ASTM D5518-94e1
(Guide)Standard Guide for Acquisition of File Aerial Photography and Imagery for Establishing Historic Site-Use and Surficial Conditions (Withdrawn 2003)
Standard Guide for Acquisition of File Aerial Photography and Imagery for Establishing Historic Site-Use and Surficial Conditions (Withdrawn 2003)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to assist potential users in the search for, evaluation of, and acquisition of remotely sensed aerial photography or imagery, or both, to be used for the purpose of establishing the historic site-use and other interpretable surface or near-surface conditions regionally, locally, or at a specified project location.
1.2 The instructions given in this guide identify sources of photography and imagery, and provide information pertaining to the specifications, characteristics, and availability of these data.
1.3 The major sources considered are restricted to federal and state organizations only. The sources described do not represent all possible sources of interest for environmental and engineering applications.
1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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e1
Designation: D 5518 – 94
Standard Guide for
Acquisition of File Aerial Photography and Imagery for
Establishing Historic Site-Use and Surficial Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5518; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Paragraph 1.6 was added editorially October 1998.
1. Scope document means only that the document has been approved
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.1 This guide is intended to assist potential users in the
search for, evaluation of, and acquisition of remotely sensed
2. Terminology
aerial photography or imagery, or both, to be used for the
2.1 Definitions:
purpose of establishing the historic site-use and other interpret-
2.1.1 black-and-white infrared (IR) film—film sensitive to
able surface or near-surface conditions regionally, locally, or at
blue-violet through reflective IR light wavelengths (0.4 to 0.9
a specified project location.
μm), but is exposed to only green through reflective IR
1.2 The instructions given in this guide identify sources of
wavelengths (0.5 to 0.9 μm). Absence of exposure to the blue
photography and imagery, and provide information pertaining
wavelengths allows for haze penetration or higher quality data
to the specifications, characteristics, and availability of these
collection, or both, through a greater thickness of the atmo-
data.
sphere or through a portion of atmosphere where light energy
1.3 The major sources considered are restricted to federal
transmission is relatively poorer than clear, haze-free atmo-
and state organizations only. The sources described do not
spheric conditions. This type of film is used for detection of
represent all possible sources of interest for environmental and
different types of vegetation, diseased plants, soil/rock condi-
engineering applications.
tions or land/water boundaries within the constraints of the
1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to
understanding of conditions of the data collection and inter-
be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in
pretation.
parentheses are for information only.
2.1.2 color film—or conventional color or natural color
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
film exposed to all visible wavelengths (0.4 to 0.7 μm). Uses
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
include identifying soil types, rock outcrops, industrial stock-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
piles, and shorelines within the constraints of the understand-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ing of the conditions of data collection and interpretation.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
These data are limited due to 88fogging”, that is, poor haze
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information
penetration, associated with the exposure to blue wavelengths.
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
2.1.3 color IR—a form of false-color, reversal film that
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
shows false colors for natural features and is exposed as is
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
black-and-white IR film. Absence of exposure to the blue
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
wavelengths allows for haze penetration or higher quality data
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
collection, or both, through a greater thickness of the atmo-
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
sphere or through a portion of atmosphere where light energy
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
transmission is relatively poorer than clear, haze-free atmo-
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
spheric conditions. Natural, healthy, deciduous foliage appears
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
red where as painted, artificial foliage or coniferous vegetation
appears purple. This film is also used for detection of diseased
plants, insect infestation or other stressed vegetation, soil/rock
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil and
conditions, including moisture content variations, or land/
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and
water boundaries within the constraints of the understanding of
Subsurface Characterization.
Current edition approved March 15, 1994. Published May 1994. the conditions of data collection and interpretation.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
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D5518–94
2.1.4 imagery—usually reserved for reference to data col- interpreted. Such interpretations are made within the con-
lected by electro-mechanical methods. These methods include straints of the understanding of the conditions of data collec-
multi-spectral scanners (MSS), such as the instrument on U.S. tion and interpretation.
LANDSAT satellites or the thematic mapper (TM) scanner, 2.1.8 photography—reserved for reference to the type of
that collect reflected or emitted energy and record the magni- data recorded on a film plate in proportion to the photochemi-
tude of this energy. cal reaction to light striking the emulsion on the film plate. This
2.1.5 index or photo index—usually a mosaic of photo- term is also used in reference to the products made from
graphs, uncorrected for geometric distortion, that has been processing of the exposed film plate, for example, paper prints,
collected from a flight or portion of a flight, photographically transparencies.
reproduced at a suitably reduced scale. A photo index will 2.1.9 resolution—for photography the term applied to de-
show area coverage along with adequate indexing information scribe the smallest target which might be reliably recorded and
for ordering purposes. distinguished from closely spaced objects as shown on the film
2.1.6 multi-spectral scanners—electro-mechanical systems plate. This is a function of a variety of factors; most impor-
that simultaneously collect and record reflected or emitted tantly the chemical makeup of the film plate emulsion includ-
energy in various wavelength ranges, spectral bands, from the ing grain size, the film processing, the contrast between the
same parcel of terrain. This parcel of terrain is referred to as a target and its background on the terrain and the nature of the
picture element (pixel), the size of which is a function of the reflectivity of the target. For scanning systems this quality is
optics and design of the sensor and the distance the sensor is frequently called detectability and is a function of the same
carried above terrain. terrain and data collection factors in addition to the optical
2.1.7 panchromatic photography—black and white photog- design, electronics/mechanics of the scanner and its data
raphy, the film is sensitive to all visible wavelengths (0.4 to 0.7 recording systems and the distance it is carried above terrain.
μm); but is often exposed only to visible red and green 2.1.10 spectral band—used to describe the range of wave-
wavelengths (0.5 to 0.7 μm). Absence of exposure to the blue lengths over which a single datum value is collected and
wavelengths allows for haze penetration or higher quality data recorded for each picture element by a multispectral scanner.
collection, or both, through a greater thickness of the atmo- The range of wavelength for a spectral band is a function of the
sphere or through a portion of atmosphere where light energy electronics/mechanics of the scanning system. Many bands of
transmission is relatively poorer than clear, haze-free atmo- data may be recorded simultaneously for each pixel. Table 1
spheric conditions. Uses include those of color film but with identifies typical spectral bands for scanners used on U.S.
much better detail available. Man-made features are easily LANDSAT satellites. The information from this table may be
TABLE 1 Spectral Bands and Characteristics of the Data as Collected by LANDSAT Multispectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper
A
Scanner
LANDSAT multispectral scanner data characteristic; pixel size of 57 by 79 m, approximately 1.1 AC
Spectral Range
Band Wavelength Range, μm Color General Applications
4 0.5 to 0.6 green Greatest potential for water penetration; shows some contrast
between vegetation and soil.
5 0.6 to 0.7 lower red Best for showing topographic and overall land-use recognition,
especially cultural features, such as roads and cities, bare soil,
and disturbed land.
6 0.7 to 0.8 upper red to lower infrared Tonal contrasts reflect various land-use practices; also gives good
and/water contrast.
7 0.8 to 1.1 near infrared Best for land/water discrimination, vegetation growth vigor
analysis.
Thematic mapper scanner data characteristics; pixel size of 30 by 30 m (average).
1 0.45 to 0.52 blue Designated for water body penetration, making it useful for coastal
water mapping. Also useful for differentiation of soil from
vegetation, and deciduous from coniferous flora.
2 0.51 to 0.60 green Designed to measure the visible green reflectance peak of
vegetation for vigor assessment.
3 0.63 to 0.69 red A chlorophyll absorption band important for vegetation
discrimination.
4 0.76 to 0.90 reflected infrared (IR) Useful for determining biomass content and for delineation of
water bodies.
5 1.55 to 1.75 reflected IR Indicative of vegetation moisture content and soil moisture. Also
useful for differentiation of snow from clouds
6 10.4 to 12.5 thermal (emitted) IR A thermal infrared band of use in vegetation stress analysis, soil
moisture discrimination, and thermal mapping.
7 2.08 to 2.35 reflected IR A band selected for its potential for discriminating rock types and
for hydrothermal mapping.
A
See Footnote 13.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
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D5518–94
transferred to other MSS data and used for selection of imagery may be accessed by means of these agencies; particularly
components for practical applications. United States Geological Survey (USGS) offices. This library
record system is inclusive of much of the whole of U.S. public
3. Significance and Use
sector remotely sensed data. Use of this library may provide for
3.1 The information provided gives guidance on the proce- efficiency in the search process. Contact should be made with
dures for acquisition of desired photographic/imagery cover-
the Earth Science Information Office at the nearest regional
age. Using these instructions as a guide, the user should be able facility of USGS.
to initiate the search process, evacuate the types of data
5.1.1 Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service
available, and make preliminary contact with source agencies. (ASCS), Salt Lake City, UT:
3.2 This guide is not meant to provide a means for obtaining
5.1.1.1 Panchromatic and color IR coverage,
file remote sensor data coverage from all available sources and
5.1.1.2 Range of scales from 1:10 000 to 1:120 000, and
for all applications. It suggests only the major sources of data
5.1.1.3 Coverage includes approximately 80 % of the
from within federal and state governments, and that are a
United States for panchromatic coverage and midwestern states
primary interest to studies of an environmental, geological, or
for color IR coverage.
engineering application.
5.1.2 Soil Conservation Service (SCS), Fort Worth, TX:
3.3 No attempt has been made to describe the photography
5.1.2.1 Panchromatic coverage,
or imagery holdings of business firms, although they constitute
5.1.2.2 Range of scales from 1:3 000 to 1:75 000, and
a valuable potential source of such data. This guide recognizes
5.1.2.3 Coverage includes parts or all of the fifty states.
uses of traditional aerial photography and aircraft or satellite
5.1.3 U.S. Forest Service (USFS), Washington, DC:
collected scanner imagery, or both. Radar, videography, micro-
5.1.3.1 Panchromatic, black-and-white IR, color, and color
wave, and other forms of remotely sensed data are not
IR,
necessarily addressed by this guide.
5.1.3.2 Range of scales from 1:6 000 to 1:80 000, and
5.1.3.3 Coverage includes national forest areas throughout
4. Initiation of the Search Process
the United States.
4.1 The area of interest must be located on a map. From this
5.1.4 Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Denver, CO:
determine the longitude and latitude of the center or the
5.1.4.1 Panchromatic, color, and color IR,
corners; or geographic location, such as by the U.S. Federal
5.1.4.2 Range of scales from 1:12 000 to 1:125 000, and
Rectangular Survey, or by the Civil Land Division System, that
5.1.4.3 Coverage includes Federal lands within Arizona,
is, township, range, and section, the universal trans mercator
California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico,
(UTM) system.
Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming.
4.2 If a photo index is available, determine the date of
5.1.5 U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), Denver, CO:
photography, roll number, print number(s), project identifica-
5.1.5.1 Panchromatic, color, and color IR,
tion number or symbol, or both, or image frame number, and
5.1.5.2 Range of scales from 1:12 000 to 1:80 000, and
any other pertinent information.
5.1.5.3 Coverage is restricted to 17 western states: Wash-
4.3 Identify the scale of the coverage in order to ensure most
ington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona, Montana,
desirable/usable data format.
Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota,
4.4 Identify the medium or format of the data; for example,
Nebraska, Kansas, Oregon, and Texas.
single- or double-weight paper, positive transparencies, digital
5.1.6 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): Mid-continent Cen-
tapes, compact disks.
ter, Rolla, MO:
4.5 Identify the size of the print desired; for example, 9- by
5.1.6.1 Panchromatic, color IR,
9-in. (229 by 229 mm) contact print or some enlargement.
5.1.6.2 Range of scales from 1:11 000 to 1:80 000, and
(Contact prints for photographs or film positive preserve
5.1.6.3 Coverage consists of the following states: Arizona,
maximum data and quality.)
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis-
4.6 Identify the mini
...
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