ASTM D1424-07a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) Apparatus
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) Apparatus
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for the determination of tearing strength by the falling pendulum type apparatus is used in the trade for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabrics, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results on certain fabrics. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be needed.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of fabric of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
Microprocessor systems for automatic collection of data can provide economical and reliable results when properly calibrated. See Test Methods D 2261 and D 5587.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a fabric and using a falling-pendulum type (Elmendorf) apparatus.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag fabrics, provided the fabric does not tear in the direction crosswise to the direction of the force application during the test. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with, or without, wetting.
1.3 This method is suitable only for the warp direction tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course direction of warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other knitted fabrics.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used independently of each other. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D 1424 – 07a
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type
1
(Elmendorf) Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the
Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force
Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
fabric and using a falling-pendulum type (Elmendorf) appara-
3
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
tus.
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
3
Textiles
woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
fabrics, provided the fabric does not tear in the direction
Related Properties of Textiles
crosswise to the direction of the force application during the
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
test. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated,
Methods
resin-treated,orotherwisetreated.Instructionsareprovidedfor
D5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by
testing specimens with, or without, wetting.
Trapezoid Procedure
1.3 This method is suitable only for the warp direction tests
of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course direction of
3. Terminology
warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other knitted
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
fabrics.
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D 4850.D4850
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary
3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and
units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used
Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology
independently of each other. The U.S. customary units may be
D 4848.D4848
approximate.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cross-machine direction, CD, length of tear, machine direction,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
MD, tearing energy, tearing force, tear resistance, tearing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
strength, fabric.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Terminology D 123.D123
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Aslit is centrally precut in a test specimen held between
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
two clamps and the specimen is torn through a fixed distance.
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
The resistance to tearing is in part factored into the scale
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
reading of the instrument and is computed from this reading
and the pendulum capacity.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
5. Significance and Use
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
5.1 This test method for the determination of tearing
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
strength by the falling pendulum type apparatus is used in the
approved in 1956. Discontinued January 1995 and reinstated as D 1424 – 96. Last
trade for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
previous edition approved in 2007 as D 1424–07.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 1424 – 07a
fabrics, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get 6.1.4 The test instrument should be equipped to provide
good agreement between results
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1424–07 Designation: D 1424 – 07a
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type
1
(Elmendorf) Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a fabric
and using a falling-pendulum type (Elmendorf) apparatus.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag fabrics,
provided the fabric does not tear in the direction crosswise to the direction of the force application during the test.The fabrics may
be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with, or
without, wetting.
1.3 This method is suitable only for the warp direction tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course direction of warp
knit fabrics or either direction of most other knitted fabrics.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used independently
of each other. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 2261 TestMethodforTearingStrengthofFabricsbytheTongue(SingleRip)Procedure(Constant-Rate-of-ExtensionTensile
Testing Machine)
D 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles
D 4848Terminology of Force, Deformation and Related Properties ofTextiles Terminology of Force, Deformation and Related
Properties of Textiles
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabric
D 5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1cross-machine direction, CD, n—the direction in the plane of the fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.
3.1.1.1Discussion—Thetermcross-machinedirectionisusedtorefertothedirectionanalogoustocoursewiseorfillingdirection
in woven fabrics, respectively.
3.1.2length of tear, n— in tear testing of fabrics, the measured distance propagated in a specimen by a tearing force from the
initiation of the test to the termination of the test.
3.1.3machine direction, MD, n—the direction in the plane of the fabric parallel to the direction of manufacture.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.60onFabricTestMethods,Specific.
Current edition approved JulyDec. 1, 2007. PublishedAugust 2007.January 2008. Originally approved in 1956. Discontinued January 1995 and reinstated as D 1424 – 96.
Last previous edition approved in 20042007 as D1424–96(2004).D 1424–07.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 1424 – 07a
3.1.3.1Discussion—The term machine direction is used to refer to the direction analogous to walewise or warp direction in
woven fabrics, respectively.
3.1.4tearing energy, n—the work done in tearing a material.
3.1.5tearing force, n— in fabric, the force applied to propagate a tear initiated under specified conditions.
3.1.6tear resistance, n— in textiles, the resistance to a tearing force.
3.1.7tearing strength, n— in fabrics, the force required to propagate a tear after its initiation.
3.1.8fabric, n—in textiles , a planar st
...
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