by Rank
D2797 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Microscopical Analysis by Reflected Light
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms, refer to Terminology D121.
3.2 Abbreviations:
3.2.1 R R max—mean maximum reflectance measured in oil.
max o
3.2.2 R R ran—mean random reflectance measured in oil.
m o
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Other organizations may use other abbreviations for mean maximum and mean random reflectance.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Thereflectanceofthemaceralvitriniteorothermaceralsisdeterminedinthistestmethodbyilluminatingapolishedsurface
of a section of coal in immersion oil using a microscopic system that photometrically measures the amount of light reflected from
the surface. The reflected light is recorded in percent reflectance after calibration of photometric equipment by measuring the
reflected light from standards of reflectance as calculated from their refractive indices.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The mean maximum reflectance of the vitrinite component in coal as determined by this test method is often used as an
indicator of rank as presented in Classification D388, independent of petrographic composition, and in the characterization of coal
as feedstock for carbonization, gasification, liquefaction, and combustion processes.
5.2 This test method is for use in scientific and industrial research.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Microscope—Any microscope equipped for reflected light microscopy (such as a metallurgical or opaque-ore microscope)
can be used, provided the lens combination of objective and eyepieces permits examination of the specimen at a magnification
between 400 and 3 750, such that particles of 1 µm can be resolved. The objectives shall be constructed so that samples can be
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.28 on PetrographicAnalysis
of Coal and Coke.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009.April 15, 2011. Published September 2009.June 2011. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as
D2798 – 09a. DOI: 10.1520/D2798-09A.10.1520/D2798-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2798 – 11
examined in oil with plane-polarized light and have the highest quality of antireflection coatings. The microscope shall be able to
project an image at similar magnification to a photomultiplier tube and to support the photomultiplier tube housing. Means shall
be provided to position the tube housing laterally to obtain maximum response. The microscope shall have a circular stage that
is capable of rotating a specimen through 360°. The mechanical stage attached to the microscope stage shall enable the analyst to
move the specimen accurately (within 0.1 mm) to a given field location.Acombination of objective and circular stage shall permit
centering. The vie
...
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