ASTM C1548-02(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio of Refractory Materials by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio of Refractory Materials by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is non-destructive and is commonly used for material characterization and development, design data generation, and quality control purposes. The test assumes that the properties of the specimen are perfectly isotropic, which may not be true for some refractory materials. The test also assumes that the specimen is homogeneous and elastic. Specimens that are micro-cracked are difficult to test since they do not yield consistent results. Specimens with low densities have a damping effect and are easily damaged locally at the impact point. Insulating bricks can generally be tested with this technique, but fibrous insulating materials are generally too weak and soft to test.
For quality control use, the test method may be used for measuring only resonant frequencies of any standard size specimen. An elastic modulus calculation may not be needed or even feasible if the shape is non-standard, such as a slide gate plate containing a hole. Since specimens will vary in both size and mass, acceptable frequencies for each shape and material must be established from statistical data.
Dimensional variations can have a significant effect on modulus values calculated from the frequency measurements. Surface grinding may be required to bring some materials into the specified tolerance range.
Since cylindrical shapes are not commonly made from refractory materials they are not covered by this test method, but are covered in Test Method C 215.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the fundamental resonant frequencies for the purpose of calculating the dynamic Young's modulus, the dynamic shear modulus (also known as the modulus of rigidity), and the dynamic Poisson's ratio of refractory materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies, which are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic properties can be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable specimen can be measured. The dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode of vibration and the dynamic shear modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the torsional mode of vibration. Poisson's ratio is computed from the dynamic Young's modulus and the dynamic shear modulus.
1.2 Although not specifically described herein, this method can also be performed at high temperatures with suitable equipment modifications and appropriate modifications to the calculations to compensate for thermal expansion.
1.3 The values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:C1548–02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s
Ratio of Refractory Materials by Impulse Excitation of
1
Vibration
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1548; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudi-
nal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Concrete
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the funda-
Specimens
mental resonant frequencies for the purpose of calculating the
C885 Test Method for Young’s Modulus of Refractory
dynamic Young’s modulus, the dynamic shear modulus (also
Shapes by Sonic Resonance
known as the modulus of rigidity), and the dynamic Poisson’s
C1259 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
ratio of refractory materials at ambient temperatures. Speci-
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by
mens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant
Impulse Excitation of Vibration
frequencies, which are determined by the elastic modulus,
mass, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the
3. Summary of Test Method
dynamic elastic properties can be computed if the geometry,
3.1 The fundamental resonant frequencies are determined
mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable
by measuring the resonant frequency of specimens struck once
specimen can be measured. The dynamic Young’s modulus is
mechanically with an impacting tool. Frequencies are mea-
determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural mode
sured with a transducer held lightly against the specimen using
of vibration and the dynamic shear modulus is determined
a signal analyzer circuit. Impulse and transducer locations are
usingtheresonantfrequencyinthetorsionalmodeofvibration.
selected to induce and measure one of two different modes of
Poisson’s ratio is computed from the dynamic Young’s modu-
vibration. The appropriate resonant frequencies, dimensions,
lus and the dynamic shear modulus.
and mass of each specimen may be used to calculate dynamic
1.2 Although not specifically described herein, this method
Young’s modulus, dynamic shear modulus, and dynamic Pois-
can also be performed at high temperatures with suitable
son’s ratio.
equipment modifications and appropriate modifications to the
calculations to compensate for thermal expansion.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 The values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded
4.1 This test method is non-destructive and is commonly
as the standard.
used for material characterization and development, design
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
data generation, and quality control purposes.The test assumes
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
that the properties of the specimen are perfectly isotropic,
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
which may not be true for some refractory materials. The test
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
also assumes that the specimen is homogeneous and elastic.
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
Specimensthataremicro-crackedaredifficulttotestsincethey
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
do not yield consistent results. Specimens with low densities
2. Referenced Documents have a damping effect and are easily damaged locally at the
2 impactpoint.Insulatingbrickscangenerallybetestedwiththis
2.1 ASTM Standards:
technique, but fibrous insulating materials are generally too
C71 Terminology Relating to Refractories
weak and soft to test.
4.2 For quality control use, the test method may be used for
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
measuring only resonant frequencies of any standard size
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.01 on Strength.
specimen.Anelasticmoduluscalculationmaynotbeneededor
Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally
even feasible if the shape is non-standard, such as a slide gate
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C1548 – 02. DOI:
10.1520/C1548-02R07.
plate containing a hole. Since specimens will vary in both size
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and mass, acceptable frequencies for each shape and material
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
must be established from statistical data.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
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