ASTM D2798-11a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of Coal
Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of Coal
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The mean maximum reflectance of the vitrinite component in coal as determined by this test method is often used as an indicator of rank as presented in Classification D388, independent of petrographic composition, and in the characterization of coal as feedstock for carbonization, gasification, liquefaction, and combustion processes.
This test method is for use in scientific and industrial research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the microscopical determination of both the mean maximum and mean random reflectances measured in oil of polished surfaces of vitrinite and other macerals present in coals ranging in rank from lignite to anthracite. This test method can be used to determine the reflectance of other macerals.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D2798 −11a
Standard Test Method for
Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of
1
Coal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthemicroscopicaldetermination
4.1 Thereflectanceofthemaceralvitriniteorothermacerals
of both the mean maximum and mean random reflectances
is determined in this test method by illuminating a polished
measured in oil of polished surfaces of vitrinite and other
surface of a section of coal in immersion oil using a micro-
macerals present in coals ranging in rank from lignite to
scopic system that photometrically measures the amount of
anthracite. This test method can be used to determine the
light reflected from the surface. The reflected light is recorded
reflectance of other macerals.
in percent reflectance after calibration of photometric equip-
ment by measuring the reflected light from standards of
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
reflectance as calculated from their refractive indices.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
5. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5.1 The mean maximum reflectance of the vitrinite compo-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- nent in coal as determined by this test method is often used as
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- an indicator of rank as presented in Classification D388,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. independent of petrographic composition, and in the charac-
terization of coal as feedstock for carbonization, gasification,
2. Referenced Documents
liquefaction, and combustion processes.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.2 This test method is for use in scientific and industrial
D121Terminology of Coal and Coke
research.
D388Classification of Coals by Rank
D2797Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Microscopi-
6. Apparatus
cal Analysis by Reflected Light
6.1 Microscope—Any microscope equipped for reflected
light microscopy (such as a metallurgical or opaque-ore mi-
3. Terminology
croscope) can be used, provided the lens combination of
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms, refer to Terminol-
objective and eyepieces permits examination of the specimen
ogy D121.
at a magnification between 400 and×750, such that particles
3.2 Abbreviations:
of1µmcanberesolved.Theobjectivesshallbeconstructedso
3.2.1 R max—mean maximum reflectance measured in oil.
o that samples can be examined in oil with plane-polarized light
and have the highest quality of antireflection coatings. The
3.2.2 R ran—mean random reflectance measured in oil.
o
microscope shall be able to project an image at similar
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Other organizations may use other ab-
magnification to a photomultiplier tube and to support the
breviations for mean maximum and mean random reflectance.
photomultiplier tube housing. Means shall be provided to
position the tube housing laterally to obtain maximum re-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
sponse. The microscope shall have a circular stage that is
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.28 on Petrographic
capable of rotating a specimen through 360°. The mechanical
Analysis of Coal and Coke.
stage attached to the microscope stage shall enable the analyst
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2011.PublishedJuly2011.Originallyapproved
to move the specimen accurately (within 0.1 mm) to a given
in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D2798–11. DOI: 10.1520/
D2798-11A.
field location. A combination of objective and circular stage
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
shall permit centering. The viewing eyepiece shall be supplied
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
with a crosshair or grid to be used as a reference to locate
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. precisely the area sampled by the phototube. During
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2798−11a
measurement, no light shall be permitted to enter the observ- the most effective shape, with the side between the 30 and 90°
er’s end of the viewing eyepiece. angles highly polished and used as the reflectance-mea
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2798–11 Designation: D2798 – 11a
Standard Test Method for
Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of
1
Coal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the microscopical determination of both the mean maximum and mean random reflectances
measured in oil of polished surfaces of vitrinite and other macerals present in coals ranging in rank from lignite to anthracite. This
test method can be used to determine the reflectance of other macerals.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
D388 Classification of Coals by Rank
D2797 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Microscopical Analysis by Reflected Light
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms, refer to Terminology D121.
3.2 Abbreviations:
3.2.1 R max—mean maximum reflectance measured in oil.
o
3.2.2 R ran—mean random reflectance measured in oil.
o
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Other organizations may use other abbreviations for mean maximum and mean random reflectance.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Thereflectanceofthemaceralvitriniteorothermaceralsisdeterminedinthistestmethodbyilluminatingapolishedsurface
of a section of coal in immersion oil using a microscopic system that photometrically measures the amount of light reflected from
the surface. The reflected light is recorded in percent reflectance after calibration of photometric equipment by measuring the
reflected light from standards of reflectance as calculated from their refractive indices.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The mean maximum reflectance of the vitrinite component in coal as determined by this test method is often used as an
indicator of rank as presented in Classification D388, independent of petrographic composition, and in the characterization of coal
as feedstock for carbonization, gasification, liquefaction, and combustion processes.
5.2 This test method is for use in scientific and industrial research.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Microscope—Any microscope equipped for reflected light microscopy (such as a metallurgical or opaque-ore microscope)
can be used, provided the lens combination of objective and eyepieces permits examination of the specimen at a magnification
between 400 and 3 750, such that particles of 1 µm can be resolved. The objectives shall be constructed so that samples can be
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.28 on PetrographicAnalysis
of Coal and Coke.
Current edition approved April 15,June 1, 2011. Published JuneJuly 2011. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 20092011 as
D2798–09a.D2798 – 11. DOI: 10.1520/D2798-11A.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2798 – 11a
examined in oil with plane-polarized light and have the highest quality of antireflection coatings. The microscope shall be able to
project an image at similar magnification to a photomultiplier tube and to support the photomultiplier tube housing. Means shall
be provided to position the tube housing laterally to obtain maximum response. The microscope shall have a circular stage that
is capable of rotating a specimen through 360°. The mechanical stage attached to the microscope stage shall enable the analyst to
move the specimen accurately (within 0.1 mm) to a given field location.Acombination of objective and circular stage shall permit
centering. The viewing eyepiece shall be supplied
...
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